The document discusses governing systems for hydro turbines. Governing systems are feedback control systems that maintain constant turbine speed despite varying load. They work by sensing speed and adjusting the water flow via mechanisms like spear regulation or guide vane positioning. Modern digital governors provide more precise control than early mechanical governors. Proper governing requires balancing sensitivity, response time, stability, reliability and other factors to prevent issues like water hammering.
The Pelton wheel turbine was developed in 1880 by Lester Pelton. It is an impulse turbine that works best with high heads and low flows. The turbine consists of a nozzle that converts pressure to velocity, buckets around the rim that redirect the jet of water, and a casing. The high velocity jet from the nozzle strikes the buckets, transferring momentum to spin the turbine and generate power. Pelton wheels are commonly used to generate hydroelectric power from sources with high heads and low flows.
This document provides information on hydraulic turbines, including their definition, history, parts, types, and classifications. It focuses on the Pelton turbine, describing its working principle and key design aspects. The Pelton turbine uses the kinetic energy of water directed through a nozzle to spin buckets on a wheel. It is well-suited for high heads. Design considerations for the Pelton wheel include the velocity of its jet and buckets, the jet deflection angle, wheel and jet diameters, bucket dimensions, and the number of jets and buckets.
This document discusses different types of hydraulic turbines used to convert hydraulic energy from flowing water into electrical energy. It describes the main components and operating principles of Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. Pelton turbines use jet impacts to rotate an impulse wheel, while Francis and Kaplan turbines are reaction turbines where water pressure decreases as it flows through the runner blades. Francis turbines use mixed radial-axial flow and are widely used over a range of heads. Kaplan turbines have propeller-like adjustable blades for axial flow and are best for low heads with large flows. Draft tubes and governing systems are also discussed.
The document discusses different types of turbines used to convert hydraulic energy from water into mechanical energy. It describes various ways turbines can be classified, including by the type of energy at the inlet, direction of water flow through the runner, head level at the inlet, and specific speed. Key turbine types discussed include Pelton, Francis, propeller, and Kaplan turbines. The Pelton turbine uses impulse and is suitable for high head applications. The Francis turbine uses inward radial flow and is used for medium head. The Kaplan turbine has adjustable vanes and is used for low head applications.
The document discusses the Francis turbine, which is the most commonly used water turbine today. It was invented in Lowell, Massachusetts by James Francis in 1849. He was able to redesign the existing Boyden turbine to significantly increase its efficiency from 65% to 88%.
The key components of a Francis turbine include a scroll casing, guide vanes, runner, and draft tube. Water enters the scroll casing and is directed by the guide vanes to spin the radial vanes of the runner, which is connected to a shaft to power a generator. The draft tube recaptures pressure from the water exiting the runner.
Francis turbines can operate over a wide range of heads from 10-650 meters and
This document provides a comparison of different types of hydraulic turbines and considerations for selecting the appropriate turbine for a hydroelectric power plant. It compares Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines based on criteria such as head, discharge required, efficiency, and more. The key points for selection include considering the specific speed to match the generator speed, choosing the turbine with the highest efficiency, ability to operate at part loads, available head and fluctuations, and shaft orientation. The turbines are recommended for different head ranges, with Pelton used for very high heads and Kaplan for heads below 30 meters.
Sterling Tools Limited is a leading manufacturer of fasteners in India. It produces special, standard, chassis, and engine fasteners. The industrial training document describes Sterling's manufacturing process, which includes forging wire, forming heads through cutting, forming, and trimming, rolling threads, machining parts through turning and other operations, heat treating through hardening and tempering, electroplating for surface finishing, and implementing pollution controls and energy conservation efforts.
The document discusses commissioning of offshore installations in building yards. It covers the total commissioning activity and defines the key phases of mechanical completion, pre-commissioning, and commissioning. Mechanical completion involves verifying construction meets design requirements through testing. Pre-commissioning focuses on verifying system functionality and instrument calibration. Commissioning execution involves final checks before handover to operations. Effective planning is critical to the success of each phase.
The Pelton wheel turbine was developed in 1880 by Lester Pelton. It is an impulse turbine that works best with high heads and low flows. The turbine consists of a nozzle that converts pressure to velocity, buckets around the rim that redirect the jet of water, and a casing. The high velocity jet from the nozzle strikes the buckets, transferring momentum to spin the turbine and generate power. Pelton wheels are commonly used to generate hydroelectric power from sources with high heads and low flows.
This document provides information on hydraulic turbines, including their definition, history, parts, types, and classifications. It focuses on the Pelton turbine, describing its working principle and key design aspects. The Pelton turbine uses the kinetic energy of water directed through a nozzle to spin buckets on a wheel. It is well-suited for high heads. Design considerations for the Pelton wheel include the velocity of its jet and buckets, the jet deflection angle, wheel and jet diameters, bucket dimensions, and the number of jets and buckets.
This document discusses different types of hydraulic turbines used to convert hydraulic energy from flowing water into electrical energy. It describes the main components and operating principles of Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. Pelton turbines use jet impacts to rotate an impulse wheel, while Francis and Kaplan turbines are reaction turbines where water pressure decreases as it flows through the runner blades. Francis turbines use mixed radial-axial flow and are widely used over a range of heads. Kaplan turbines have propeller-like adjustable blades for axial flow and are best for low heads with large flows. Draft tubes and governing systems are also discussed.
The document discusses different types of turbines used to convert hydraulic energy from water into mechanical energy. It describes various ways turbines can be classified, including by the type of energy at the inlet, direction of water flow through the runner, head level at the inlet, and specific speed. Key turbine types discussed include Pelton, Francis, propeller, and Kaplan turbines. The Pelton turbine uses impulse and is suitable for high head applications. The Francis turbine uses inward radial flow and is used for medium head. The Kaplan turbine has adjustable vanes and is used for low head applications.
The document discusses the Francis turbine, which is the most commonly used water turbine today. It was invented in Lowell, Massachusetts by James Francis in 1849. He was able to redesign the existing Boyden turbine to significantly increase its efficiency from 65% to 88%.
The key components of a Francis turbine include a scroll casing, guide vanes, runner, and draft tube. Water enters the scroll casing and is directed by the guide vanes to spin the radial vanes of the runner, which is connected to a shaft to power a generator. The draft tube recaptures pressure from the water exiting the runner.
Francis turbines can operate over a wide range of heads from 10-650 meters and
This document provides a comparison of different types of hydraulic turbines and considerations for selecting the appropriate turbine for a hydroelectric power plant. It compares Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines based on criteria such as head, discharge required, efficiency, and more. The key points for selection include considering the specific speed to match the generator speed, choosing the turbine with the highest efficiency, ability to operate at part loads, available head and fluctuations, and shaft orientation. The turbines are recommended for different head ranges, with Pelton used for very high heads and Kaplan for heads below 30 meters.
Sterling Tools Limited is a leading manufacturer of fasteners in India. It produces special, standard, chassis, and engine fasteners. The industrial training document describes Sterling's manufacturing process, which includes forging wire, forming heads through cutting, forming, and trimming, rolling threads, machining parts through turning and other operations, heat treating through hardening and tempering, electroplating for surface finishing, and implementing pollution controls and energy conservation efforts.
The document discusses commissioning of offshore installations in building yards. It covers the total commissioning activity and defines the key phases of mechanical completion, pre-commissioning, and commissioning. Mechanical completion involves verifying construction meets design requirements through testing. Pre-commissioning focuses on verifying system functionality and instrument calibration. Commissioning execution involves final checks before handover to operations. Effective planning is critical to the success of each phase.
This document provides an overview of the Pelton turbine. It describes the Pelton turbine as an impulse type water turbine invented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. The key parts of a Pelton turbine discussed include the penstock, runner, casing, spear rod, deflector, nozzle, and brake nozzle. It also briefly discusses the specific speed of turbines and notes that China produces the most hydroelectric power worldwide.
Turbines work by converting the kinetic energy of a moving fluid like water, steam, gas or wind into mechanical rotational energy. There are different types of turbines that are designed based on how the fluid interacts with the turbine blades including impulse turbines where the fluid hits the blades at high speed, and reaction turbines where the pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the rotor blades. Common types of turbines include water turbines like the Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines, steam turbines used in power plants, gas turbines that power aircraft and generators, and wind turbines that convert wind energy into electricity.
Centrifugal pumps work by using a rotating impeller to impart velocity energy to fluid and increase pressure. They consist of a casing and impeller on a shaft. As fluid enters the impeller eye, the impeller blades spin and eject fluid outward, increasing pressure. The volute collects and redirects the fluid, converting velocity energy to pressure. During operation, pressure imbalances across the impeller cause both radial and axial thrusts. Radial thrust is balanced through design of the casing and volute. Axial thrust is balanced through methods like balancing holes, wear rings, back vanes, or double suction impellers.
The document describes an automatic vegetable cutting machine. It aims to reduce labor costs and increase production by automating vegetable cutting. Sensors allow the machine to safely cut vegetables at higher speeds with more precision than human workers. This will benefit large-scale food factories by reducing costs while improving safety, efficiency and quality compared to manual cutting.
Governing of the Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/LmJtNo-zgjo
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
Our organization has structured a state-of-the-art infrastructure base at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. This unit is outfitted with technologically advanced machines and tools that ensure smooth execution of the entire business operations. Apart from this, we have also established a quality management section in this premises, wherein we audit and manage the quality of our entire range as per the defined industry standards. Owing to our team of professionals, we have been able to cater to the bulk orders of the valued clients.
1. The document discusses various topics related to hydraulic turbines including their classification, selection, design principles of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines, draft tubes, surge tanks, governing, unit quantities, characteristic curves, similitude analysis and cavitation.
2. Hydraulic turbines are classified based on the type of energy at the inlet, direction of flow through the runner, head at the inlet, and specific speed. Pelton wheels are impulse turbines suitable for high heads while Francis and Kaplan turbines are reaction turbines for lower heads.
3. The design of each turbine type involves guidelines related to jet ratio, speed ratio, velocities, discharge, power and efficiency calculations. Characteristic curves show the performance of a
The document discusses the fuel oil system on a locomotive engine. It describes the fuel feed system and fuel injection system.
The fuel feed system supplies fuel oil from the tank to the injection system at high pressure. It includes a primary filter, fuel pump, secondary filter, and fuel header piping. The fuel injection system atomizes and injects the fuel into the cylinders. It consists of high-pressure fuel injectors and fuel injection pumps that deliver fuel at precise timings and quantities. Proper functioning and testing of these systems is important for complete combustion and engine performance.
This document discusses explosive forming, a metal forming process that uses explosives. There are two main types - confined and unconfined. Unconfined uses a standoff distance between the explosive and workpiece, while confined places the explosive in direct contact with the workpiece. The process works by placing the metal workpiece on a die, then igniting the nearby explosive. The explosive's shockwave deforms the metal into the die's shape. Research showed deformation of an aluminum plate reached 39mm after 400 microseconds, with peak velocities of 280m/s near the center. Explosive forming can form large, complex parts but requires safety precautions due to using explosives.
The Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine with radial discharge at the outlet. It is a mixed-flow turbine where water enters the runner radially and exits axially. Francis turbines are used in applications with medium head between 45-250 meters. They have medium specific speeds between 50-250 and a vertically oriented shaft. Francis turbines are widely used worldwide due to their high efficiencies between 80-94%. However, they also have high costs due to their complex design and cavitation can be an issue.
This document provides information on flange management including piping specifications, flanges, gaskets, and flange bolting. It discusses piping specifications, commonly used materials, pipe sizing standards, flange types, standards, pressure and temperature ratings, specifications, identification, installation guidelines, and gasket types. It emphasizes the importance of following piping specifications and using the correct materials for flanges and gaskets according to the service conditions.
This document provides information about steam turbines, including:
- Steam turbines convert the thermal energy of steam into rotational mechanical energy through a series of stages, with modern turbines invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
- About 90% of electricity in the US is generated using steam turbines, as the rotary motion produced is well-suited to drive electrical generators.
- Steam turbines come in a wide range of sizes, from small <0.75 kW units for pumps and compressors, to large 1,500 MW turbines for electricity generation. They can be classified in various ways such as by flow direction, number of stages, steam pressure, or governing method.
This document discusses different types of turbines, focusing on Francis turbines. It describes how Francis turbines work by using both kinetic and pressure energy of flowing water. Sir James Francis invented the Francis turbine in Lowell, Massachusetts in the 1840s by redesigning an earlier Boyden turbine to significantly increase efficiency from 65% to 88%. Francis turbines are now the most commonly used water turbine for power generation, with efficiencies between 80-94%. They can operate in heads from 10-650 meters and generate 10-750 megawatts typically. The key components of a Francis turbine installation and its working mechanism are explained.
This document provides guidance for selecting hydraulic turbines and governing systems for hydroelectric projects up to 25 MW. It discusses key site data needed for selection, including net head values. It then classifies and describes the main turbine types - Francis, propeller, Kaplan, and impulse turbines. Selection criteria are outlined based on site parameters like head and flow. Guidelines are provided for selecting turbines for different size ranges from micro-hydro to larger mini and small hydro projects. Performance parameters like efficiency, operating ranges, and cavitation characteristics are also covered. The document concludes with sections on governing systems and examples.
Solution of numerical problem on boiler performance - Part 2AVDHESH TYAGI
This document is a presentation on solving a numerical problem on boiler performance. It provides the problem statement which includes observations made during a 24 hour boiler trial such as the steam generation rate and coal consumed. It asks to determine the mass of coal burnt per hour per square meter of grate, equivalent evaporation from water at 100C per kg of coal, equivalent evaporation from water at 100C per square meter of heating surface per hour, and the boiler efficiency. The presentation then provides the solution steps to calculate these values. It also includes background information on the presenter, subject, and institution. The vision and goals of the department and institution are stated.
The document summarizes the study of lathes. It describes the main types of lathes including engine lathes, bench lathes, tracer lathes, automatic lathes, and turret lathes. It also discusses lathe operations such as turning, facing, boring, drilling, threading, and knurling. Additionally, it covers lathe components, cutting tools, and work holding devices like chucks, collets, and magnetic chucks. Finally, it lists some common applications of lathes in industries like automotive, aerospace, medical, and others.
this file is about the types of dies and also its manufacturing procedure.this is important for the industry and for the industrial and manufacturing engineering..are of this field is manufacturing engineering and die designalso for the blanking dies and punches
The document provides information on different types of drilling machines. It discusses portable drilling machines, sensitive drilling machines, upright drilling machines, pillar drilling machines, radial drilling machines, and gang drilling machines. Upright drilling machines are larger and heavier than sensitive drilling machines and have power feed arrangements. Pillar drilling machines have a base, column, table, head, and spindle drive mechanism. Radial drilling machines can drill heavy workpieces in any position without needing to move them.
Lathe-Types, Parts, Feed Mechanisms, Specifications,Lathe Accessories and Att...rajguptanitw
Who could ever think of manufacturing metals and other materials like wood and plastic without the lathe machine? Since the lathe machine is an important tool used in the machining process, which is an integral process in the manufacturing technology, it is just fitting to learn about it.
Machining is one of the most important material removal methods in the technology of manufacturing. It is basically a collection of material working processes that involves other processes such as drilling, shaping, sawing, planning, reaming, and grinding among others. Machining is practically a part of the manufacture of all metals and other materials such as plastics, and wood as well. An important machine that is useful in machining is the lathe machine.
A lathe machine is generally used in metalworking, metal spinning, woodturning, and glassworking. The various operations that it can perform include the following: sanding, cutting, knurling, drilling, and deforming of tools that are employed in creating objects which have symmetry about the axis of rotation. Some of the most common products of the lathe machine are crankshafts, camshafts, table legs, bowls, and candlestick holders.
The first lathe machine that was ever developed was the two-person lathe machine which was designed by the Egyptians in about 1300 BC. Primarily, there are two things that are achieved in this lathe machine set-up. The first is the turning of the wood working piece manually by a rope; and the second is the cutting of shapes in the wood by the use of a sharp tool. As civilizations progressed, there have been constant modifications and improvements over the original two-person lathe machine, most importantly on the production of the rotary motion.
The production of the rotary motion therefore evolved according to the following procedures: the Egyptians manual turning by hand; the Romans addition of a turning bow; the introduction of the pedal in the Middle Ages; the use of the steam engines during the Industrial Revolution; the employment of individual electric motors in the 19th and mid 20th centuries; and the latest of which is the adaption of numerically controlled mechanisms in controlling the lathe machine.
For the lathe machine to function and perform its operations, various important parts are integrated together. These essentials parts make up the lathe machine.
This document discusses meter-in flow-control circuits. It explains that meter-in circuits allow fluid to enter an actuator, like a cylinder, at a controlled rate to provide smooth movement. However, meter-in circuits may not work for overrunning loads, as a vacuum can form and cause the cylinder to free fall until filled. The document provides diagrams of meter-in circuits and explains how they regulate cylinder speed by metering fluid into the blind end.
The document discusses different methods of governing steam turbines to maintain a constant rotational speed despite varying loads. Throttle governing reduces steam pressure through a restricted passage before entering the turbine. Nozzle governing opens and closes sets of nozzles to control steam flow. Bypass governing introduces steam into later turbine stages during overloads. Combination governing uses two methods, typically bypass and nozzle. Electro-hydraulic governing uses electronic, hydraulic, and mechanical components to precisely control steam flow and allow synchronization to power grids for load and frequency regulation.
This document provides an overview of the Pelton turbine. It describes the Pelton turbine as an impulse type water turbine invented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. The key parts of a Pelton turbine discussed include the penstock, runner, casing, spear rod, deflector, nozzle, and brake nozzle. It also briefly discusses the specific speed of turbines and notes that China produces the most hydroelectric power worldwide.
Turbines work by converting the kinetic energy of a moving fluid like water, steam, gas or wind into mechanical rotational energy. There are different types of turbines that are designed based on how the fluid interacts with the turbine blades including impulse turbines where the fluid hits the blades at high speed, and reaction turbines where the pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the rotor blades. Common types of turbines include water turbines like the Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines, steam turbines used in power plants, gas turbines that power aircraft and generators, and wind turbines that convert wind energy into electricity.
Centrifugal pumps work by using a rotating impeller to impart velocity energy to fluid and increase pressure. They consist of a casing and impeller on a shaft. As fluid enters the impeller eye, the impeller blades spin and eject fluid outward, increasing pressure. The volute collects and redirects the fluid, converting velocity energy to pressure. During operation, pressure imbalances across the impeller cause both radial and axial thrusts. Radial thrust is balanced through design of the casing and volute. Axial thrust is balanced through methods like balancing holes, wear rings, back vanes, or double suction impellers.
The document describes an automatic vegetable cutting machine. It aims to reduce labor costs and increase production by automating vegetable cutting. Sensors allow the machine to safely cut vegetables at higher speeds with more precision than human workers. This will benefit large-scale food factories by reducing costs while improving safety, efficiency and quality compared to manual cutting.
Governing of the Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/LmJtNo-zgjo
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
Our organization has structured a state-of-the-art infrastructure base at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. This unit is outfitted with technologically advanced machines and tools that ensure smooth execution of the entire business operations. Apart from this, we have also established a quality management section in this premises, wherein we audit and manage the quality of our entire range as per the defined industry standards. Owing to our team of professionals, we have been able to cater to the bulk orders of the valued clients.
1. The document discusses various topics related to hydraulic turbines including their classification, selection, design principles of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines, draft tubes, surge tanks, governing, unit quantities, characteristic curves, similitude analysis and cavitation.
2. Hydraulic turbines are classified based on the type of energy at the inlet, direction of flow through the runner, head at the inlet, and specific speed. Pelton wheels are impulse turbines suitable for high heads while Francis and Kaplan turbines are reaction turbines for lower heads.
3. The design of each turbine type involves guidelines related to jet ratio, speed ratio, velocities, discharge, power and efficiency calculations. Characteristic curves show the performance of a
The document discusses the fuel oil system on a locomotive engine. It describes the fuel feed system and fuel injection system.
The fuel feed system supplies fuel oil from the tank to the injection system at high pressure. It includes a primary filter, fuel pump, secondary filter, and fuel header piping. The fuel injection system atomizes and injects the fuel into the cylinders. It consists of high-pressure fuel injectors and fuel injection pumps that deliver fuel at precise timings and quantities. Proper functioning and testing of these systems is important for complete combustion and engine performance.
This document discusses explosive forming, a metal forming process that uses explosives. There are two main types - confined and unconfined. Unconfined uses a standoff distance between the explosive and workpiece, while confined places the explosive in direct contact with the workpiece. The process works by placing the metal workpiece on a die, then igniting the nearby explosive. The explosive's shockwave deforms the metal into the die's shape. Research showed deformation of an aluminum plate reached 39mm after 400 microseconds, with peak velocities of 280m/s near the center. Explosive forming can form large, complex parts but requires safety precautions due to using explosives.
The Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine with radial discharge at the outlet. It is a mixed-flow turbine where water enters the runner radially and exits axially. Francis turbines are used in applications with medium head between 45-250 meters. They have medium specific speeds between 50-250 and a vertically oriented shaft. Francis turbines are widely used worldwide due to their high efficiencies between 80-94%. However, they also have high costs due to their complex design and cavitation can be an issue.
This document provides information on flange management including piping specifications, flanges, gaskets, and flange bolting. It discusses piping specifications, commonly used materials, pipe sizing standards, flange types, standards, pressure and temperature ratings, specifications, identification, installation guidelines, and gasket types. It emphasizes the importance of following piping specifications and using the correct materials for flanges and gaskets according to the service conditions.
This document provides information about steam turbines, including:
- Steam turbines convert the thermal energy of steam into rotational mechanical energy through a series of stages, with modern turbines invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
- About 90% of electricity in the US is generated using steam turbines, as the rotary motion produced is well-suited to drive electrical generators.
- Steam turbines come in a wide range of sizes, from small <0.75 kW units for pumps and compressors, to large 1,500 MW turbines for electricity generation. They can be classified in various ways such as by flow direction, number of stages, steam pressure, or governing method.
This document discusses different types of turbines, focusing on Francis turbines. It describes how Francis turbines work by using both kinetic and pressure energy of flowing water. Sir James Francis invented the Francis turbine in Lowell, Massachusetts in the 1840s by redesigning an earlier Boyden turbine to significantly increase efficiency from 65% to 88%. Francis turbines are now the most commonly used water turbine for power generation, with efficiencies between 80-94%. They can operate in heads from 10-650 meters and generate 10-750 megawatts typically. The key components of a Francis turbine installation and its working mechanism are explained.
This document provides guidance for selecting hydraulic turbines and governing systems for hydroelectric projects up to 25 MW. It discusses key site data needed for selection, including net head values. It then classifies and describes the main turbine types - Francis, propeller, Kaplan, and impulse turbines. Selection criteria are outlined based on site parameters like head and flow. Guidelines are provided for selecting turbines for different size ranges from micro-hydro to larger mini and small hydro projects. Performance parameters like efficiency, operating ranges, and cavitation characteristics are also covered. The document concludes with sections on governing systems and examples.
Solution of numerical problem on boiler performance - Part 2AVDHESH TYAGI
This document is a presentation on solving a numerical problem on boiler performance. It provides the problem statement which includes observations made during a 24 hour boiler trial such as the steam generation rate and coal consumed. It asks to determine the mass of coal burnt per hour per square meter of grate, equivalent evaporation from water at 100C per kg of coal, equivalent evaporation from water at 100C per square meter of heating surface per hour, and the boiler efficiency. The presentation then provides the solution steps to calculate these values. It also includes background information on the presenter, subject, and institution. The vision and goals of the department and institution are stated.
The document summarizes the study of lathes. It describes the main types of lathes including engine lathes, bench lathes, tracer lathes, automatic lathes, and turret lathes. It also discusses lathe operations such as turning, facing, boring, drilling, threading, and knurling. Additionally, it covers lathe components, cutting tools, and work holding devices like chucks, collets, and magnetic chucks. Finally, it lists some common applications of lathes in industries like automotive, aerospace, medical, and others.
this file is about the types of dies and also its manufacturing procedure.this is important for the industry and for the industrial and manufacturing engineering..are of this field is manufacturing engineering and die designalso for the blanking dies and punches
The document provides information on different types of drilling machines. It discusses portable drilling machines, sensitive drilling machines, upright drilling machines, pillar drilling machines, radial drilling machines, and gang drilling machines. Upright drilling machines are larger and heavier than sensitive drilling machines and have power feed arrangements. Pillar drilling machines have a base, column, table, head, and spindle drive mechanism. Radial drilling machines can drill heavy workpieces in any position without needing to move them.
Lathe-Types, Parts, Feed Mechanisms, Specifications,Lathe Accessories and Att...rajguptanitw
Who could ever think of manufacturing metals and other materials like wood and plastic without the lathe machine? Since the lathe machine is an important tool used in the machining process, which is an integral process in the manufacturing technology, it is just fitting to learn about it.
Machining is one of the most important material removal methods in the technology of manufacturing. It is basically a collection of material working processes that involves other processes such as drilling, shaping, sawing, planning, reaming, and grinding among others. Machining is practically a part of the manufacture of all metals and other materials such as plastics, and wood as well. An important machine that is useful in machining is the lathe machine.
A lathe machine is generally used in metalworking, metal spinning, woodturning, and glassworking. The various operations that it can perform include the following: sanding, cutting, knurling, drilling, and deforming of tools that are employed in creating objects which have symmetry about the axis of rotation. Some of the most common products of the lathe machine are crankshafts, camshafts, table legs, bowls, and candlestick holders.
The first lathe machine that was ever developed was the two-person lathe machine which was designed by the Egyptians in about 1300 BC. Primarily, there are two things that are achieved in this lathe machine set-up. The first is the turning of the wood working piece manually by a rope; and the second is the cutting of shapes in the wood by the use of a sharp tool. As civilizations progressed, there have been constant modifications and improvements over the original two-person lathe machine, most importantly on the production of the rotary motion.
The production of the rotary motion therefore evolved according to the following procedures: the Egyptians manual turning by hand; the Romans addition of a turning bow; the introduction of the pedal in the Middle Ages; the use of the steam engines during the Industrial Revolution; the employment of individual electric motors in the 19th and mid 20th centuries; and the latest of which is the adaption of numerically controlled mechanisms in controlling the lathe machine.
For the lathe machine to function and perform its operations, various important parts are integrated together. These essentials parts make up the lathe machine.
This document discusses meter-in flow-control circuits. It explains that meter-in circuits allow fluid to enter an actuator, like a cylinder, at a controlled rate to provide smooth movement. However, meter-in circuits may not work for overrunning loads, as a vacuum can form and cause the cylinder to free fall until filled. The document provides diagrams of meter-in circuits and explains how they regulate cylinder speed by metering fluid into the blind end.
The document discusses different methods of governing steam turbines to maintain a constant rotational speed despite varying loads. Throttle governing reduces steam pressure through a restricted passage before entering the turbine. Nozzle governing opens and closes sets of nozzles to control steam flow. Bypass governing introduces steam into later turbine stages during overloads. Combination governing uses two methods, typically bypass and nozzle. Electro-hydraulic governing uses electronic, hydraulic, and mechanical components to precisely control steam flow and allow synchronization to power grids for load and frequency regulation.
Cia 3 ppt governing of hydraulic turbinesVaibhav Patil
Hydraulic turbines drive electrical generators in power plants.
The frequency of generation has to be strictly maintained at a constant value.
This means that the turbines should run at constant speed irrespective of the load or power output.
It is also possible that due to electrical tripping the turbine has to be stopped suddenly.
Control of a single-acting and double-acting cylinder, regeneration, motor braking, speed control, synchronisation, fail safe, two handed, application of counterbalance, sequence, unloading, pressure reducing, pilot operated check valve
The document discusses throttle and nozzle governing systems for steam turbines. The throttle governing system controls turbine speed by varying the quantity of steam entering the turbine. When load increases, the centrifugal governor decreases its amplitude, lowering the control valve rod and increasing steam flow to bring the turbine back up to normal speed. When load decreases, the opposite occurs to reduce steam flow. The nozzle governing system controls steam flow to individual nozzle groups to regulate turbine speed during part-load operation. Only some nozzles remain open depending on the load demand.
Camless engines eliminate mechanical linkages between the crankshaft and valves. Sensors monitor engine parameters and send signals to an electronic control unit (ECU). The ECU then controls solenoid valves and hydraulic actuators to open and close the valves according to requirements, allowing infinite variability of valve timing, lift, and duration. This makes engines more efficient and responsive compared to conventional camshaft-controlled engines.
- Hydraulic actuators like cylinders are used to convert fluid pressure into mechanical motion or force. Single-acting cylinders produce force in one direction while double-acting cylinders can produce force in both directions.
- Directional control valves include check valves, two/four-way valves, and shuttle valves. They control the direction of fluid flow. Pressure control valves like relief valves limit system pressure while flow control valves regulate fluid flow rate and actuator speed.
- Properly selecting and using hydraulic components like actuators, valves, and linkages allows fluid power systems to efficiently control mechanical processes.
An automatic transmission uses a torque converter, gear train, and hydraulic system to shift gears automatically based on engine load and vehicle speed. The torque converter connects the engine to the transmission and transfers power through fluid. It multiplies torque for better acceleration. The gear train includes planetary gear sets that provide multiple gear ratios. Hydraulic pressure acts through the transmission fluid to engage clutches and bands, producing gear shifts without driver input as the vehicle speed increases.
The document describes several hydraulic circuits used in industrial machinery. It summarizes the hydraulic circuits for a milling machine, shaper machine, surface grinder, hydraulic press, hydraulic power steering, dump trucks, and excavators. For each, it outlines the key components of the circuit such as pumps, valves, cylinders, and how fluid flow is directed to enable the motion of machine parts like tables, rams, and booms.
This document discusses flow-control valves used in hydraulic circuits. It defines flow-control valves as valves that control the rate of fluid flow. The document classifies flow-control valves into two types: non-pressure compensated and pressure compensated. Non-pressure compensated valves rely on a constant pressure drop across an orifice to control flow, while pressure compensated valves use a spring-loaded compensator spool to adjust the orifice size to maintain a constant flow rate despite changing pressures. Pressure compensated valves are needed when system pressures are variable or motoring speeds must be precise.
The document is a presentation report on governors submitted by Anand Kumar. It provides an abstract that the report focuses on the basics of governors and covers an inside view of how they work. The report then discusses the main types of governors, including centrifugal governors which use weights and springs to regulate shaft speed based on centrifugal force. It describes gravity controlled and spring controlled centrifugal governors in more detail. Key characteristics of governors like stability, sensitivity, isochronism, and hunting are also covered.
A counterbalance valve is used to prevent uncontrolled downward motion of a heavy platen in a press. It works by creating an opposing hydraulic force when pressure drops below a set point. Using a counterbalance valve also prevents cavitation in the pump by limiting the speed of the platen. Sequence valves are used in another circuit to control the sequential operation of two cylinders when a directional control valve is shifted.
The document discusses turbine governing systems. The objective of turbine governing is to control the steam flow to a turbine to maintain a constant rotation speed as load varies. It describes three common types of governing: throttle, nozzle, and bypass. The key components of a hydro-mechanical governing system are then outlined, including the speed governor, pilot valves, control valves, and emergency shutdown mechanisms. Protection systems using hydraulic and electrical trips are also summarized to safely operate the turbine.
The document provides an overview of a turbine governing system. It discusses the key components and functions of hydraulic and electro-hydraulic governing systems used for a 200MW KWU turbine. These include speed and load controllers, governing system devices like the starting device and speeder gear, protective devices like overspeed trips, and the working of the hydraulic and electro-hydraulic systems. Different oils used and the selection process between the hydraulic and electro-hydraulic governors are also summarized.
The document summarizes the governing mechanism of a Francis water turbine. It describes the major components which include an oil pump, relay valve, servomotor cylinder, centrifugal governor, regulating ring, and regulating rod. It explains how these components work together in a closed loop control system to regulate the supply of water through partial opening and closing of the guide vanes based on the load. When the load is low, the governor senses the higher speed and causes the relay valve to direct oil to push the servomotor piston forward, partially closing the guide vanes.
The document discusses flow control in hydraulic systems. It defines three types of flow rates - volumetric, weight, and mass flow rates - and explains that flow control valves regulate the quantity of fluid flowing per unit of time for all three types. It then describes eight types of flow control valves: orifices, flow regulators, bypass flow regulators, demand-compensated controls, pressure-compensated variable valves, pressure- and temperature-compensated valves, priority valves, and deceleration valves. Each valve type regulates and maintains flow rates under changing pressure or temperature conditions.
This document provides information on key components and types of steam turbines. It discusses the basic components of steam turbines including the rotating wheel, buckets, nozzles and how steam is directed against the buckets to rotate the wheel. It describes the two main types of steam turbines - impulse and reaction - and how they differ in how steam expansion occurs. It also summarizes key components like the throttle valve, governor systems and emergency governors, as well as considerations for oiling systems and fire hazards at high steam temperatures.
Hydraulic Pumps, Motors and Actuators:
Construction, working principle and operation of rotary & reciprocating pumps like Gear, Vane, Generated-Rotor, Screw, Axial Piston, Radial Piston, Pump characteristics, Linear and Rotary Actuators, Hydrostatic Transmission Systems. Selection of components for applications
This document provides information on various hydraulic circuits used in industrial machinery. It begins with descriptions of basic hydraulic circuits and components. It then discusses more complex industrial circuits for applications like unloading systems to save energy, sequencing cylinders, and regenerative cylinder circuits. It also covers power losses in hydraulic components and methods to reduce losses, such as improving pump efficiency and minimizing pressure drops.
Hello Everyone!
The best ppt on watt governor. Learners can easily grasp it if they go through the whole ppt. Also helpful for making projects on watt governor.
By going through the ppt one can easily learn about the watt governor from basics.
You can also apply the knowledge that you gained from this ppt in real life problems.
About the ppt:
Watt governor is the simplest and gravity controlled form of the centrifugal governors.
It consists of two fly balls attached to the sleeve of negligible mass. The upper sides of arms are pivoted so that its balls can move upward and downward as they revolve with a vertical spindle. The engine drives the spindle through bevel gears.
The lower arms are connected to the sleeves. The sleeve is keyed to the spindle in such a way that revolves with the spindle.
At the same time, it can slide up and down according to the spindle speed. Two stoppers are provided at the bottom and top of the spindle to limit the movement sleeve.
Watt governor is also known as simple conical governor.
In the case of watts governor, the controlling force is provided by the action of gravity, at uniform speed controlling force is equal to the centrifugal force, and it balances each other.
I will suggest to watch the whole ppt so that you can learn more about it.
Thank You!
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A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON GOVERNING OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
1.
2.
3. BASIC DEFINITION OF GOVERNING OF A TURBINE
Governing of a turbine is the operation by virtue of which the rotational
speed of the turbine is kept constant irrespective of varying load.
5. Governor control system for Hydro Turbines is basically a feed back control system
which senses the speed and power of the generating unit or the water level of the fore
bay of the hydroelectric installation etc.
Governing system comprises of following sections.
a) Control section: The control section may be mechanical, analogue, electronic or
digital.
b) Mechanical hydraulic Actuating section: Actuator can be hydraulic controlled,
mechanical (motor) or load actuator . Hydro actuators are mostly used.
Fig-:Digital Electro-hydraulic governor.
6. Mechanical Controller: By the middle of 20th century, mechanical
governors(1st generation) directly driven by prime movers through belt were
used for small machines. The speed of rotation was sensed by fly-ball type
pendulum(2nd generation).In second-generation mechanical governors,
permanent magnet generator and pendulum motor were utilized for sensing
the speed of the machine.
Analogue Controller: Next came the third generation Electro-Hydraulic
Governors (3rd generation) where speed sensing , speed/output setting and
stabilizing parameters were controlled electrically and the use of mechanical
components was reduced considerably.
Digital Controller: Present day trend is to use digital governing control
system in hydroelectric units(4th generation).
7. Set Points
Speed of unit
Operational
feedback
Speed
Power
Water level
Turbine
control
actuator
Governor
controller
Turbine control
gate, Blades,
Needles,
Deflector,
Relief valve etc
Hydraulic
Pressure
(Oil)
Mechanical
motors
Load
Fig: Schematic representation of a basic control system for a
turbine
8. Turbine Control Actuator System
Pressure oil system with oil servomotor is most commonly used actuator .
Actuator system compares the desired turbine actuator position command
with the actual actuator position.
Fig-:Control valve and actuator
system
10. Impulse turbine(Pelton wheel turbine) governing
In order to regulate the quantity of water rejected from the turbine nozzle and
from striking the buckets one of the following methods of regulation may be
adapted:
Spear regulation
Deflector regulation
Combined spear and deflector regulation
Spear regulation:
In this method the rate of flow is regulated by altering
the cross-sectional area of stream by moving the spear
to and from inside nozzle.
This method of speed regulation is suitable when the
fluctuation of load is small and a relatively large penstock
feeds a small turbine.
The disadvantages of this method is that when the
load falls all of sudden, the turbine nozzle has to close suddenly which may
cause water hammer in the
penstock.
11. Deflector regulation
The deflector is generally a plate connected to the oil pressure
governor by means of levers.
When necessity arises to deflect the jet, the plate can be brought in
between the nozzle and buckets, thereby diverting the water away
from the runner and directing into the tail race.
The use of deflector regulation is restored to when the supply of water
is constant but the load fluctuates.
The position of spear can be adjusted by hand. As the nozzle has
always a constant opening, it results in wastage of water and can be
employed only when there is an abundant water supply.
12. Combined spear and deflector regulation
The before-mentioned methods have some disadvantages. So, the modern
turbines make use of combined spear and deflector regulation; the spear
regulates the speed and the deflector arrangement regulates the pressure.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
Works on the principle of a centrifugal governor. When the speed changes
the governor senses it and closes or opens the valves accordingly.
To set the closing rate of the needle control of the nozzles to a value which
satisfies the prescribed pressure rise .
To bend the jet flow temporarily away from the runner by a deflector so the
speed rise does not exceed the accepted level.
This process has two different cases of workings.
13.
14. Combined spear and deflector regulation
CASE 1 :WHEN ELECTRICAL LOAD DECREASES
Steps-:
When the electrical load decreases the resisting torque will also be reduced
,the load on the governor decreases which increases the speed of governor
as well as the speed of the turbine.
This causes the centrifugal governor to rotate with a larger speed. So speed
of the fly ball increases and it moves up which causes the sleeve to move
upwards.
When the sleeve moves upward a lever about the fulcrum turns.
The turning of the lever causes the piston rod of the control valve to move
down valve V1 closes and calve V2 opens.
The oil pumped from the oil pump to the control valve under pressure will
flow through the valve V2 to the servomotor and will exert force on the face
A of the piston of the relay cylinder.
Piston along with piston rod and spear will move towards the right. This
will decrease the area of flow of water at the outlet of the nozzle and it will
reduce the rate of flow to the turbine which consequently reduces the speed
of the turbine.
Meanwhile, the bell crank lever moves downward, the jet deflector will
operate and divert the whole or part of the jet away from the buckets.
As soon as speed becomes normal, the fly balls, sleeves, lever and piston
rod come to its normal position
15. Combined spear and deflector regulation
CASE 2 : WHEN ELECTRICAL LOAD INCREASES
Steps-:
When the electrical load increases the resisting torque will also be
increased ,the load on the governor increases which decreases the speed of
governor as well as the speed of the turbine
This causes the centrifugal governor to rotate with a smaller speed.so
speed of the fly ball decreases and it moves down which causes the sleeve
to move downwards
When the sleeve moves down a lever about the fulcrum turns
The turning of the lever causes the piston rod of the control valve to move
up valve V2 closes and calve V1 opens
The oil pumped from the oil pump to the control valve under pressure will
flow through the valve V1 to the servomotor and will exert force on the face
B of the piston of the relay cylinder.
Piston along with piston rod and spear will move towards the left. This will
increase the area of flow of water at the outlet of the nozzle and it will
increase the rate of flow to the turbine which consequently increases the
speed of the turbine.
Meanwhile, the bell crank lever moves downward, the jet deflector will
operate and divert the whole or part of the jet away from the buckets.
As soon as speed becomes normal, the fly balls, sleeves, lever and piston
rod come to its normal position.
16. Reaction turbine (Francis turbine) governing
In a reaction turbine the discharge is controlled by varying the area of flow
between adjacent guide vanes.
Working principle:-
works on the principle of a centrifugal governor. When the speed changes the
governor senses it and closes or opens the valves accordingly.
To set the closing rate of the guide vane opening to a value, which satisfies
the rotational speed, rise limits.
To divert as much of the discharge through a controlled by-pass valve that
the pressure rise in the conduit is kept below the prescribed level.
Construction:-
-The guide blades of the Francis turbine are connected to the regulating ring by
means of levers and links.
-The regulating ring is connected to two regulating rods which are connected to
the regulating lever.
-The regulating lever is connected to the regulating shaft.
-The regulating lever is controlled by the piston of servomotor.
This process has two different cases of workings.
17. Reaction turbine (Francis turbine) governing
CASE 1
When the load on the turbine decreases, speed tends to increase, which
moves fly balls upwards and thus raises sleeves. The main lever on the other
side of the fulcrum pushes down the control valve rod and opens port V1. Oil
under pressure enters the servomotor from right and pushes the piston to
moves towards left.
When the piston of the servomotor moves towards the left, regulating the
ring is rotated to decrease the passage between the guide vanes by changing
guide vane angles. Thus the quantity of water reaching the runner blades
decreases and speed decreases to the normal speed.
Sudden reduction in passage between the guide blades may cause a water
hammer which can be prevented by providing a relief valve known as
“pressure regulator” near the turbine which diverts the water directly to the
tailrace. When the guide vanes have to be suddenly closed then the relief
valve opens and directs the water into the tail race thus preventing water
hammer. Thus it functions similar to that of jet deflector as in the Pelton
wheel. Thus double regulation is also well performed in Francis turbine.
18. Reaction turbine (Francis turbine) governing
CASE 2
When the load on the turbine increases, speed tends to decrease, which
moves fly balls downwards and thus lowers sleeves. The main lever on the
other side of the fulcrum pushes the control valve rod and opens port V2. Oil
under pressure enters the servomotor from left and pushes the piston to
moves towards right
When the piston of the servomotor moves towards the right, regulating the
ring is rotated to increase the passage between the guide vanes by changing
guide vane angles. Thus the quantity of water reaching the runner blades
increases and speed increases to normal speed.
Water hammer is prevented by
the presence of relief valve.
19. SENSITIVITY: It is the measure of a smallest change in parameter that can be
detected and corrected.
RESPONSE TIME: Very quick response may set up Water-hammering
problems whereas a very slow response may endanger the performance and
operation of the electrical system. This may be termed as a conflicting
requirement.
STABILITY: The governing system must stable and return to the stable
equilibrium after each episode of deviation from normal conditions.
RELIABILITY: The governing system should be reliable and safety devices
should be incorporated for unforeseen events of emergencies. Safety shut-off
overrides should be available in the turbine governing system.
STRENGTH : Governor used in hydraulic turbine should be very strong as it
has to deal with large quantity of water flowing with a large force.
WEAR RESISTANCE : Governor should be mad up of wear resistant material.
DESIREABLE QUALITIES IN A GOVERNING SYSTEM.
20. Regarding governing conditions there are three different modes of operation:
Steady state operations when the unit is operating at constant load, head
and command input.
The total system is subject to small changes caused by fluctuations in load or
command input. In this mode none of the governor elements will reach the
limit of closing or opening speed. The stability guarantees are always referred
to this mode.
The total system is subject to changes, which is resulting in speed limits,
closing and opening movements of parts of the governor system. This is the
situation during load ejections when the main servomotors are operating at
maximum closing speed.
21. Governing system used in India
Micro Hydro (up to 100 kW) :- Digital speed control system will load
actuator is used.
Small Hydro (Up to 3 MW) :- Flow control governing system with
hydraulic actuator and digital PID speed and power control system.
Mechanical motor type actuator have also been used up to 1000 kW unit
size with microprocessor based level control PI Controller.
Small Hydro (Above 3 MW) :- Flow control PID governor with hydraulic
actuator.
22. CONCLUSION
Governing process in hydro-turbines are very essential. Without it,
disaster may happen in hydro powerplants.
Governing processes helps in maintaining constant frequency of
electrical power output and in maintaining quantity of water flow of
turbine.
While using governing systems, components need to be frequently
replaced due to wear.
Also, there is high possibility of water hammering if precautions are not
taken.
Wastage of water may take place in deflector regulation method as nozzle
remains open for long period of time.
So, with certain precautions, governing systems should be embraced in
case of hydraulic turbines. Since these are the days of PID controlling
governing system, thee possibilities of accidents are too less.
23. BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS:
A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines By R K Rajput
A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines By R K Bansal
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines By S.K. Som & G.
Biswas
Hydraulic Machines By K. Subramanya
JOURNALS
HYDROPOWER IN NORWAY Mechanical Equipment: A survey By Arne
Kjølle, Professor Emeritus, Norwegian University of Science and
Technology [Trondheim, December 2001]
HYDRO-TURBINE GOVERNING SYSTEM; Reviewed by Dr. R. Thapar
GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF TURBINE AND GOVERNING
SYSTEM FOR HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT By Alternative Hydro
Energy Center, IIT ROORKEE
LINKS:
https://learnmech.com/governing-of-hydraulic-turbines-pelton-francis-
turbine/
https://www.engineeringenotes.com/electrical-engineering/turbines/water-
turbines-characteristics-governing-and-selection-electricity/29450