MAIZE's strategy is to increase maize productivity, sustainability, and food security through three research strategies: 1) Sustainable intensification of maize-legume systems in Africa and South Asia, 2) Developing stress-resistant and nutritious maize varieties, and 3) Ensuring disadvantaged farmers have access to new technologies and markets. The program works with over 300 partners and aims to double maize productivity and improve livelihoods for millions of smallholder farmers.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Tray Thomas (The Context Network, USA) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Importance of maize
Constraints to maize production
Basic requirements for maize production
Agronomic management practices
Harvest and post-harvest management
Harold Roy-Macauley's presentation on "Global research partnership efforts: tackling food and environmental challenges in sub-Saharan Africa" at the Sixth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD VI) Side Event organized by the World Bank on the “Future of Food in sub-Saharan Africa: Reviewing progress, charting next steps” held in Nairobi, Kenya, 26 August 2016.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Tray Thomas (The Context Network, USA) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Importance of maize
Constraints to maize production
Basic requirements for maize production
Agronomic management practices
Harvest and post-harvest management
Harold Roy-Macauley's presentation on "Global research partnership efforts: tackling food and environmental challenges in sub-Saharan Africa" at the Sixth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD VI) Side Event organized by the World Bank on the “Future of Food in sub-Saharan Africa: Reviewing progress, charting next steps” held in Nairobi, Kenya, 26 August 2016.
Presentation by Dr Christian Thierfelder from CIMMYT, at the Regional planning meeting on ‘Scaling-Up Climate-Smart Agricultural Solutions for Cereals and Livestock Farmers in Southern Africa – Building partnership for successful implementation’,13–15 September 2016, Johannesburg, South Africa
Pulses consumption for economic, social and human well-being: Lessons learne...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/
This presentation was presentaed during the seminar Soils & Pulses: symbiosis for life that took place at FAO HQ on 19 Apr 2016. it was made by Federica Servili and it presents the lessons learned in Malawi on pulses consumption.
Presentation by Dr Rebbie Harawa from AGRA, at the Regional planning meeting on ‘Scaling-Up Climate-Smart Agricultural Solutions for Cereals and Livestock Farmers in Southern Africa – Building partnership for successful implementation’,13–15 September 2016, Johannesburg, South Africa
Agricultural inputs, plant protection, electricity and dieselAjit Majumder
Agricultural inputs are the requirements to carry out the agricultural activity like fertilizers, pesticides, machineries, land, ideas, knowledge, ect.
Pesticides are the most important agricultural input required post and pre harvest in the agriculture.
Chemical Control are;- pesticides, fungicide: Chemical control consist of spraying and dusting the plant by chemicals and poisons or mixing these into soil to kill pests and diseases which inhibit the soil pest and diseases which inhibit the soil. The most used chemicals s, weedicides, rodenticides, and fumigants.
Chemical Control are;- pesticides, fungicide: Chemical control consist of spraying and dusting the plant by chemicals and poisons or mixing these into soil to kill pests and diseases which inhibit the soil pest and diseases which inhibit the soil. The most used chemicals s, weedicides, rodenticides, and fumigants.
Electricity is one of the most indispensable agricultural input in modern agricultural practices.
The use of electricity in developed countries have reached to such a position where in India electricity use in farm base activities is still to reach recognizable dimension.
Use of electricity can supplement to the present agricultural labor crisis as many manual works can be performed by use of electricity power.
Plowing of field, pumping of water, threshing, spraying of pesticides, spraying of fertilizers and many more work can be done by use of electricity.
An overview of chickpea improvement program of ethiopia #TropicallegumesTropical Legumes III
The chickpea improvement program released 24 improved varieties (17 national and 7 regional)
The released/pipeline varieties have traits such as:
• large seed (64 g/100 seed weight)
• Disease resistance (Ascochyta blight/Fusarium wilt)
• Drought tolerance (MABC)
• Early maturing
• High yielding
• Machine harvestable
• Heat tolerant
The average yield gain due to these varieties is 2-3 fold over landrace varieties
Projects such as TL II have aggressively supported variety development, release and dissemination through integrated seed systems
Integration of the formal and informal seed production and distribution system has enhanced availability
With the uptake of these varieties and associated production packages, the national productivity has been on steady increase.
Innovative Chickpea Seed and Technology Delivery Systems in Eastern and South...Tropical Legumes III
Small scale chickpea farmers require complementary functional seed and product markets if sustainable seed production is to be achieved.
Selection of chickpea variety by farmers is largely influenced by consumer demand and market superiority.
Participatory variety selection enhances cost effective testing and increases chances of varietal adoption.
Market pull is key driver for success in Ethiopia which resulted in stakeholder participation and government’s policy support.
Involvement of policy makers is crucial for quick dissemination of proven technologies (eg, Ethiopia).
Presented at 2016 International Conference on Pulses for Health Nutrition and Sustainable Agriculture in Dry Lands.
The Conference is from April 18-20, 2016 in Marrakesh, Morocco, and being organized by ICARDA, INRA (Morocco) and IFAD in partnership with FAO, OCP Foundation and CRP Grain Legumes.
BIG IDEAS for partnerships in sustainable developmentICRISAT
ICRISAT has identified the biggest hurdles and opportunities critical for the
development of agriculture and agribusiness in the drylands.
The drylands cover 40% of the world’s land, where one-third of the people depend on agriculture and over 600 million of these people are among the poorest in the world. Climate change is also making the drylands a tougher environment to develop and survive.
A prosperous and nutritionally secure drylands through demand-driven innovation ICRISAT
A prosperous and nutritionally secure drylands through demand-driven innovation
Presentation by ICRISAT Director General Dr. David Bergvinson at the CGIAR meeting in USA on 2 November 2015.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Hans-Joachim Braun (Global Wheat Program, CIMMYT) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Evaluation of Wild Relatives of Chickpea for Resistance to Pod Borer,Helicove...ICRISAT
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important grain legume in Asia, East Africa, the Mediterranean, Australia, and North America. Chickpea productivity is constrained by several biotic and abiotic stresses, of which Helocoverpa armigera is the most devastating pest worldwide (Sharma 2005). Low to moderate levels of resistance have been identified in the cultivated germplasm, but high levels of resistance have been observed in the wild relatives of chickpea (Sharma et al., 2005a,b). To increase levels and diversify the basis of resistance to H. armigera, it is important to evaluate the wild relatives to identify accessions with different mechanisms of resistance to this pest.
Presentation by Dr Christian Thierfelder from CIMMYT, at the Regional planning meeting on ‘Scaling-Up Climate-Smart Agricultural Solutions for Cereals and Livestock Farmers in Southern Africa – Building partnership for successful implementation’,13–15 September 2016, Johannesburg, South Africa
Pulses consumption for economic, social and human well-being: Lessons learne...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/
This presentation was presentaed during the seminar Soils & Pulses: symbiosis for life that took place at FAO HQ on 19 Apr 2016. it was made by Federica Servili and it presents the lessons learned in Malawi on pulses consumption.
Presentation by Dr Rebbie Harawa from AGRA, at the Regional planning meeting on ‘Scaling-Up Climate-Smart Agricultural Solutions for Cereals and Livestock Farmers in Southern Africa – Building partnership for successful implementation’,13–15 September 2016, Johannesburg, South Africa
Agricultural inputs, plant protection, electricity and dieselAjit Majumder
Agricultural inputs are the requirements to carry out the agricultural activity like fertilizers, pesticides, machineries, land, ideas, knowledge, ect.
Pesticides are the most important agricultural input required post and pre harvest in the agriculture.
Chemical Control are;- pesticides, fungicide: Chemical control consist of spraying and dusting the plant by chemicals and poisons or mixing these into soil to kill pests and diseases which inhibit the soil pest and diseases which inhibit the soil. The most used chemicals s, weedicides, rodenticides, and fumigants.
Chemical Control are;- pesticides, fungicide: Chemical control consist of spraying and dusting the plant by chemicals and poisons or mixing these into soil to kill pests and diseases which inhibit the soil pest and diseases which inhibit the soil. The most used chemicals s, weedicides, rodenticides, and fumigants.
Electricity is one of the most indispensable agricultural input in modern agricultural practices.
The use of electricity in developed countries have reached to such a position where in India electricity use in farm base activities is still to reach recognizable dimension.
Use of electricity can supplement to the present agricultural labor crisis as many manual works can be performed by use of electricity power.
Plowing of field, pumping of water, threshing, spraying of pesticides, spraying of fertilizers and many more work can be done by use of electricity.
An overview of chickpea improvement program of ethiopia #TropicallegumesTropical Legumes III
The chickpea improvement program released 24 improved varieties (17 national and 7 regional)
The released/pipeline varieties have traits such as:
• large seed (64 g/100 seed weight)
• Disease resistance (Ascochyta blight/Fusarium wilt)
• Drought tolerance (MABC)
• Early maturing
• High yielding
• Machine harvestable
• Heat tolerant
The average yield gain due to these varieties is 2-3 fold over landrace varieties
Projects such as TL II have aggressively supported variety development, release and dissemination through integrated seed systems
Integration of the formal and informal seed production and distribution system has enhanced availability
With the uptake of these varieties and associated production packages, the national productivity has been on steady increase.
Innovative Chickpea Seed and Technology Delivery Systems in Eastern and South...Tropical Legumes III
Small scale chickpea farmers require complementary functional seed and product markets if sustainable seed production is to be achieved.
Selection of chickpea variety by farmers is largely influenced by consumer demand and market superiority.
Participatory variety selection enhances cost effective testing and increases chances of varietal adoption.
Market pull is key driver for success in Ethiopia which resulted in stakeholder participation and government’s policy support.
Involvement of policy makers is crucial for quick dissemination of proven technologies (eg, Ethiopia).
Presented at 2016 International Conference on Pulses for Health Nutrition and Sustainable Agriculture in Dry Lands.
The Conference is from April 18-20, 2016 in Marrakesh, Morocco, and being organized by ICARDA, INRA (Morocco) and IFAD in partnership with FAO, OCP Foundation and CRP Grain Legumes.
BIG IDEAS for partnerships in sustainable developmentICRISAT
ICRISAT has identified the biggest hurdles and opportunities critical for the
development of agriculture and agribusiness in the drylands.
The drylands cover 40% of the world’s land, where one-third of the people depend on agriculture and over 600 million of these people are among the poorest in the world. Climate change is also making the drylands a tougher environment to develop and survive.
A prosperous and nutritionally secure drylands through demand-driven innovation ICRISAT
A prosperous and nutritionally secure drylands through demand-driven innovation
Presentation by ICRISAT Director General Dr. David Bergvinson at the CGIAR meeting in USA on 2 November 2015.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Hans-Joachim Braun (Global Wheat Program, CIMMYT) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Evaluation of Wild Relatives of Chickpea for Resistance to Pod Borer,Helicove...ICRISAT
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important grain legume in Asia, East Africa, the Mediterranean, Australia, and North America. Chickpea productivity is constrained by several biotic and abiotic stresses, of which Helocoverpa armigera is the most devastating pest worldwide (Sharma 2005). Low to moderate levels of resistance have been identified in the cultivated germplasm, but high levels of resistance have been observed in the wild relatives of chickpea (Sharma et al., 2005a,b). To increase levels and diversify the basis of resistance to H. armigera, it is important to evaluate the wild relatives to identify accessions with different mechanisms of resistance to this pest.
Remote sensing based drought tolerant maize targeting in SSA CIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
An Aerial Remote Sensing Platform for High Throughput Phenotyping of Genetic ...CIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
Presentation at the Dupont Forum. The panel will look at how investing in technologies is insufficient on its own to enact effective agricultural water management, and will explore the importance of accompanying context appropriate policies and institutions.
ICRISAT Global Planning Meeting 2019:CGIAR Research Program Grain Legumes and...ICRISAT
The CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals Agri-food Systems (CRP GLDC) focused on increasing the productivity, profitability, resilience and marketability of critical and nutritious grain legume and cereal crops grown in Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia.
Supporting Agricultural R4D in the Semi-Arid Tropics ICRISAT
A presentation by ICRISAT Director General William Dar on the topic 'Supporting Agricultural R4D in the Semi-Arid Tropics'.
The presentation highlights:
- Challenges in Agriculture in SAT
- CGIAR Research Programs
- Adaptation to Climate Change
- Major Impact of ICRISAT’s Research
- Key Stakeholders
Application of the principles of Sustainable Intensification (SI) on smallhol...ILRI
Presented by G.J. Manyawu, P. Thorne, S. Moyo, A. Omore, B. Lukuyu, H. Katjiuongua, I. Wright and I. Chakoma at the 9th African Dairy Conference and Exhibition Harare, Zimbabwe, 24-26 September 2013
CASFESA closure -- SIMLESA: Enhancing Integration, Innovation and Impacts in...CIMMYT
Presentation at a one-day workshop on February 23, 2015, convened to take stock of the Conservation Agriculture and Smallholder Farmers in East and Southern Africa (CASFESA) pilot project. CASFESA scientists share experience after three years of implementation in South Achefer and Jebitehnan Districts of Amhara Region, Northern Ethiopia, from June 2012, ending in March 2015. Funded by the European Union through the International Fund for Agricultural Development, CASFESA aimed at increasing food security and incomes of poor smallholder farmers through sustainable intensification of mixed, cereal-based systems.
The project will leave a rich legacy, including:
• adaptation and demonstration of CA-based technologies on selected farmer plots;
• enhancing pro-poor and gender-sensitive targeting of CA-based interventions;
• improving the delivery of information, including on technologies and market opportunities to smallholders, as well as developing policy options and recommendations that favor these technologies; and,
• enhancing the capacity of research, and development interventions, for project stakeholders.
The Brussels Briefing on the subject of “Emerging donors and rising powers in agriculture in ACP countries” took place on Tuesday 27 October 2015 from 9:00h to 13:00h at the ACP Secretariat (451 Avenue Georges Henri, 1200 Brussels, Room C ).
The Briefing discussed the key challenges and new opportunities to enhance South-South and Triangular cooperation. The Briefing : i) reviewed successes and the lessons learned from research and practice; ii) promoted the exchange of information on best practices and drivers of success; iii) fed into the debate various perspectives on policy options. It reviewed the key challenges and opportunities in South-South cooperation in agriculture and the lessons learned from research and practice. It looked at examples of successes in South-South and triangular partnerships across the ACP.
Transforming Maize-legume Value Chains –A Business Case for Climate-Smart Ag...CIMMYT
CIMMYT Senior Cropping Systems Agronomist Christian Thierfelder presented on climate-smart agriculture in southern Africa in a webinar titled Climate Resilient Agriculture Success Stories – Making a Case for Scale Up.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!