This document provides examples and rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech in English grammar. It discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech, and how punctuation, tense, pronouns, place and time adverbs are changed in indirect speech. Key rules covered include: maintaining the tense of the reported verb if the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, changing the tense of the reported verb to the past tense if the reporting verb is in the past tense. Yes/no questions are changed to use "if" or "whether", while wh- questions do not require any changes. Examples are provided to illustrate applying these rules to change direct speech into the corresponding indirect speech sentences.
Direct Speech (Direct sentence) is a sentence in which the words of the speaker as it is written directly.Indirect Speech is a phrase that comes from direct sentences that tell back in another form or a sentence that reports something spoken by someone else.
direct narration
When the actual words of the speaker are used while conveying a sense is called direct narration .
For Example :
She says , ” I am a Teacher”
He says , “ I am going to Karachi”
indirect narration
It is not the actual words of the speaker but it only conveys the full sense of what he / she has said.
For Example :
She says that she is a teacher.
He said that he is going to Karachi.
Direct Speech (Direct sentence) is a sentence in which the words of the speaker as it is written directly.Indirect Speech is a phrase that comes from direct sentences that tell back in another form or a sentence that reports something spoken by someone else.
direct narration
When the actual words of the speaker are used while conveying a sense is called direct narration .
For Example :
She says , ” I am a Teacher”
He says , “ I am going to Karachi”
indirect narration
It is not the actual words of the speaker but it only conveys the full sense of what he / she has said.
For Example :
She says that she is a teacher.
He said that he is going to Karachi.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Study the sentences written below:
1. He says, “ I am unwell.”
2. He will say, “ I am unwell.”
3. He said, “ I am unwell.”
All the three sentences written above are the examples of
Direct Speech. In the Direct Speech , we have two
parts; reporting speech, and the reported speech. In the
above three sentences, he says, he will say,
3. CONTINUED …
and he said are said to be REPORTING SPEECH and
the sentence I am unwell which is enclosed within
double inverted commas in all the three sentences is said
to be REPORTED SPEECH.
The verb in the reporting speech is said to be a reporting
verb and the verb of the reported speech is known as
reported verb.
4. CONTINUED …
When we quote speaker’s actual words, this is called
DIRECT SPEECH.
We may report what he said without quoting his exact
words. This is called INDIRECT ( or REPORTED)
SPEECH. The first three sentences written above are the
examples of the DIRECT SPEECH. We may change
them to Indirect speech without changing their meaning
as done below:
5. CONTINUED…
1. He says that he is unwell.
2. He will say that he is unwell.
3. He said that he was unwell.
The basic rule to change a sentence from Direct speech to
Indirect Speech is:
RULE : If the reporting verb is in the present tense or in
the future tense the tense of the reported verb will not
be changed.( you can see this happen in sentence no. 1
and 2 above).
6. CONTINUED…
And if the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense
of the reported verb is changed to its corresponding past
except in cases where reported speech talks of a
universal truth or habitual action ( for example: the
teacher said, “ The sun rises in the east.” will be changed
to The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.)
7. CONTINUED…
Help List one
—Words indicating nearness are changed into words showing
distance:
Here—there,
tomorrow—the next day/the following day,
this—that,
yesterday—the previous day or the day
before,
these —those,
the next week—the following week,
today—that day,
now—then,
tonight—that night
8. CONTINUED…
Help list two
—The following changes in the tense need to be
considered;
Is/am—was, can—could,will—would,
Are —were,shall—should,may—might
Is (sleeping)—was(sleeping)
Are (sleeping)—were(sleeping)
Has/have killed—had killed
Was/were laughing— had been laughing
Did—had done
9. SOME EXAMPLES OF THE PREVIOUS RULE
I said, “My mother cooks
well.”
She said, “I am reading a
novel now.”
He said, “I killed an ant.”
We said, “They have done
their job.”
I said that my mother
cooked well.
She said that she was
reading a novel then.
He said that he had
killed an ant.
We said that they had
done their job.
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
10. CONTINUED…
She said, “ We were all
laughing
uncontrollably.”
He said, “I can do it.”
She said to me, “You
may need help.”
He said, “She will do
this task quickly.’
She said that they had
been all laughing
uncontrollably.
He said that he could
do it.
She told me that I
might need help.
He said that she would
do that task quickly.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
11. CONTINUED…
He said to me, “ I have
often told you not to
play with fire.”
“You have all done very
badly!” remarked the
teacher.
The teacher promised,
“ If you will come
before school
tomorrow, I will explain
it.”
He reminded me that he
had often told me not to
play with fire.
The teacher remarked that
they had all done very
badly.
The teacher promised that
he would explain it they
would come before
school the next day.
Direct speech Indirect Speech
12. CONTINUED…
The Prince said, “It gives
me great pleasure to be
here this evening.”
He said, “I shall go as
soon as it is possible.”
He said, “ I do not wish to
see any of you; go away.”
The prince said that it
gave him great pleasure
to be there that evening.
He said that he would go
as soon as it was possible.
He said that he did not
wish to see any of them
and ordered them to go
away.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
13. QUESTIONS OR INTERROGATIVE
SENTENCES
Interrogative sentences are of three types as indicated
below:
1. yes /No Questions (Those questions which can be
answered in yes or no are known as yes/no questions.)
2. Wh Questions (Those questions which begin with Wh
words such as; Who, what, when ,where etc, how is also
treated as a wh question)
3. Tag/Tail Questions ( when a tag is added with any
statement affirmative or negative sentences, it is said to
be a tag question. For example; He is a good boy, Isn’t
he?, or He plays football, Doesn’t he? Or She does not
sing,does she? Etc) Note: The first two types of
questions are relevant in the present context.
14. CONTINUED…
Yes/No questions need if or whether words which act as
conjunction to join reporting speech and reported speech.
Whereas Wh questions need nothing as they themselves act
as conjunction in Indirect Speech.For example:
He said to me, “Are you a student?” ( You can answer this
question in yes or in no ,hence, this is an yes/ no question
which will be changed to indirect speech as; He asked me if
(or Whether)I was a student. Here if or whether acts as a
conjunction and not as a question word.
He said to me, “What are you doing?” can be changed to the
Indirect speech as ; He asked me what I was doing. Note that
wh word what itself functions as a conjunction here, no extra
word has been inserted to join the two sentences.
HhehHer
15. EXERCISES ON INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
“Where do you
live?”asked the
stranger.
He said, “Will you
listen to such a man?”
“What do you want?”
he said to her.
He said, “ How’s your
father?”
The stranger asked
where I lived.
He asked them if they
would listen to such a
man.
He asked her what she
wanted.
He asked how her/his
father was.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
16. CONTINUED…
“Are you coming home
with me?” he asked.
“which way did she
go?” asked the young
man.
“Have you anything to
say on behalf of the
prisoner?” said the
judge finally.
He asked if she/he was
going home with him
The young man asked
which way she had
gone.
The judge finally asked
if he/she had anything
to say on behalf of the
prisoner.
Direct Speech Indirect