The document discusses the differences between direct and reported speech, noting that reported speech involves changing verb tenses, pronouns, adverbs, and reordering questions when changing direct quotes into an indirect version. Direct speech uses quotation marks to indicate someone's exact words, while reported speech does not use quotation marks and makes other grammatical changes to convey the general idea of what was said rather than a verbatim quote. Reported speech is also called indirect speech.

1. There are two ways of reporting what somebody
says;
direct speech
indirect (or reported) speech.

2. February 25th March 4th
Direct speech
I’m going home • She said, “I’m going home”.
Reported speech
• She said (that) she was going home.

3. DIRECT
“In text
SPEECH
we put
speech The words in
In direct the speech
marks or
speech we use marks must
inverted
the speaker’s commas be separated
own words. around from the rest
the words of the
spoken” sentence by
a comma.

4. •take away the quotation marks
e.g ‘Some students are talking,’ said the teacher.
 The teacher said (that) some students were talking.
• change the tense
e.g ‘I am very happy today,’ said Susanna.
 Susanna said (that) she was very happy that day.

5. •Word order in questions, request,
commands, …
 Mum says, “Why aren’t you at school?”
Mum wants to know why you aren’t at school.
• Pronouns
She said, “I don’t want to go”
She said that she didn’t want to go”
• Other words: adverbs
 Peter said, “I’m seeing the doctor tomorrow”.
Peter said (that) he was seeing the doctor the following
day.

6. Changes: verb tenses
Direct speech Reported speech
 Present simple Past simple
‘I like peaches’. He said he liked peaches.
 Present continuous Past continuous
‘Is it raining?’ He asked if it was raining.
 Past simple Past simple / Past Perfect
‘I didn’t recognize you’. She explained that she
hadn’t recognized /didn’t
recognize me.
 Past continuous Past continuous or past
perfect continuous
‘I was joking about the price.’ He said he was
joking (Or: had been joking)
about the price.

7. More changes: verb tenses
Direct speech Reported speech
•Past perfect Past perfect
‘I hadn’t seen her before that day.’ You said you hadn’t seen
her before that day.
• shall / will should / would
‘We’ll be late.’ I told him we’d be late.
• can, may could, might
‘I can swim.’ She thought she could swim.
• must must or had to
‘I must go.’ He said he must / had to go.

8. Changes in pronouns:
• I/you he/she
•We/you They
•Me/you him/her
• Us/you them
•My/your his/her
• our/your their
•Mine/yours theirs
e.g ‘I am very happy today,’ said Susanna.
 Susanna said (that) she was very happy that day.

9. Changes in adverbs:
• here there
•now then, at the time
•today that day
• yesterday the day before / the previous day
• tomorrow the next / following day
• this week that week
• last week the week before, the previous week
• an hour ago an hour before / earlier

10. Say or tell
Tell + indirect object
Daniel told me (that) he was ready.
Say The indirect object is not mentioned
Daniel said (that) he was ready.
Ask, want to know, wonder
‘What’s the problem?’ he said.
He wanted to know / asked (me) / wondered what the problem was.

11. When we turn affirmative or negative
statements in direct speech into reported
speech, we must take away the inverted
commas and make any necessary changes in
verb tenses, pronouns and adverbs. Verb
tense changes are not necessary if the
reporting verb is not in a past tense.

12. SOME EXAMPLES OF REPORTED STATEMENTS
‘ I work in an office,’ John says.
John says that he works in an office.
‘We are very happy here’ say My parents.
My parents say that they are very happy there.
‘You can speak English very well,’ my teacher will say.
My teacher will say that I can speak English very well.
‘you can’t dance very well,” she is telling me.
She is telling me that I can’t dance very well.

13. ‘Andrew is working,’ Jessica said.
Jessica said (that) Andrew was working.
‘I’ve fixed the shelves,’ John told Susan.
John told Susan (that) he had fixed the shelves.
‘My money had run out,’ said Daniel.
Daniel said his money had run out.
‘You can sit over here,’ the steward said.
The steward said we could sit over there.
.

14. When we report a question, we have to:
•Take away the question mark and write a final full stop.
•Change the order of words.
•Change the verb tense
•Change the pronouns
•Change the adverbs if necessary.
e.g. ‘How many people are there in your family?’ Tony
asked Ray
 Tony asked Ray how many people there were in his
family.

15. Two kinds of questions
1. Yes / No questions
‘Are you leaving?’ he said.
aux s v
He wanted to know if / whether I was leaving.
s aux v

16. 2. Wh-questions
‘Where is the President staying?’ the reporter said.
Wh-word aux s v
The reporter asked where the President was staying.
Wh-word s aux v

17. SOME EXAMPLES OF REPORTED QUESTIONS
•‘Is John at home?’
•‘Does David go to the cinema often?’ she wanted to know
•‘Does it rain a lot in London?’ he said
•‘Why did you go out last night?’ my mother said
•‘Who was that beautiful woman?’ asked my wife
•‘What are you going to do at the weekend?’
•‘Have you studied reported speech before?’
•‘Will you come with me next week?’ he asked

18. JUST A JOKE