The document discusses urban housing stakeholders and models of urban growth in LEDC cities. It outlines Turner's model of the stages of urban migration, from bridgeheaders seeking proximity to employment to consolidators and status seekers prioritizing housing and amenities. While Turner's model fit traditional rural-urban migrants, changes now force new migrants to cities to locate in peripheral spontaneous settlements far from employment due to lack of affordable central housing and jobs. Problems with informal housing and relocation are discussed.

1. LEDC urban models

2. Rural to urban migration

3. Natural increase

4. Urban Housing Stakeholders Darwell 2007 Supply and demand in the formal housing market. Individuals and Property developers. Private Informal Public Urban poor and new migrants. Informal housing market, operating extra-legally. Availability of land. National govt, local govt, city authorities, urban planners, NGOs, charities.

5. Urban Housing Stakeholders Darwell 2007 Private Informal Public Supply and demand in the formal housing market. Individuals and Property developers. Urban poor and new migrants. Informal housing market, operating extra-legally. Availability of land. National govt, local govt, city authorities, urban planners, NGOs, charities. Top down or bottom up Legal ownership access to capital Profit v social housing

6. Urban Housing Stakeholders Darwell 2007 Private Informal Public Supply and demand in the formal housing market. Individuals and Property developers. Urban poor and new migrants. Informal housing market, operating extra-legally. Availability of land. National govt, local govt, city authorities, urban planners, NGOs, charities. Top down or bottom up Legal ownership access to capital Profit v social housing Residents associations Normalisation programmes and micro loans Affordable housing

7. Basic urban model for an LEDC city. Higher cost housing and higher class residential areas located centrally. Historical core of colonial city. Rapid urban growth expanding the peripheral areas.

8. Urban growth is too rapid for planners and for the city to provide basic urban infrastructure, housing and services. Peripheral areas characterised by poor quality housing and spontaneous settlements as immigrants attempt to satisfy their basic needs of housing and employment through the informal economy.

9. Turner’s Model Fits the profile of a traditional rural to urban migrant. For a young male bridgeheader location near employment is the only priority. They are prepared to live in overcrowded central tenaments or squatter settlements often with extended families. Successful bridgeheaders need to establish themselves and consolidate their status. They seek more space and permanence and become consolidators often building their own home or paying for a more permanent residence, coinciding with starting their own families. Tenure and ownership priority. As an established inhabitant of the city the status seeker will then seek to improve their dwelling and demand more urban services such as health care and education. Amenities priority. Changing Priorities of the urban poor in LEDC cities

10. Turner’s model can be linked to a intra-urban movement of migrants

11. Case study – Shanghai

12. Migrants are attracted to areas with employment opportunities. Proximity to employment the main criteria for migrants when deciding where to locate.

15. Problems of the informal economy Low profit No money No investment Low output

18. http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/ Very useful website… http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/world/2006/urbanisation/default.stm http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu11ee/uu11ee00.htm#Contents