Presented by G.J. Manyawu, P. Thorne, S. Moyo, A. Omore, B. Lukuyu, H. Katjiuongua, I. Wright and I. Chakoma at the 9th African Dairy Conference and Exhibition Harare, Zimbabwe, 24-26 September 2013

1. Application of the principles of Sustainable
Intensification (SI) on smallholder dairy farming in
Eastern and Southern Africa
G.J. Manyawu, P. Thorne, S. Moyo, A. Omore, B. Lukuyu, H.
Katjiuongua, I. Wright, and I. Chakoma
Better lives through livestock
9th African Dairy Conference and Exhibition
Harare, Zimbabwe, 24-26 September 2013

2. Outline
1. Background: Milk production trends - Global and Africa
2. Introduction to Sustainable Intensification
3. Challenges and issues concerning SI in Zimbabwe‟s SHD
sector
4. Lessons from East Africa on SI in Dairy
5. Research for Development SI initiatives by ILRI and
partners in Zimbabwe
6. Acknowledgement
2

3. African milk markets
Western Eastern Central Northern Southern
ECOWAS IGAD ECCAS UMA (& Egypt) SADC
Milk 2005/07 = 32.4 mio tons
• Eastern Africa and Northern Africa are the
largest markets
• Over 60 % of the increased demand from
milk in 2005/07- 2050 from Eastern and
Northern Africa
• Annual growth rate ≈ 2%-3% in all regions
Milk 2050 = 82.6 mio tons
3

4. Demand for animal source foods: African picture
• Demand for animal-sourced foods: estimated to be „‟extraordinarily high‟‟
Source: BMGF funded (WB, FAO, AU-IBAR & ILRI) Livestock Data Innovation in Africa Project (2013)
Background: Global livestock product markets and Africa
4
32.4
1.6
0.8
2.2
2.9
4.7
Milk
Eggs
Pig meat
Mutton
Poultry
Beef
Est. Consumption (2005/7), mil. tons
Estimated
Consumption
(2050) Annual growth rate
Milk 82.6 2.2%
Eggs 6.1 3.1%
Pig meat 3.5 3.3%
Mutton 6 2.3%
Poultry 11.8 3.3%
Beef 13.6 2.5%
Milk Eastern (43%); Northern (20%)
Beef Western (27%); South. & East. (22%)
Pig meat Southern(37%); Western (27%)
Poultry South. (29%); North. (24%); W. (21%)
Est. regional growth shares

5. - SI intensification = Increasing production
per unit area whilst maintaining natural
resource base.
- By 2050 need 60-70
- A large part of the 60-70 % increase in food
production by 2050 will have to come from
agric. INTENSIFICATION - implying efficient
use of resources
- There is increasing demand for livestock
products and stringent quality and SPS
standards
- ILRI and partners aims to reduce –ve
impacts of livestock on environment (&
human health) to ensure SUSTAINABILITY
Drivers for
Sustainable
Intensification
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6. Sustainable Intensification
Sustainability
•Ecologically and technically
sound
•Socially and Culturally
acceptable
•Economically viable
•Adaptable ( climate change )
Intensification
•Increased yield or outputs
per unit area/input
(Via breeding, forage
agronomy etc.)
•Diversification – (widen
choice of feeds/forage )
•Integration of crops &
Livestock
•Improved resilience to market
shocks and climate risks
Improved food security and livelihoodsFurther reading:
Garnett, et al.,(2013)
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7. Statistics showing the decline in national
dairy production for Zimbabwe
Parameter
Production Year
% change
2000 2012
Total milk intake (million litres) 264.0 64.4 -76
Registered producers 314 165 -47
Total dairy herd 115 790 22 738 -80
Ave lactation yield (litres) 4 542 2 500 -45
No. of operational SH dairy projects 28* 18 -36
Contribution by SHF to National
milk intake (%)
5 2 -60
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*2005 statistics
Source DDP, Dairy services

8. Role, quality and effectiveness of available market
chains
72 % of demand met by imports
Poor market prices ($0.35 / litre vs $0.63 for
niche)
Poor milk qlty, import pressure, low economies
of scale
SHD most viable with ave herd of 6 – 7 milking
cows (SNV, 2013).
Need more Govt –Pvt investment
Challenges and issues of SI initiatives on
smallholder dairying in Zimbabwe
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9. Effectiveness of input delivery systems – including
labour
75% of SHF in remote sites obtain inputs from
local agro-dealers (SNV, 2013)
Poor accessibility of affordable inputs (AN = $33
vs $38 per 50kg)
Most SHF use inorg. fertilizers on fodder crops
Prices of inputs relatively high in Zim
Challenges and issues of SI initiatives on
smallholder dairying in Zimbabwe cont‟d
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10. Challenges and issues of SI initiatives on
smallholder dairying in Zimbabwe
 Closing the yield gap for crops and livestock
Poor herd husbandry (animal health & condition)
Poor breeds /breeding
Low farm productivity – need to integrate crop & livestock
 Low levels of production and competition for biomass:
 Enhancing qlty and qnty of forage is key to intensif „n.
 Cereal-legume intercrops / rotations (for hay & silage)
 Lack of pasture seed
 Insufficient feed for livestock – poor fodder planning

11. East African experiences on the application of SI
in dairy feeding systems
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EXAMPLE: Emerging demand for fodder in East
African dairies
Fodder marketing is likely to increase in the future
because:
– Pressure of land for food and feed production
– Increased population of cattle due to improved
production practices
– Farmers are taking up dairy farming as a business
– Improved market oriented extension education on
dairy production and business development
services.
– Adoption of fodder conservation technologies

12. COSTS AND RETURNS FOR PRODUCTION AND
TRADING OF MOST COMMON FEED ENTERPRISES
Item Boma
Rhodes
Napier
grass
Greenleaf
Desmodiu
m
Oats
Yield (ton)/acre 2.44 0.13 17 4.88
Yield /acre (bags) 0.18
Price (US$)/bale
(ton)
2.44 17.07 241 3.66
Price (US$)/bag - - - 36.59
Gross output
(US$)
487.80 187.80 4018 2012.20
Variable costs
(US$)
219.51 54.88 410 334.15
Gross Margins
(US$)
268.29 132.93 3608 1678.05
ICRAF / ILRI

13. ILRI and partners work in Zimbabwe?
Crop -Livestock Integration
ZimCLIFS goal:
• Improve household food security
and alleviate poverty.
• Identify, test and validate
pathways to increase agricultural
production

14. How will ZimCLIF achieve its objectives?
ZimCLIFS will achieve its goals
through:
- assisting farmers to intensify and
integrate crop-livestock production
systems.
- Enhancing market participation by
SHF
- using of Innovation Platforms (IPs)
to promote the adoption of
appropriate technologies and value
chain innovations.

15. Project activities on forage development
List of some SI trails and demonstrations
• Legume introductions, evaluation and seed
multiplication
V. anguiculata, M. pruriens, L. purpureus, Gatton Panic. Siratro,
M. bacteatum, C. pascuorum, D. incinatum
• Silage-making, hay-making and urea treatment of
stover - training and nutritional analysis of farmers‟
samples.
• Use of legume hay as substitute to commercial
supplements in dairy rations.
• An assessment of resource flows and alternative
feeding systems for different farmer typologies
through IAT simulation modelling.
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16. Mucuna Lablab Cowpea
Area planted (ha ) 3.690 5.340 5.570
Hay (kg) 7 844 8 570 3 670
Seed/grain (kg) 2 250 116 4 450
Hay yield (kg/ha) 2 124 1 606 659
Seed yield (kg/ha) 609 22 798
Forages sown and harvested for dairy production in
Goromonzi and Murehwa Districts during the 2012/13 season
.
- About 36,700 kg of silage prepared in Goromonzi wards 11 and 12,
and Murewa ward 11.
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17. Way forward for SI in ZimCLIFS project
1 Improve productivity & competitiveness:
• Participatory Identification and scaling-out of appropriate technologies to
address production constraints
• Demonstrate that dairying is profitable and can be a main source of HH
income
• Develop niche markets and promote value addition to improve incomes
2. Capacity Building
• Train and equip extension staff and farmers to understand SI concepts
• Knowledge and information sharing on “lessons learnt” between ILRI
southern Africa East Africa

18. Way forward cont’d
3. Create smart linkages between VC actors
• Reduce risk and address binding constraints faced by VC actors
• Enhance economies of scale for producers and other VC actors
4. Invest in livestock information
• Improve data collection systems and analytical capacity
• Enhance information flow on market conditions and planning
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19. Acknowledgements
 ZimCLIFS is implemented in a partnership of
ILRI, CIMMYT, ICRISAT, CSIRO, QAAFI , Min. of Agriculture
, Mechanisation and Irrigation , CADS and CTDO.
 Data contributions from other ILRI & partner projects:
1. Livestock Data Innovation in Africa (www.
africalivestockdata.org)
2. East Africa Dairy Development Programme (www.eadairy.org)
• Farmers and communities we work with.
• ILRI colleagues (Iain, Boni, Peter, Epi, Amos, Ben and Irene)