This document provides guidance on writing a literature review. It defines a literature review as a discussion of published information on a particular subject that may constitute a chapter in a thesis or dissertation. The purpose is to place works in their proper context and relationship to one another, resolve conflicts, identify gaps, and point to further research needs. When writing, the literature review should be organized, assess sources objectively, and draw conclusions on their contributions and arguments while using evidence from the sources. The document outlines a process of clarifying the assignment, finding models, considering source currency, developing a focus and thesis, and revising through summarizing, synthesizing and citing sources accurately.
A literature review is a survey of academic sources on a particular project topic. It gives an overview of the ebb and flows information, permitting you to distinguish significant hypotheses, strategies, and holes in the current research.
A literature review is to show your reader that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field.
A literature review is a survey of academic sources on a particular project topic. It gives an overview of the ebb and flows information, permitting you to distinguish significant hypotheses, strategies, and holes in the current research.
A literature review is to show your reader that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field.
An article review is a paper that contains a critical, constructive evaluation of literature in a given field. Read how to write a good article review.
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An article review is a paper that contains a critical, constructive evaluation of literature in a given field. Read how to write a good article review.
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Robotic Surgery means computer/ Robotic assisted surgery.
It was developed to overcome the limitations of MAS and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open Surgery History of Robotic surgery
The first robot to assist in surgery was the Arthrobot, which was developed and used for the first time in Vancouver in 1983.[43] Intimately involved were biomedical engineer, Dr. James McEwen, Geof Auchinleck, a UBC engineering physics grad, and Dr. Brian Day as well as a team of engineering students. The robot was used in an orthopaedic surgical procedure on 12 March 1984, at the UBC Hospital in Vancouver.
Over 60 arthroscopic surgical procedures were performed in the first 12 months, and a 1985 National Geographic video on industrial robots, The Robotics Revolution, featured the device. Other related robotic devices developed at the same time included a surgical scrub nurse robot, which handed operative instruments on voice command, and a medical laboratory robotic arm. A YouTube video entitled Arthrobot illustrates some of these in operation .
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Sales and Channel Management
Based on the research, few recommendations are suggested to improve the sales, to improve the culture and to restructure future of J&J.
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The role of the literature review Your literature review gives y.docxoreo10
The role of the literature review
Your literature review gives your readers an understanding of the evolution of scholarly research on your topic.
In your literature review you will:
•survey the scholarly landscape
•provide a synthesis of the issues, trends, and concepts
•possibly provide some historical background
Throughout the literature review, your emphasis should fall on the current scholarly conversation. This is why the rubric often specifies that you need resources from peer-reviewed journals, published within the last five years of your anticipated graduation date. It's in these recent, peer-reviewed journals that the scholarly debate is being carried out!
The literature review also shows the "gap" in the conversation -- and how your own doctoral study will fill that gap and contribute to the scholarly knowledge. This is where you make the case for the importance and usefulness for your own work.
Searching comprehensively
Your literature review should be as comprehensive as possible -- you want to include all of the relevant resources dealing with your topic. Missing important articles or researchers will significantly weaken your scholarship! So, searching comprehensively becomes important.
To ensuring comprehensiveness:
•Identify the databases that will cover your topic
◦Spend some time reading the descriptions of the databases in your subject area
◦Contact the Library to get advice from a librarian on appropriate databases
◦Some topics cross over subject/theoretical boundaries, and librarians can suggest databases that you may not have considered
•Search in more than one database
◦Some of our databases are huge, containing thousands of journals, but no single database covers every journal relevant to a topic
◦Searching in each relevant database, one at a time, gives you a better sense of control over your search, as well as a more accurate idea of the journals/databases that you've covered
Using a multi-database search (such as Thoreau) is not necessarily recommended; in doing so, you lose the ability to use subject terms and search limits that may be unique to each database.
•Explore resources outside of the databases:
◦Government websites
◦Professional organizations
◦Research groups
◦Think tanks
These can all be important sources of statistics and reliable information. These will not be peer-reviewed resources (i.e. since they are not journals, they do not employ the same sort of editorial process that results in peer-review). Evaluating for reliability is important!
Beyond the Library: Google Scholar
Google Scholar provides a good way to take your search beyond the databases; it searches very broadly and will pull in resources you may not have discovered before.
Google's definition of scholarly includes government sites, think tanks, research organizations, journal websites, and of course colleges and universities.
Unfortunately, there is no way to limit your Google Scholar search to only peer-reviewed res ...
A literature review is a critical summary of all the published works on a particular topic. Most research papers include a section on literature review as part of the introduction. However, a literature review can also be published as a standalone article. These slides will help you grasp the basics of writing a literature review.
Howdy! Today we will share with you some secrets about literature survey writing for different types of papers such as research paper, thesis and even dissertation, check this presentation and discover main steps how to write it. http://www.literaturesurveywriting.com/
BUSI 610Literature Review Title Page and Outline Rubric(50 P.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
BUSI 610
Literature Review
Title Page and Outline Rubric
(50 Points)
Criteria
Levels of Achievement
Content
70%
Advanced
Proficient
Developing
Not present
Title Page and Outline: Content
32 to 35 points
The title page and outline are present. The title page contains the required components. The outline is well developed and includes headings and subheadings. The framework of the Literature review is apparent and well established. It includes all the required components as follows:
· Title page
· Abstract
· Introduction
· Findings
· Conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for further study
· References
29 to 31 points
The title page and outline are present. Most of the components of the title page and outline are present. The outline contains headings and some subheadings. The framework of the Literature review can be seen but work is required.
1 to 28 points
The title page or outline are not complete. Many components are not present for the title page and/or the outline. The framework of the Literature Review is not apparent.
0 points
Not present
Structure 30%
Advanced
Proficient
Developing
Not present
Title Page and Outline: Grammar and Spelling, APA formatting
(30%)
14 to 15 points
Spelling and grammar are correct. The assignment includes an outline that was per the APA format (Alphanumeric, Full sentence, or decimal). The entries are properly formatted. A cover sheet (title page) is present that is formatted per APA.
13 points
Spelling and grammar has some errors. Some APA formatting issues are present. A cover sheet (title page) is present that is formatted per APA.
1 to 12 points
Spelling and grammar errors distract. The annotations are poorly formed. APA formatting is not used. There is not a cover sheet (title page) present or it is not formatted per APA
0 points
Not present
BUSI 610
Literature Review Instructions
What Is a Literature Review?
A literature review is a survey and a discussion of the literature in a given area of study. It is a concise overview of what has been studied, argued, and established about a topic; it is generally organized chronologically or thematically. A literature review is also written in essay format.
A literature review is not an annotated bibliography because it groups related works together and discusses trends and developments rather than focusing on one item at a time. It is also not a summary; rather, a literature review evaluates previous and current research in regards to how relevant and/or useful it is and how it relates to your own research. Therefore, a literature review is more than an annotated bibliography or a summary because you are organizing and presenting your sources in terms of their overall relationship to your problem statement.
A literature review is written to highlight specific arguments and ideas in a field of study. By highlighting these arguments, the writer attempts to show what has been studied in the field and also where there are weaknesses, ga.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. 05/10/2013
1
Literature Review: How to Write
it and What it Should Include
The Skills of Scientific Research 6
2013
Lecture outline
• Definitions
• What is a literature review?
• Use/Purpose?
• Components
• Literature Assessment
• What should I do before writing the literature
review?
• Begin composing
• Conclusions
Definitions
• Literature
• Review
• Basics vs Experience
What is a literature review?
A literature review may constitute an
essential chapter of a thesis or
dissertation, or may be a self-contained
review of writings on a subject.
A literature review discusses published
information in a particular subject area,
and sometimes information in a
particular subject area within a certain
time period.
What is a literature review?
A literature review can be
just a simple summary of
the sources, but it usually
has an organizational
pattern and combines
both summary and
synthesis.
Use/Purpose?
Place each work in the context of its
contribution to the understanding of the
subject under review
3. 05/10/2013
2
Use/Purpose?
Describe the relationship of each work to the
others under consideration
Use/Purpose?
• Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly
contradictory previous studies
• Identify areas of prior scholarship to
prevent duplication of effort
Use/Purpose?
• Point the way forward for further research
• Place one's original work (in the case of
theses or dissertations) in the context of
existing literature
Use/Purpose?
Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light
on any gaps in, previous research
Components
Similar to primary research, development of
the literature review requires four stages:
1-Problem formulation—which topic or field is
being examined and what are its component
issues?
Components
Similar to primary research, development of
the literature review requires four stages:
2-Literature search—finding materials relevant
to the subject being explored
4. 05/10/2013
3
Components
Similar to primary research, development of
the literature review requires four stages:
3-Data evaluation—determining which literature
makes a significant contribution to the
understanding of the topic
Components
Similar to primary research, development of
the literature review requires four stages:
4-Analysis and interpretation—discussing the
findings and conclusions of pertinent literature
Components
Literature reviews should comprise the
following elements:
An overview of the subject, issue or theory
under consideration, along with the objectives
of the literature review
Components
Literature reviews should comprise the
following elements:
Division of works under review into categories
(e.g. those in support of a particular position,
those against, and those offering alternative
theses entirely)
Components
Literature reviews should comprise the
following elements:
Explanation of how each work is similar to and
how it varies from the others
Components
Literature reviews should comprise the
following elements:
Conclusions as to which pieces are best
considered in their argument, are most
convincing of their opinions, and make the
greatest contribution to the understanding and
development of their area of research
5. 05/10/2013
4
Literature Assessment
In assessing each piece, consideration should
be given to:
• Provenance
• Objectivity
• Persuasiveness
• Value
Literature Assessment
In assessing each piece, consideration should
be given to:
Provenance—What are the author's
credentials? Are the author's arguments
supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical
material, case studies, narratives, statistics,
recent scientific findings)?
Literature Assessment
In assessing each piece, consideration should
be given to:
Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-
handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data
considered or is certain pertinent information
ignored to prove the author's point?
Literature Assessment
In assessing each piece, consideration should
be given to:
Persuasiveness—Which of the author's theses
are most/least convincing?
Literature Assessment
In assessing each piece, consideration should
be given to:
Value—Are the author's arguments and
conclusions convincing? Does the work
ultimately contribute in any significant way to an
understanding of the subject?
Let’s get to it! What should I do
before writing the literature review?
Clarify
• If your assignment is
not very specific, seek
clarification from your
instructor:
• Roughly how many
sources should you
include?
• What types of sources
(books, journal articles,
websites)?
6. 05/10/2013
5
Let’s get to it! What should I do
before writing the literature review?
Clarify
• Should you summarize,
synthesize, or critique your
sources by discussing a
common theme or issue?
• Should you evaluate your
sources?
• Should you provide
subheadings and other
background information,
such as definitions and/or a
history?
Let’s get to it! What should I do
before writing the literature review?
Find models
Look for other literature
reviews in your area of
interest or in the
discipline and read them
to get a sense of the
types of themes you
might want to look for in
your own research or
ways to organize your
final review.
Let’s get to it! What should I do
before writing the literature review?
Consider whether your sources are current
Some disciplines require that you use
information that is as current as possible. In the
sciences, for instance, treatments for medical
problems are constantly changing according to
the latest studies. Information even two years
old could be obsolete.
Strategies for writing the literature
review
• Find a focus
A literature review, like a term paper, is usually
organized around ideas, not the sources
themselves as an annotated bibliography would
be organized. This means that you will not just
simply list your sources and go into detail about
each one of them, one at a time.
Strategies for writing the literature
review
• Construct a working thesis statement
• Use the focus you’ve found to construct a thesis
statement. Yes! Literature reviews have thesis
statements as well! However, your thesis
statement will not necessarily argue for a position
or an opinion; rather it will argue for a particular
perspective on the material. Some sample thesis
statements for literature reviews are as follows:
• The current trend in treatment for congestive
heart failure combines surgery and medicine.
Strategies for writing the literature
review
• Consider organization
You’ve got a focus, and you’ve narrowed it down to
a thesis statement. Now what is the most effective
way of presenting the information? What are the
most important topics, subtopics, etc., that your
review needs to include? And in what order should
you present them? Develop an organization for
your review at both a global and local level:
First, cover the basic categories
Organizing the body
Chronological
7. 05/10/2013
6
Begin composing
• Once you’ve settled on a general pattern of
organization, you’re ready to write each
section. There are a few guidelines you
should follow during the writing stage as
well.
Begin composing
• Use evidence
• A literature review in this sense is just like any
other academic research paper. Your
interpretation of the available sources must
be backed up with evidence to show that what
you are saying is valid
• Be selective
• Select only the most important points in each
source to highlight in the review. The type of
information you choose to mention should
relate directly to the review’s focus, whether it
is thematic, methodological, or chronological.
Begin composing
• Use quotes sparingly
Begin composing
• Summarize and synthesize
• Remember to summarize and synthesize your
sources within each paragraph as well as
throughout the review.
Begin composing
Begin composing
• Keep your own voice
• While the literature review presents others’
ideas, your voice (the writer’s) should remain
front and center.
8. 05/10/2013
7
• Use caution when paraphrasing
• When paraphrasing a source that is not your
own, be sure to represent the author’s
information or opinions accurately and in your
own words.
• Plagiarism??
Begin composing
References managing
• How to cite?
• Reference mangers
Revise, revise, revise
• Draft in hand? Now you’re ready to revise. Spending a lot of
time revising is a wise idea, because your main objective is
to present the material, not the argument. So check over
your review again to make sure it follows the assignment
and/or your outline.
• Then, just as you would for most other academic forms of
writing, rewrite or rework the language of your review so
that you’ve presented your information in the most concise
manner possible.
• Be sure to use terminology familiar to your audience; get
rid of unnecessary jargon or slang. Finally, double check
that you’ve documented your sources and formatted the
review appropriately for your discipline.
What are the tips in writing a good
literature review
• Know What You Cite
Once you have it in your list, make sure you
understand it very well so you can answer all
questions that the dissertation committee will
throw at you during defense
9. 05/10/2013
8
What are the tips in writing a good
literature review
• Ensure It Is Related
It must be in line with your topic or else you’ll be
confronted with deadly questions that you can
find no answers to save your grade
What are the tips in writing a good
literature review
• Foresee Questions
As a general tip during the defense, it would
greatly help if you create yourself a body of
questions that the dissertation committee may
ask. You can consult this with your advisor and
help you arrive on the right answers and how to
answer it.
Conclusion
Being the trickiest part of a dissertation, a
researcher must handle keenness on details and
a lot of patience.
Conclusion
Indeed, the dissertation literature review
consumes most the time and energy of a
researcher in proving his findings to the board of
dissertation committee.
Conclusion
The best way to do this is gather the best ones
and keep it in line with your topic in order to
avoid unnecessary questions gathered from an
excessive analysis