The document discusses several ways that neurofeedback training has been used or studied for various medical conditions and cognitive improvements. Specifically, it describes research on using neurofeedback to help treat epilepsy, ADHD, depression, and potentially boost memory, learning, reasoning and cognition. It also discusses how neurofeedback may help improve fine motor skills for professions like surgery. The training works by using EEG to measure brain waves and provide feedback to help people learn to consciously control and modify their brain wave patterns.

1. NEUROFEEDBACK (NF) TRAIN YOUR BRAIN 神經反饋訓練你的大腦 Scientific American Mind - February 1, 2006 Reporter ： March Sep 6, 2010 [By Ulrich Kraft ]

2. an eight-year-old Ben, an eight-year-old boy. Ben is participating in an experiment. The point is to take advantage of neurofeedback— a training tool based on electroencephalography (EEG), the measurement of changes in electrical potential ( 電位梯度 ) that accompany any brain activity.

3. A red triangle "arrow" appears on the monitor's blue screen, and then the nose of a cartoon airplane glides into view from the left. If the arrow points upward, Ben must make the plane climb. When he succeeds, a spiky yellow sun beams.

4. Ben has no joystick. Instead several electrodes glued to the boy's face and to the skin under his hair let him pilot the plane by thought alone.

5. A.(Twist) From Bio to Neuro The technique is a high-tech twist on biofeedback— A person can realize from listening to his racing pulse, for example, that he is under strain and then learn to bring his heart rate down purposely. 生物反饋是什麼？ 生物反饋透過外部儀器提供關於我們自己身心的訊息。例如用溫度計測量體溫，就是一種普遍的生物反饋應用。 生物反饋不是一種處理方法。相反，生物反饋是一種教育，是讓我們經由專業化模式來控制心 / 身的一個教育過程。學習認識自己生理的回應並試著改變。 何謂神經反饋？ 神經反饋 (Neurofeedback) 是屬於生物反饋的一種，它是利用高科技儀器將人腦的生理信息轉換成人們能理解的資訊，並訓練人們學會有意識地控制自身的生理及心理活動，以達到調整機體功能和防病治病的目的。

6. B.(Chang ) Brain waves ： SMR Change one's own brain waves deliberately? In the late 1960s sleep researcher M. Barry Sterman learned something interesting while tracking the EEGs of cats. He found a previously unknown pattern of brain waves with frequencies between 12 and 15 hertz (Hz), or cycles per second, in a part of the brain called the sensorimotor cortex. （ 人腦感覺及運動皮質區） SMR( sensorimotor rhythm 律動 ) was always present, he learned, in relaxed and awake felines. When he rewarded the animals at those moments with snacks, they began to produce stronger SMRs.

7. 何謂腦波？ 人體組織細胞總是不斷地產生著很微弱的生物電，由腦細胞產生生物電呈現於科學儀器上稱為腦波（ Brainwave / Electroencephalogram , EEG ），也就是腦細胞活動的節奏。人體的腦波一般分為 β 波、 α 波、 θ 波、 δ 波。 β 波 （ 1 秒內振動 14 次以上）稱為快波，是人腦處於清醒時的腦波狀態。隨著 β 波的增加，身體則會逐漸呈現緊張的狀態，以便準備隨時因應外在環境作反應。 α 波 （振動 8-14 次）是人的意識處於清醒時，但身體卻在放鬆的狀態。 α 波提供了意識與潛意識的橋樑，而在此種狀態下，身心能量的耗費是最少的，相對地腦部所獲得的能量卻是較高的。 θ 波 （振動 4-7 次）是人的意識中斷，身體極度放鬆，為一種高層次的精神狀態。在這樣的放鬆下，意識中斷使得我們在清醒時所具有的批判性或道德性之過濾機制埋藏起來，因而大開心靈之門。 δ 波 （振動 0.5-3 次）是在人腦處於無意識的深度熟睡狀態。它和睡眠質素有非常直接的關聯， δ 睡眠是一種無夢且很深沈的熟睡狀態，通常在一覺正常的睡眠周期會出現四至五次。

9. C.(Resistance) Seeking an answer for the resistance Sterman injected the chemical into cats. About an hour afterward, most of them suffered a seizure. In a few of the subjects, however, the seizure's onset occurred considerably later than usual; three others escaped the convulsions entirely. He observed that the resilient cats had one thing in common: they had previously been involved in his conditioning tests. Could their ability to control their SMR waves have been a factor? scientists are exploring how neurofeedback might be used to treat a variety of ailments.

10. D. (Control) Could their ability to control their SMR waves have been a factor? Sterman injected the chemical into cats. About an hour afterward, most of them suffered a seizure. In a few of the subjects, however, the seizure's onset occurred considerably later than usual; three others escaped the convulsions entirely. He observed that the resilient cats had one thing in common: they had previously been involved in his conditioning tests. Could their ability to control their SMR waves have been a factor? In addition to SMRs, other brain waves at different frequencies characterize certain mental states.

11. 1960~2003 Study Waves

12. To steer upward, Ben pushes the electrical potential of certain brain waves in an electrically negative (blue) direction. Flying down requires a positive direction(red curve). Each subject must discover his own individual strategy, by trial and error. Ben imagines that he is spending a night camping in the woods. If the directional arrow points down, the boy tries to calm his brain to make the plane dip; in his thoughts, he lies down in bed and naps.

13. 1.(Epilepsy) 癲癇 The method seems promising ： Patients learn to limit brain activity consciously, thus suppressing an epileptic attack. The SCPs 〔 SCP ： slow cortical potential ( 緩慢皮質電位 ) 〕 of patients shift in an electrically negative direction just before a seizure. Such negative slow potentials also arise normally in the brain. The goal of neurofeedback is for patients to come to recognize this onset of electrical negativity and then to push their SCPs in the positive direction. The positive effects lasted long after the training sessions had ended.

14. Mental Aerobics Beta waves （ β 波） are the target of therapies for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. Children with ADHD struggle with schoolwork and social skills because they are restless, impulsive and have difficulty concentrating. ( 過動兒在學校作業和社交技巧中奮戰 ) Reduced levels of the higher-frequency brain waves are especially noticeable in the prefrontal cortex. ( 減少比較高頻率腦波在前頭葉的腦皮層中 ) In the U.S., more than 700 groups are using EEG biofeedback to treat ADHD, according to the Association of Applied Psychophysiology and biofeedback. “ Our ADHD subjects train their brains to produce fewer theta waves ( θ 波 )and thereby more beta waves （ β 波） "

15. 2.(ADHD) 過動兒 The Tuebingen experiment train ： _ Children in the Tuebingen experiment train for 30 hours. _Measure their cognitive performance immediately before and after treatment. _Using standardized tests especially geared to monitor attention. _Six months after the therapy, they are checked again.

16. After the sessions, the subjects performed better on evaluations of their attention and intelligence. Ben has been told to practice brain control in his everyday life, too. Before beginning homework, for example, he is to first imagine sinking a couple of baskets. Revving up the brain in this manner seems to help kids like Ben focus. "Many children say they can concentrate better after it and complete their homework more quickly," Leins says. "What we still lack are controlled studies of many children, which would compare this technique with other therapeutic methods," the researcher says.

17. 3.(Treated for Depression) 在 1990 年代中期發展一個神經反饋訓練計劃。當左邊的前腦皮層中玫瑰色的 α 波高於右邊，參加者將會聽到一個令人愉快的豎笛聲。 在持續 15-30 分鐘的期間，受測者工作學習該如何把這個音調留在他們的耳朵中以逐漸比較長的時間。 一個奇特案例，牽涉了一個先前為憂鬱症再發生接受治療有 12 年之久卻沒有治療成功的女人。在只是 35 小時的訓練之後，組合以精神療法，她的癥狀大幅減少。在後來的六年追蹤時期，她依然免於憂鬱症。

18. Many mental illnesses are accompanied by unusual brain-wave patterns, a fact that offers another possible therapeutic application for neurofeedback. Whether these variations are the cause or effect of such disorders is not always clear. At the least, the presence of such uncommon patterns may hinder recovery. Trying to ease depression with neurofeedback. If patients could correct their own brain-wave patterns.

19. 4.( Ｍ emory 、 Learning or Reasoning) Brain Boost? Wanted to find out whether deliberately influencing certain brain-wave patterns could boost working memory--which temporarily stores and manages information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks such as learning or reasoning. He first presented his subjects with a list of words. Then he gave them a category, such as "animals,“ and asked them to recall as many words from the list as possible that fit into that grouping.

20. 40 volunteers Before training, the participants were able to remember just 71 percent of the words. In eight sessions, they learned to strengthen their SMRs--the same patterns that Sterman had worked with. After training, Vernon tested his subjects again, and this time they could remember almost 82 percent of the words. January 2003. "Here we have the first evidence of a connection between neurofeedback and improvement in memory," Vernon claims.

21. 5.(Improve Cognition) London's elite school for promising young musicians. Some of the subjects learned, via feedback on a computer screen, how to control the slow waves in the alpha and theta ranges. After neurofeedback, the musicians' abilities had grown enormously, according to expert evaluators. The improvements came in such various areas as musical understanding, stylistic precision and imaginative interpretation. What is more, the students made significantly fewer mistakes.

22. 6.(Offer a suite of applications) If further experiments confirm such results, neurofeedback may offer a suite of applications. For example, is considering how SMR reinforcement could be used to train people whose professions require exceptionally steady hands, such as eye surgeons.