A new technique to construct environment friendly building
by Prof. Aziz I. Abdulla
طريقة جديدة لانشاء الابنية الصديقة للبيئة
بواسطة الدكتور عزيز ابراهيم عبدالله
The document classifies and describes various materials. It discusses five main categories of materials: metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and non-metals. Within metals, it outlines ferrous metals like steel and cast iron, which are further divided into carbon steel, alloy steel, white cast iron, and grey cast iron. Non-ferrous metals are also mentioned. Polymers are categorized into thermosetting plastics like epoxies and thermoplastics such as acrylic and nylon. Ceramics include glass, porcelain, and cemented carbides. Composites contain materials like carbon fiber, concrete, and glass reinforced plastic.
This document discusses different types of synthetic fibers and plastics. It describes rayon as the first synthetic fiber, made from wood pulp, and nylon as the first truly synthetic fiber made without natural ingredients. Polyester is detailed as another common synthetic fiber. Plastics are categorized as thermoplastic or thermosetting based on whether they can be reformed with heat. The document outlines reasons for plastics' popularity like being lightweight and durable, but also discusses the environmental issues posed by non-biodegradable plastic waste.
This document discusses translucent concrete, also known as light transmitting concrete. It begins with an introduction and overview of the material. It then discusses the history, materials used, working principle, manufacturing process, and applications. Translucent concrete is made from a fine concrete with optical fibers distributed throughout. This allows light to be transmitted along the fibers. It has a variety of applications in construction for floors, walls, and other structures where light transmission is desirable. The document concludes with a discussion of advantages and disadvantages as well as examples of real-world applications of translucent concrete.
This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses the objective of studying materials science, which is to develop an understanding of structure-property correlations in order to select suitable materials for applications. The document also outlines the scope of the course, which is to present fundamentals of materials science, expose students to different material classes and properties, and highlight important concepts through examples. A historical perspective is then given on the role of materials in human civilization and technological progress from the Stone Age to modern electronic and superconducting materials.
Gifted Students - Material Science - The Gifted Child - Giftedness Enrichment...Lakshmi Sharma
Introduction to material science
covers relationship to areas of science
scaffolding learned and real life science - relationship to classroom science & new materials researched now
High performance engineering materials are introduced to improve properties like strength, heat and corrosion resistance, and sustainability. Examples include polymers used in plastics, composite materials like carbon fiber, metal alloys such as aluminum and steel, and ceramics. These materials are used in areas like vehicle bodies, engines, and brakes due to properties like light weight, high strength, and stability at high temperatures. Their use increases engineering performance and reduces environmental impact compared to traditional materials.
Plastics have become widely used in construction due to their low cost, versatility, and resistance to water. While early plastics were derived from natural sources, completely synthetic plastics later emerged. There are two main types of plastics - thermoplastics that can be reshaped with heat and thermosets that set permanently. Plastics are used in buildings for pipes, cables, flooring, windows, doors, tanks and more. They provide benefits like durability, light weight and resistance to weather, but also have limitations like degradation from sunlight and flammability without treatment.
The document classifies and describes various materials. It discusses five main categories of materials: metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and non-metals. Within metals, it outlines ferrous metals like steel and cast iron, which are further divided into carbon steel, alloy steel, white cast iron, and grey cast iron. Non-ferrous metals are also mentioned. Polymers are categorized into thermosetting plastics like epoxies and thermoplastics such as acrylic and nylon. Ceramics include glass, porcelain, and cemented carbides. Composites contain materials like carbon fiber, concrete, and glass reinforced plastic.
This document discusses different types of synthetic fibers and plastics. It describes rayon as the first synthetic fiber, made from wood pulp, and nylon as the first truly synthetic fiber made without natural ingredients. Polyester is detailed as another common synthetic fiber. Plastics are categorized as thermoplastic or thermosetting based on whether they can be reformed with heat. The document outlines reasons for plastics' popularity like being lightweight and durable, but also discusses the environmental issues posed by non-biodegradable plastic waste.
This document discusses translucent concrete, also known as light transmitting concrete. It begins with an introduction and overview of the material. It then discusses the history, materials used, working principle, manufacturing process, and applications. Translucent concrete is made from a fine concrete with optical fibers distributed throughout. This allows light to be transmitted along the fibers. It has a variety of applications in construction for floors, walls, and other structures where light transmission is desirable. The document concludes with a discussion of advantages and disadvantages as well as examples of real-world applications of translucent concrete.
This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses the objective of studying materials science, which is to develop an understanding of structure-property correlations in order to select suitable materials for applications. The document also outlines the scope of the course, which is to present fundamentals of materials science, expose students to different material classes and properties, and highlight important concepts through examples. A historical perspective is then given on the role of materials in human civilization and technological progress from the Stone Age to modern electronic and superconducting materials.
Gifted Students - Material Science - The Gifted Child - Giftedness Enrichment...Lakshmi Sharma
Introduction to material science
covers relationship to areas of science
scaffolding learned and real life science - relationship to classroom science & new materials researched now
High performance engineering materials are introduced to improve properties like strength, heat and corrosion resistance, and sustainability. Examples include polymers used in plastics, composite materials like carbon fiber, metal alloys such as aluminum and steel, and ceramics. These materials are used in areas like vehicle bodies, engines, and brakes due to properties like light weight, high strength, and stability at high temperatures. Their use increases engineering performance and reduces environmental impact compared to traditional materials.
Plastics have become widely used in construction due to their low cost, versatility, and resistance to water. While early plastics were derived from natural sources, completely synthetic plastics later emerged. There are two main types of plastics - thermoplastics that can be reshaped with heat and thermosets that set permanently. Plastics are used in buildings for pipes, cables, flooring, windows, doors, tanks and more. They provide benefits like durability, light weight and resistance to weather, but also have limitations like degradation from sunlight and flammability without treatment.
Nanotechnology offers possibilities to improve materials used in civil engineering. At the nanoscale, materials demonstrate new properties. Concrete can be made stronger and more durable using nano-silica and carbon nanotubes. Steel can incorporate nanoparticles to increase strength and resistance to fatigue and corrosion. Titanium dioxide and carbon nanotubes make glass self-cleaning. Nanoparticles in coatings provide insulation and hydrophobicity. While costs are currently high, nanotechnology research aims to advance sustainability in the construction industry by developing higher performance, longer lasting materials.
This document provides an introduction to materials science, including definitions, classifications of materials, and historical developments in materials. It discusses the key concepts of processing, structure, properties, and performance as they relate to material science. The four main classes of materials are introduced as metals, ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors. Examples are given to illustrate the structure and wide-ranging applications of these materials classes. The future of materials science is outlined with a focus on nanostructured materials, smart materials, environmentally-friendly materials, and biomimetics.
This presentation provides an overview of fiber reinforced concrete. It discusses the history of fiber reinforcement in concrete, which began with asbestos in the 1900s and transitioned to steel, glass, and synthetic fibers like polypropylene after the health risks of asbestos were discovered. The presentation introduces fiber reinforced concrete as a composite material made of a concrete mix with short, discrete fibers uniformly distributed. It describes the types of fibers used, how fiber reinforced concrete is made, its advantages over traditional concrete like higher strength and ductility, and its applications in buildings and infrastructure.
sabhapathy19@gmail.com
transparent concrete using optical fibers its emerging techniques which is most helpful in future...
this idea is very much useful to save electrical energy which helpful for our upcoming generations..
to know more about this follow up on
sabhapathy19@gmail.com
The document discusses the materials used in buildings at the entrance of the National Zoo of Malaysia. The management building is mainly constructed of reinforced concrete, which has high strength and can withstand heat. Tempered glass is used for the facade, as it is stronger than normal glass and will not shatter into sharp pieces if broken. Aluminum supports the glass and makes up the facade, and is resistant to corrosion. Stainless steel is used for the staircase handles due to its strength, heat resistance, and resistance to corrosion and staining. The roof is made of polycarbonate, which is strong, tough, and impact-resistant. Pebble stone and concrete bricks make up unique flooring systems. Fabric structures provide shade and
Introduction to Materials Science & EngineeringAlif Haiqal
This document provides an overview of the course MSE XXX: Introduction to Materials Science & Engineering. It outlines the course objectives, which are to introduce fundamental concepts in materials science and engineering, including how material structure dictates properties and how processing can change structure. It describes the various components of the course, including lectures, recitations, laboratories, teaching assistants, textbooks, and websites. It provides a tentative schedule and overview of topics that will be covered over the 10 weeks. It also outlines the methods of assessment including quizzes, midterms and a final exam.
The document discusses different types of construction materials including polymers, metals, ceramics and composites and how they are classified. It explains that primary processing involves processing raw materials into standard sizes while secondary processing converts raw materials into usable industrial materials. Ferrous materials contain iron while nonferrous materials contain little to no iron.
Translucent concrete, also known as light-transmitting concrete, is a building material that allows light to pass through it using optical fibers distributed uniformly throughout the concrete mixture. It was invented in 2001 by Aron Losonczy and is produced using fine concrete, optical fibers made of glass, and cement. Translucent concrete has applications in floors, walls, ceilings, and other structures where increased natural light is desired. Though more expensive initially than traditional concrete, it provides energy savings and aesthetic benefits.
Materials science and Engineering-IntroductionSanji Vinsmoke
Materials science and engineering involves investigating the relationships between the structures and properties of materials. Materials scientists develop new materials while materials engineers design materials to have specific properties. Virtually every aspect of modern life is influenced by materials in some way. The document discusses the four main material classes - metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites - and provides examples of common materials in each class as well as their typical properties. It also covers advanced materials areas like semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials, and nanomaterials that are being developed to address modern needs.
Transparent concrete is a concrete based building material with light-Tran missive properties due to embedded light optical elements usually Optical fibres. Light is conducted through the stone from one end to the other. Therefore the fibres have to go through the whole object. Transparent concrete is also known as the translucent concrete and light transmitting concrete because of its properties. It is used in fine architecture as a facade material and for cladding of interior walls. In this paper, to integrate the merits of concrete and optical fibre, for developing transparent concrete by arranging the high numerical aperture Plastic Optical Fibres (POF) or big diameter glass optical fibre into concrete. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an architectural purpose for good aesthetical view of the building.
This presentation discusses engineered bamboo (GluBam) and its applications. It begins with an introduction and definitions of modern bamboo and GluBam. It then describes the GluBam production process and its material properties. Significant research activities are highlighted, including tests on GluBam beams, shear walls, bridges, and fire resistance. Applications discussed include light-gauge steel frame buildings with ply-bamboo sheathing, composite concrete beams, and cross-laminated bamboo and timber. The presentation concludes by emphasizing the potential for GluBam to serve as an alternative or substitute for glulam timber.
This document summarizes a seminar on advanced materials for construction. It discusses common building stones like basalt and granite used in foundations. It describes the composition and types of bricks, including acid resistant and engineering bricks. It outlines the types of cement like Portland and types of tiles like ceramic and concrete used in construction. It discusses the advantages of glass cladding for buildings in providing beauty, insulation, and energy efficiency. The seminar provided an overview of important construction materials.
This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It begins with a brief history of materials and an overview of the field. It then covers the structure of materials from the atomic to macro scale. Materials are classified by their composition, including metals and alloys, ceramics and glasses, polymers, semiconductors, and composites. Functional classifications and applications of materials are also discussed. The effects of external factors like temperature, corrosion, and fatigue are outlined. References for further reading are provided.
The document discusses the use of nanotechnology in construction materials like concrete. It explains that nanotechnology allows controlling materials at the nanoscale of 100nm or smaller. Nanoconcrete is defined as concrete made with Portland cement particles smaller than 500nm. The document outlines how nanotechnology can be used to control the placement of nano-sized ingredients in concrete. It then describes experiments where cement was synthesized using a sol-gel process with nano-sized particles and tested for hydration rate and compressive strength compared to ordinary Portland cement. The nano-cement showed faster hydration but lower compressive strength than Portland cement.
Basic Properties of Materials: importance of materials in civil engineering construction, types of materials such as ceramics,
concrete, composites, optical /electronics materials, glass, metals, nano-materials ,polymers and plastics, wood and other
materials. some basic properties of materials such as temperature, energy, specific heat, thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion ,mechanical properties of metals ,stress, strain modulus of elasticity, ,stress-strain behavior, elastic and plastic deformations, elastic properties of materials, tensile properties, ductility, resilience and toughness ,compressive, shear and torsional deformation, hardness. Variability of material properties.
This document discusses different types of smart or advanced concrete, including self-sensing concrete invented by Professor Deborah Chung. Self-sensing concrete is produced using short carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes, which allow the concrete to detect and measure its own stress and strain without embedded sensors. The document also summarizes 10 other types of advanced concrete, such as transparent concrete, self-healing concrete, and bacterial concrete.
The document provides an overview of the history and classification of materials. It discusses the progression from the Stone Age to the Bronze and Iron Ages. Key materials discussed include metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors, biomaterials, and smart materials. The relationship between a material's structure, properties, processing and performance is also summarized.
Glass is a hard, brittle material that is often transparent or colored. It is made through the melting and cooling of ingredients like silica and silicates with soda and lime, without crystallizing. Glass is amorphous, a good electrical insulator, and can transmit or reflect light. There are different types of glass used for various applications like windows, scientific equipment, and household items.
From topic to thesis: Developing a research questiondsransom
This document provides guidance on developing a research question from an initial topic by focusing the topic, adding a question, and establishing significance. It explains how to choose a topic, narrow it with action words, transform it into a question using "how" or "why", and relate the topic and question to larger issues to demonstrate significance. Key parts of the research process are covered, including brainstorming keywords, searching library databases, and refining the thesis statement.
Nanotechnology offers possibilities to improve materials used in civil engineering. At the nanoscale, materials demonstrate new properties. Concrete can be made stronger and more durable using nano-silica and carbon nanotubes. Steel can incorporate nanoparticles to increase strength and resistance to fatigue and corrosion. Titanium dioxide and carbon nanotubes make glass self-cleaning. Nanoparticles in coatings provide insulation and hydrophobicity. While costs are currently high, nanotechnology research aims to advance sustainability in the construction industry by developing higher performance, longer lasting materials.
This document provides an introduction to materials science, including definitions, classifications of materials, and historical developments in materials. It discusses the key concepts of processing, structure, properties, and performance as they relate to material science. The four main classes of materials are introduced as metals, ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors. Examples are given to illustrate the structure and wide-ranging applications of these materials classes. The future of materials science is outlined with a focus on nanostructured materials, smart materials, environmentally-friendly materials, and biomimetics.
This presentation provides an overview of fiber reinforced concrete. It discusses the history of fiber reinforcement in concrete, which began with asbestos in the 1900s and transitioned to steel, glass, and synthetic fibers like polypropylene after the health risks of asbestos were discovered. The presentation introduces fiber reinforced concrete as a composite material made of a concrete mix with short, discrete fibers uniformly distributed. It describes the types of fibers used, how fiber reinforced concrete is made, its advantages over traditional concrete like higher strength and ductility, and its applications in buildings and infrastructure.
sabhapathy19@gmail.com
transparent concrete using optical fibers its emerging techniques which is most helpful in future...
this idea is very much useful to save electrical energy which helpful for our upcoming generations..
to know more about this follow up on
sabhapathy19@gmail.com
The document discusses the materials used in buildings at the entrance of the National Zoo of Malaysia. The management building is mainly constructed of reinforced concrete, which has high strength and can withstand heat. Tempered glass is used for the facade, as it is stronger than normal glass and will not shatter into sharp pieces if broken. Aluminum supports the glass and makes up the facade, and is resistant to corrosion. Stainless steel is used for the staircase handles due to its strength, heat resistance, and resistance to corrosion and staining. The roof is made of polycarbonate, which is strong, tough, and impact-resistant. Pebble stone and concrete bricks make up unique flooring systems. Fabric structures provide shade and
Introduction to Materials Science & EngineeringAlif Haiqal
This document provides an overview of the course MSE XXX: Introduction to Materials Science & Engineering. It outlines the course objectives, which are to introduce fundamental concepts in materials science and engineering, including how material structure dictates properties and how processing can change structure. It describes the various components of the course, including lectures, recitations, laboratories, teaching assistants, textbooks, and websites. It provides a tentative schedule and overview of topics that will be covered over the 10 weeks. It also outlines the methods of assessment including quizzes, midterms and a final exam.
The document discusses different types of construction materials including polymers, metals, ceramics and composites and how they are classified. It explains that primary processing involves processing raw materials into standard sizes while secondary processing converts raw materials into usable industrial materials. Ferrous materials contain iron while nonferrous materials contain little to no iron.
Translucent concrete, also known as light-transmitting concrete, is a building material that allows light to pass through it using optical fibers distributed uniformly throughout the concrete mixture. It was invented in 2001 by Aron Losonczy and is produced using fine concrete, optical fibers made of glass, and cement. Translucent concrete has applications in floors, walls, ceilings, and other structures where increased natural light is desired. Though more expensive initially than traditional concrete, it provides energy savings and aesthetic benefits.
Materials science and Engineering-IntroductionSanji Vinsmoke
Materials science and engineering involves investigating the relationships between the structures and properties of materials. Materials scientists develop new materials while materials engineers design materials to have specific properties. Virtually every aspect of modern life is influenced by materials in some way. The document discusses the four main material classes - metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites - and provides examples of common materials in each class as well as their typical properties. It also covers advanced materials areas like semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials, and nanomaterials that are being developed to address modern needs.
Transparent concrete is a concrete based building material with light-Tran missive properties due to embedded light optical elements usually Optical fibres. Light is conducted through the stone from one end to the other. Therefore the fibres have to go through the whole object. Transparent concrete is also known as the translucent concrete and light transmitting concrete because of its properties. It is used in fine architecture as a facade material and for cladding of interior walls. In this paper, to integrate the merits of concrete and optical fibre, for developing transparent concrete by arranging the high numerical aperture Plastic Optical Fibres (POF) or big diameter glass optical fibre into concrete. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an architectural purpose for good aesthetical view of the building.
This presentation discusses engineered bamboo (GluBam) and its applications. It begins with an introduction and definitions of modern bamboo and GluBam. It then describes the GluBam production process and its material properties. Significant research activities are highlighted, including tests on GluBam beams, shear walls, bridges, and fire resistance. Applications discussed include light-gauge steel frame buildings with ply-bamboo sheathing, composite concrete beams, and cross-laminated bamboo and timber. The presentation concludes by emphasizing the potential for GluBam to serve as an alternative or substitute for glulam timber.
This document summarizes a seminar on advanced materials for construction. It discusses common building stones like basalt and granite used in foundations. It describes the composition and types of bricks, including acid resistant and engineering bricks. It outlines the types of cement like Portland and types of tiles like ceramic and concrete used in construction. It discusses the advantages of glass cladding for buildings in providing beauty, insulation, and energy efficiency. The seminar provided an overview of important construction materials.
This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It begins with a brief history of materials and an overview of the field. It then covers the structure of materials from the atomic to macro scale. Materials are classified by their composition, including metals and alloys, ceramics and glasses, polymers, semiconductors, and composites. Functional classifications and applications of materials are also discussed. The effects of external factors like temperature, corrosion, and fatigue are outlined. References for further reading are provided.
The document discusses the use of nanotechnology in construction materials like concrete. It explains that nanotechnology allows controlling materials at the nanoscale of 100nm or smaller. Nanoconcrete is defined as concrete made with Portland cement particles smaller than 500nm. The document outlines how nanotechnology can be used to control the placement of nano-sized ingredients in concrete. It then describes experiments where cement was synthesized using a sol-gel process with nano-sized particles and tested for hydration rate and compressive strength compared to ordinary Portland cement. The nano-cement showed faster hydration but lower compressive strength than Portland cement.
Basic Properties of Materials: importance of materials in civil engineering construction, types of materials such as ceramics,
concrete, composites, optical /electronics materials, glass, metals, nano-materials ,polymers and plastics, wood and other
materials. some basic properties of materials such as temperature, energy, specific heat, thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion ,mechanical properties of metals ,stress, strain modulus of elasticity, ,stress-strain behavior, elastic and plastic deformations, elastic properties of materials, tensile properties, ductility, resilience and toughness ,compressive, shear and torsional deformation, hardness. Variability of material properties.
This document discusses different types of smart or advanced concrete, including self-sensing concrete invented by Professor Deborah Chung. Self-sensing concrete is produced using short carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes, which allow the concrete to detect and measure its own stress and strain without embedded sensors. The document also summarizes 10 other types of advanced concrete, such as transparent concrete, self-healing concrete, and bacterial concrete.
The document provides an overview of the history and classification of materials. It discusses the progression from the Stone Age to the Bronze and Iron Ages. Key materials discussed include metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors, biomaterials, and smart materials. The relationship between a material's structure, properties, processing and performance is also summarized.
Glass is a hard, brittle material that is often transparent or colored. It is made through the melting and cooling of ingredients like silica and silicates with soda and lime, without crystallizing. Glass is amorphous, a good electrical insulator, and can transmit or reflect light. There are different types of glass used for various applications like windows, scientific equipment, and household items.
From topic to thesis: Developing a research questiondsransom
This document provides guidance on developing a research question from an initial topic by focusing the topic, adding a question, and establishing significance. It explains how to choose a topic, narrow it with action words, transform it into a question using "how" or "why", and relate the topic and question to larger issues to demonstrate significance. Key parts of the research process are covered, including brainstorming keywords, searching library databases, and refining the thesis statement.
This document provides guidance on writing a literature review. It defines a literature review as a discussion of published information on a particular subject that may constitute a chapter in a thesis or dissertation. The purpose is to place works in their proper context and relationship to one another, resolve conflicts, identify gaps, and point to further research needs. When writing, the literature review should be organized, assess sources objectively, and draw conclusions on their contributions and arguments while using evidence from the sources. The document outlines a process of clarifying the assignment, finding models, considering source currency, developing a focus and thesis, and revising through summarizing, synthesizing and citing sources accurately.
The document discusses the development of dentition and occlusion from pre-natal development through adulthood. It covers the initiation, bud, cap and bell stages of tooth development in utero. Post-natal development includes the eruption of primary and permanent teeth from birth through adulthood. Factors affecting occlusal development include skeletal, muscle and dental factors as well as local anomalies. The clinical implications discuss concepts of normal versus ideal occlusion, models of occlusion, and adaptive mechanisms through life stages.
R & R Accuracy - Location & Inventory Oct14 Kaizen 18Vasu devan.R
The document discusses improving accuracy for location and inventory in the inbound department's binning area. It outlines using the DMAIC process of define, measure, analyze, improve, and control. Current issues with accuracy levels for location and inventory are defined. Data on accuracy percentages by zone and month is measured. Potential causes of accuracy issues are analyzed, such as improper binning, picking, training, and audits. Plans to improve include providing profile training, conducting daily bin audits, and creating new formats to track performance. The goal is to increase location and inventory accuracy to meet targets.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Analyse Customer Feedback and Develop Strategies to Attract and Retain CustomersPrajakta Talathi
This document analyzes customer feedback and develops strategies to attract and retain customers for Idea Spice, a branding consultancy in Dubai. It conducts secondary research on the UAE context and SME industry. Primary research includes interviews with Idea Spice customers and employees to understand needs, reasons for choosing Idea Spice, and characteristics of the company. Quantitative methods like factor analysis and Net Promoter Score are used. Recommendations include leveraging existing customers, special packages, promotions, and alliances to attract new customers and retain existing ones based on insights from qualitative and quantitative analysis. The report aims to help Idea Spice improve its services and target SMEs in Dubai effectively.
Cods presentation on segmental arch technique /certified fixed orthodontic co...Indian dental academy
This document describes the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics at the College of Dental Sciences in Davangere, India. It lists the faculty members and their backgrounds. It also provides information on student activities organized by the department, faculty achievements, alumni relations, and the history and future of the department. The department aims to provide quality orthodontic education and training to students through various academic and research activities. It has grown since its inception in 1998 and looks forward to continued growth and success in the future.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Robotic Surgery means computer/ Robotic assisted surgery.
It was developed to overcome the limitations of MAS and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open Surgery History of Robotic surgery
The first robot to assist in surgery was the Arthrobot, which was developed and used for the first time in Vancouver in 1983.[43] Intimately involved were biomedical engineer, Dr. James McEwen, Geof Auchinleck, a UBC engineering physics grad, and Dr. Brian Day as well as a team of engineering students. The robot was used in an orthopaedic surgical procedure on 12 March 1984, at the UBC Hospital in Vancouver.
Over 60 arthroscopic surgical procedures were performed in the first 12 months, and a 1985 National Geographic video on industrial robots, The Robotics Revolution, featured the device. Other related robotic devices developed at the same time included a surgical scrub nurse robot, which handed operative instruments on voice command, and a medical laboratory robotic arm. A YouTube video entitled Arthrobot illustrates some of these in operation .
Orthodontic resins /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Esthetic orthodontic brackets /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Laparoscopic Urologic surgery, is a part of the curriculum of Minimal Access Surgery, and requires lot of skills and patience. All new surgeons carrying out Basic Laparoscopic surgery should aim at also doing Lap. Urological surgeries, which has a steep learning curve, but with with excellent outcomes.
Johnson and Johnson Sales and Marketing ResearchPrajakta Talathi
The document provides an overview of Johnson & Johnson's (J&J) sales and marketing strategy. It discusses J&J's company structure, sales process, culture, opportunities, and challenges. Key points include:
1. J&J uses a hybrid sales model of inside and outside sales. It focuses on market development, intelligence, and generating leads through supply chain partners.
2. The sales process involves identifying prospects, researching them, planning sales approaches, and closing deals. J&J aims to be a market leader through new market development.
3. Opportunities include collaborating with governments, increasing reach, and strategic alliances. Challenges are pricing issues, legal/government problems,
Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document provides an introduction to concrete as a construction material. It discusses the history and origins of concrete, highlighting its use in ancient Egypt and the Roman Empire. The document outlines the key advantages of concrete such as its widespread availability, engineering properties, durability, and ability to be molded into different shapes. Some disadvantages mentioned include the carbon dioxide emissions from cement production and concrete's lower strength compared to steel. The objectives of the lecture are also stated as explaining the basic concepts of concrete, and discussing its advantages and history.
This document provides an overview of materials and methods used in construction. It discusses the basic construction materials of concrete, steel, clay products and wood. It then covers the types, production methods, properties and uses of various materials like stones, metals, clay products, lime, cements, aggregates and concrete. These materials are used in structures like buildings, bridges, highways, etc. The document also discusses classifying materials according to phase and internal structure/composition, and determining materials properties through laboratory and field testing.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
This document discusses translucent concrete, also known as light transmitting concrete. It begins with an introduction describing translucent concrete as a material that allows light to pass through it due to the uniform distribution of optical fibers throughout. The document then covers the history, materials used, working principle, manufacturing process, applications and advantages/disadvantages of translucent concrete. In conclusion, it states that translucent concrete is an emerging green building material that provides both aesthetic and structural benefits.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document discusses carbocrete, which is concrete reinforced with carbon fibers. It provides a history of carbon fibers dating back to Thomas Edison's use in light bulbs in the late 1800s. The manufacturing process of carbon fibers is explained involving stretching and heating fibers to increase strength. Carbocrete has higher strength than steel but is lighter. Testing shows improved flexural and tensile strength over concrete. Applications include buildings, bridges, and unique 3D printed structures. While expensive initially, carbocrete provides durability and reduced long term costs.
Civil Engineering Materiel's 2017
Prepared By
MD. Sakin Morshed
Lecturer, Département Of Civil Engineering
Types of Materials:
Bricks
1. Hollow Blocks
2. Green Bricks
Making & Use
Differentiate green bricks for the materials they are constructed and there are several proposals (in line or already in progress) of bricks with different components:
Coal ash: This was an idea of a civil engineer, Henry Liu, in 1999, with a double environmental benefit. With this material the bricks are obtained at 212 degrees in 10 hours and take advantage of 45 million tons of the waste generated by coal power plants.
Hemp and straw: This brick and green has been used by Spanish companies. Despite the apparent fragility of the material hardness is similar to conventional ones. They have the disadvantage of being more expensive but well isolated from the outside temperature. This represents a savings of energy expenditure for heating and air conditioning, so that pays the price soon.
Used plastic and peanut shells: ecological bricks of this material are a creation of the Experimental Center for Economic Housing in Argentina who says they are tough, lightweight insulation and economic. In addition to producing energy savings possible recycling of waste for production.
Experimental and Numerical Study on Full-Scale Precast SFRC PipesNedal Mohamed
This thesis investigates the use of steel fibres as reinforcement in precast concrete pipes through experimental and numerical studies. Full-scale steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) pipes with diameters of 300, 450, and 600 mm were fabricated and tested under three-edge bearing loading. The mechanical properties and flexural performance of dry-cast SFRC were characterized. Testing results showed that SFRC pipes achieved the required strength class at lower fibre dosages than conventional steel cage reinforced concrete pipes. Numerical modeling was able to predict the structural behavior and ultimate load capacity of SFRC pipes. The findings provide guidance for the design and production of economical precast SFRC pipes without welded steel cages.
Hi readers, this time we talked about concrete but shortly, enough information to understand about concrete block. Here we compare to brick in some point. But if you want full information about concrete block you can read this report from this link👇
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/AliRizgar/concret-block-full-information
This document discusses various low-cost and sustainable construction materials that can be used for cost-efficient construction. It covers materials like earth/mud, compressed earth blocks, ferrocement, cement and concrete substitutes, wood/timber substitutes, interlocking blocks, bamboo, and prefabricated construction. Traditional materials like mud are inexpensive but not durable, while stabilized materials like compressed earth blocks provide improved strength and water resistance at low cost. Ferrocement and prefabricated construction allow for fast, inexpensive assembly. Using materials that are locally available and have low embodied energy, like bamboo, earth, and wood substitutes, supports sustainable construction.
Modification of Revolutionary Product Concrete ClothIRJET Journal
1) The document describes three trials conducted to modify concrete cloth using locally available materials. The first trial used wire mesh but lacked flexibility. The second trial used fiber mesh and had better flexibility but cement spilled through the gunny bag. The third trial replaced the gunny bag with cotton cloth, resolving the spilling issue.
2) Tests were conducted on samples from each trial. Results showed the gunny bag with fiber mesh composition performed best in transverse strength and surface hardness tests.
3) It was concluded that the gunny bag with fiber mesh reinforcement provided a better composition for the modified concrete cloth compared to the other trials.
Galvanized iron pipes are commonly used for earthing electrodes but are prone to corrosion underground which degrades the earthing system over time. Manufacturers often use substandard materials and techniques like thinner galvanized coating, cheaper infill materials like mud instead of graphite, and internal strips that are too short or thin, claiming higher quality components. This can damage the earthing system and reduce the life of the conductor, leading to internal rusting, whereas quality electrodes should provide corrosion resistance and an expected service life of 25 years.
This presentation discusses buildtech, which are textile materials manufactured for building purposes. It provides a historic evolution of buildtech from nest structures invented 1.7 million years ago to modern structural forms developed since 2000. Key areas where buildtech is used include concrete reinforcement, facades, insulation, roofing, and scaffolding. Common fibers used are high-tenacity polyester, glass fiber, nylon, polyethylene, and hemp. Technologies employed range from wooden frame structures to modern suspended and grid structures. Buildtech products offer advantages like durability, strength, UV and weather resistance, and being lightweight and waterproof.
IRJET-Review Paper On Usage Of Ferrocement Panels In Lightweight Sandwich Con...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of ferrocement panels as high-strength face sheets in lightweight sandwich concrete slabs. Specifically, it summarizes several journal articles that used ferrocement panels encasing aerated concrete as a lightweight core material. Specimens were cast with different ferrocement panel configurations and tested to determine their compressive strength, flexural strength, and shear behavior. Test results showed that ferrocement panels improved the flexural strength and ductility of the sandwich slabs compared to conventional slabs. The ferrocement encasement also ensured composite action between the core and face sheets.
Review Paper On Usage Of Ferrocement Panels In Lightweight Sandwich Concrete ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of ferrocement panels as high-strength face sheets in lightweight sandwich concrete slabs. Ferrocement panels consist of thin cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced steel wire mesh. They possess high strength and bending ability. The document discusses previous research using ferrocement panels to encase aerated concrete as a lightweight core material. It also describes the materials, manufacturing process, and testing of sample slabs with different ferrocement panel configurations.
Strength to Weight Ratio is an important factor in this design.
Aluminum has a higher Strength to Weight Ratio than steel, making it lighter. However, polymers like polyethylene are even lighter than aluminum and can be easily molded.
While both aluminum and polyethylene meet the design requirements, polyethylene is lower in cost and lighter. Therefore, polyethylene would be the best choice of material for the soda drink container design. Its light weight, high strength, corrosion resistance and low manufacturing cost make it suitable to produce large volumes of containers economically.
This document summarizes the production of tubes and pipes. It discusses the historical background of tubes dating back to ancient civilizations using bamboo and clay pipes. It then outlines the modern processes for producing metallic seamless tubes via piercing, pilgering, and mandrel rolling and producing metallic welded tubes via electric welding and gas welding. Plastic and PVC pipes are also discussed as being produced via extrusion of thermoplastics like PVC and polyethylene. Finally, applications are discussed including uses in industries, transportation, power plants, construction and others.
This study examined the tensile behavior of ferrocement composite panels with varying numbers of wire mesh layers and inclusion of steel fibers. 36 panels were cast and tested under direct tension. Panels were divided into groups based on number of mesh layers (1 to 6 layers) and use of steel fibers. Testing found that ultimate load, elongation and tensile strength increased with additional mesh layers due to higher reinforcement volume fraction. Panels with steel fibers exhibited 10-17% higher strength than non-fiber panels. Failure occurred through cracking perpendicular to the load direction. The study concluded that ferrocement properties directly correlate to the number of reinforcing mesh layers.
Similar to A new technique to construct environment friendly building (20)
Journal Classification and Scopus Criteria
in Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk- Iraq
9-March-2019
By
Prof. Dr. Aziz I. Abdulla
Civil Eng. Dept.
College of Eng.
Tikrit University
Iraq
This document proposes a new technique for hollow ferrocement building construction that has several advantages: (1) It is easy and fast to construct, reducing time and costs; (2) It provides good sound and temperature insulation; (3) It allows for the reuse of solid waste like plastic bottles; and (4) It is environmentally friendly. The technique involves constructing a base wall, columns, and installing wire mesh on both sides of the columns before filling the walls with plastic bottles. It also describes the required materials, which include wood, wire mesh, screws, brackets, and plastic bottles, as well as the step-by-step construction procedures.
Prof. Dr. Aziz I. Abdulla C.V., English
Structural Engineering
Ferrocement
Strengthening of RC beams
CFRP
Wire-Mesh Epoxy
Enhancing of Adhesive properties
Recycle of Solid Waste
Grillage Analogy
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A new technique to construct environment friendly building
1. Hollow ferrocement
Building
Reuse of solid waste
In Construction Works
Al-Ahliyya Amman
University
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Dept.
Hollow Ferrocement
Building
Dr. Aziz Ibrahim Abdulla
3. 1-Easy of const ruct ion
2-Reduce Time
3-Reduce t he cost
4-Good sound I nsulat ion
5-Good Temp. insulat ion
6-Reuse of solid wast e
7-Envirinment aly f riendly met hod
Advant ages of
new Technique
Hollow Ferrocement
Building
39. Sixth : Finishing the walls from
outside and inside by any
materials
like:
1-Cement mortar plastering
2-Marbiles
3-Ceramic
4-Gypsum boards
and others
40. Regards
Prof. Aziz i. Abdulla
Al-Ahliyya Amman University
Jordan
aziz_914@hotmail.com