The document discusses promoting the planning, design, and construction of a wider range of housing unit types to adequately house all income levels and age groups. It also encourages energy efficiency in new and existing housing and ensuring new housing developments are protected from potential flood hazards. The summary is as follows: The document discusses promoting housing that meets the needs of all income levels and age groups through a wider range of housing unit types. It also promotes energy efficiency in housing and protecting new developments from flooding.

1. Promote the planning, design, and construction of a wider range of housing unit types
in adequate supply for all income levels and age groups. Encourage and promote energy
efficiency in new and existing housing. 11.2. Ensure that all new housing development is
protected from potential flood hazard.
1. Main objective of housing?
To study the magnitude of investment required for meeting the housing backlog in the country.
To review the institutional arrangements for financing the housing sector - public, private and cooperative sector.
To assess the terms of financing on which housing finance is made available by various institutional and non-institutional
sources and their relationship with housing affordability.
To highlight the link between income eligibility criteria of target groups as laid down
by institutions and unaffordability of houses/plots when finally it reaches the stage of its
delivery to target group.
2. Living environment and improved quality of life are the basic parameter of housing. Discuss this statement with examples.
• Standard of living is a tangible, quantifiable term that refers to factors available to a certain socioeconomic class or geographic area.
• Quality of life is a subjective term that can measure happiness.
• Both can be flawed indicators because the factors can vary between people in the same geographic area or socioeconomic class.
Standard of Living
Standard of living is a comparison tool used when describing two different geographic areas. Metrics may include things like wealth levels,
comfort, goods, and necessities that are available to people of different socioeconomic classes in those areas. The standard of living is
measured by things that are easily quantified, such as income, employment opportunities, cost of goods and services, and poverty. Factors
such as life expectancy, the inflation rate, or the number of paid vacation days people receive each year are also included.
Other factors commonly associated with the standard of living include:
1. Class disparity
2. Poverty rate
3.Quality and affordability of housing
4. Hours of work required to purchase necessities
5. Affordable access to quality healthcare
6. Quality and availability of education
7. Incidence of disease
8. Infrastructure
9. National economic growth
10. Economic and political stability
11. Political and religious freedom
12.Environmental quality
13. Climate
14.Safety

2. Urbanization is a process whereby populations move from rural to urban areas, enabling cities and towns to grow. It
can also be termed as a progressive increase in the number of people living in towns and cities. It is highly
influenced by the notion that cities and towns have achieved better economic, political, and social mileages
compared to rural areas. Accordingly, urbanization is very common in developing and developed worlds as more and
more people have the tendency of moving closer to towns and cities to acquire “privileged” social and economic
services as well as benefits. These include social and economic advantages such as better education, health care,
sanitation, housing, business opportunities, and transportation.
Various Causes of Urbanization
1. Industrialization
Industrialisation is a trend representing a shift from the old agricultural economics to a novel non-agricultural
economy, which creates a modernised society. Through the industrial revolution, more people have been
attracted to move from rural to urban areas on account of improved employment opportunities. The
industrialisation has increased employment opportunities by giving people the chance to work in modern
sectors in job categories that aids to stir economic developments.
2. Commercialization
Commerce and trade play a major role in urbanization. The distribution of goods and services and
commercial transactions in the modern era has developed modern marketing institutions and exchange
methods that have tremendously given rise to the growth of towns and cities.
3. Social Benefits and Services
There are numerous social benefits attributed to life in cities and towns. Examples include better educational
facilities, better living standards, better sanitation and housing, better health care, better recreation facilities, and
better social life in general.
4. Employment Opportunities
In cities and towns, there are ample job opportunities that continually draw people from rural areas to seek a better livelihood.
Therefore, the majority of people frequently migrate into urban areas to access well-paying jobs as urban areas have
countless employment opportunities in all developmental sectors such as public health, education, transport, sports and
recreation, industries, and business enterprises.
5. Modernization and Changes in the Mode of Living

3. Solutions to Urbanization
1.Building Sustainable and Environmentally-friendly Cities
2. Provision of Essential Services
3.Creation of More Jobs
4.Population Control
4. Can regional planning is a solution to the growing housing problem? Answer in detail giving reasons for your arguments.
Regional planning also helps in reducing the conflicts and competition for resources between
cities in a region. Developing small towns or satellite towns helps in relieving the stress from higher
order town thus increasing efficiency
5.What is main purpose of housing? Why is housing important to society?
Housing provides shelter, obviously, but it also serves other needs in developing countries. Housing is a location for business and provides other intangible
emotional and cultural benefits. As in the developed world, housing activities in developing countries have economic benefits beyond the housing sector.
The term “shelter,” which is often used to define housing, has a strong connection to the ultimate purpose of housing throughout the world. The mental image
of a shelter is of a safe, secure place that provides both privacy and protection from the elements and the temperature extremes of the outside world
The Importance of Housing
Housing plays a critical role in economic opportunity for individual workers and their families, affecting current and future workers, employers, communities, and regional
markets. Benefits of appropriate, affordable housing and consequences when such housing is unavailable are most concrete at the individual and neighborhood level.
However, as demand for housing increases and housing becomes more expensive to produce, its availability and affordability have distinct effects on businesses and markets.
This overview of the importance of housing illuminates some of the connections between housing, individual economic opportunity, workforce, and economic development
that have been explored by researchers. Nonetheless, the effects of homes—for example, size, quality, location, and cost—extend beyond the examples given here.
Individuals and families that select a home choose a host of related features, resources, amenities, and opportunities. For instance, they choose access to specific schools,
proximity to grocers and other shopping, proximity to family and other important social networks, and opportunities for recreation and exercise. Households choose the best
housing they can afford and gravitate toward markets that offer better housing “packages” at the best prices. Housing costs are among the top five factors affecting where
households choose to live and workii . A community that lacks affordable housing often lacks housing for the community’s essential, low-income workers. To provide a high
quality of life for all households, the region and its jurisdictions must enable developers and builders to produce housing that is appropriate and affordable for households at
every income level. For those with the lowest incomes, local governments must pair their land-use tools and resources with state and federal resources to provide affordable,
appropriate housing and ensure that low-income workers can prosper in the community. Although high housing prices often reflect local amenities and economic
opportunities in the areaiii, research suggests that high housing prices and few affordable options may constrain economic growth. Saks (2008) argues that when the supply
of affordable housing is restricted (often by land-use controls), labor migration patterns change, resulting in lower employment growthiv. Slowed, stalled, or negative
employment growth can hurt businesses and communities. Jonas, While, and Gibbs (2010) suggest that workforce housing and other major infrastructure are common
problems for regions that are growth “hotspotsv .” Workforce housing1 supports successful economic development, as businesses may have trouble attracting or retaining
workers without nearby affordable housing options and/or convenient and affordable transportation. This job–housing imbalance may impede economic development by
making it difficult for businesses to recruit and retain employees.

4. What are the challenges of housing in India presently?
Pressure on Existing Infrastructure
According to studies, urban India will witness a huge surge of people and demand for homes will exponentially rise by 2031, a whopping
59% growth over 2011. An increasing number of urban people are looking for homes, which will bring pressure on the existing infrastructure.
The lack of housing options for LIG section, coupled with limited income and minimal access to home finance for income borrowers lead to a
cramped and poor living. If the problem is not addressed properly and quickly, it will aggravate the proliferation of unplanned and
unsustainable urbanization.
Ease of Land Availability
It is important to regularly release land parcels from the government to promote affordable housing projects. It can be identified within blocks
and municipal limits and bring more peripheral lands into developable limits of the city authorities.
Being Innovative yet Mass Production Difficult
To minimize construction costs, many developers use creative engineering design and incorporate innovation into the engineering process. It
is quite effective but it is very much applicable to a single home or at least a small residential community. It is far more challenging to
implement innovation on the scale of hundreds and thousands of homes.
Investment in Ancillary Infrastructure
The government emphasizes on land parcels but this cannot be the only thing that would facilitate affordable housing. There is an equal need
to focus on providing the necessary connectivity and social infrastructure. This will allow these affordable housing projects to develop as
habitable and vibrant communities.
Strengthen Micro Finance
The financial help is needed and promulgated to improve the institutional environment for the lower-income categories to access housing
microfinance and other financial tools. Mostly low-income buyers seek credit to buy homes, and these microfinance institutions will help them
in their loan approval processes.

5. 8.What do you meant by affordable housing? Discuss with suitable examples.
Affordable Housing Project: Projects using at least 60 percent of the FAR/ FSI for dwelling units of Carpet
Area not more than 60 sqm. will be considered as Affordable housing projects. In addition, 35 percent of the
total number of dwelling units constructed should be of carpet area 21-27 sqm for EWS category.
Affordable housing or low cost housing is a scheme in which people with low income, rated by local or
national governments are offered houses at cheaper prices. Low cost housing depends on three factors,
such as income, size of house/property and affordability.
For purposes of this scheme, the main parameters are defined as under: 2.1. Affordable Houses: Dwelling
Units (DUs) with Carpet Area shall be between 21 to 27 Sqm. for Economically Weaker Section (EWS)
category and 28 to 60 Sqm. for Lower Income Group (LIG) category (LIG-A: 28-40 sq.
Unuffordable or non affordable
. Too costly to be paid for