The document discusses various types of RNA processing and post-transcriptional control in eukaryotes. It describes:
1. Pre-mRNA processing which involves capping, splicing, and polyadenylation in the nucleus.
2. Various proteins and small nuclear RNAs involved in splicing pre-mRNA and regulating alternative splicing.
3. mRNA transport mechanisms from the nucleus to the cytoplasm which requires nuclear pore complexes and mRNA-protein complexes.
4. Post-transcriptional control in the cytoplasm through microRNAs and regulated translation and mRNA decay.
5. Processing of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA which is critical for synthesizing ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus.
transcription activators, repressors, & control RNA splicing, procesing and e...ranjithahb ranjithahbhb
RNA processing involves several steps to convert primary transcripts into mature mRNA in eukaryotic cells. These include 5' capping, 3' cleavage and polyadenylation, and RNA splicing. RNA splicing involves two transesterification reactions that remove introns and join exons. Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple protein variants. Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated by transcriptional activators and repressors that bind cis-regulatory elements like promoters and enhancers. Activators recruit transcriptional machinery while repressors inhibit transcription. Chromatin structure also influences transcription with acetylation associated with active genes.
This document summarizes post-transcriptional modifications in eukaryotes. It discusses how eukaryotic mRNA undergoes processing, including capping, splicing to remove introns, and polyadenylation. Splicing requires snRNPs and the spliceosome to recognize splice sites. Alternative splicing allows one gene to code for multiple proteins. tRNA and rRNA also undergo processing as they mature, including modification of bases and removal of sequences. Final mature mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are then ready for translation.
This document provides an overview of microbial genetics. It discusses the levels of genetic structure including genomes, chromosomes, and genes. It describes the structure and replication of DNA, as well as transcription and translation processes. Key concepts covered include DNA structure, semi-conservative replication, the central dogma of molecular biology, transcription, translation, and gene regulation via operons such as the lactose and arginine operons. The document also briefly discusses mutations, DNA repair mechanisms, horizontal gene transfer processes, and transposons.
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. There are three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and unwinds the DNA helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase reads the template strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when termination signals are reached. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in their RNA polymerases and transcription control. Eukaryotic pre-RNA undergoes processing including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, splicing, and editing to produce mature mRNA.
DNA- Transcription and Tranlation, RNA, Ribosomes and membrane proteins.pptxLaibaSaher
Detailed presentation on the topic of DNA, transcription and translation, RNA, Ribosomes and Membrane proteins. Along with their structure and functions. Detailed Diagram and complete description of the processes. Along with references and Gifs that makes the presentation look more creative.
Transcription and the various stages of transcriptionMohit Adhikary
Transcription and its stages, the enzymes involved, the steps of transcription, the regulators of transcription, post translation modifications, formation of the types of RNA, applied concept
This document summarizes various aspects of post-transcriptional processing of RNA in eukaryotes. It discusses:
1) Primary transcripts (hnRNA) that are processed in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm. Processing includes 5' capping, splicing of introns, and 3' polyadenylation.
2) Splicing of pre-mRNA involves recognition of splice sites, branch formation using an internal A, and ligation of exons via transesterification reactions. This is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a large complex containing 5 snRNAs and associated proteins.
3) Other types of RNA processing addressed include rRNA and tRNA processing, as well as different classes of
transcription activators, repressors, & control RNA splicing, procesing and e...ranjithahb ranjithahbhb
RNA processing involves several steps to convert primary transcripts into mature mRNA in eukaryotic cells. These include 5' capping, 3' cleavage and polyadenylation, and RNA splicing. RNA splicing involves two transesterification reactions that remove introns and join exons. Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple protein variants. Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated by transcriptional activators and repressors that bind cis-regulatory elements like promoters and enhancers. Activators recruit transcriptional machinery while repressors inhibit transcription. Chromatin structure also influences transcription with acetylation associated with active genes.
This document summarizes post-transcriptional modifications in eukaryotes. It discusses how eukaryotic mRNA undergoes processing, including capping, splicing to remove introns, and polyadenylation. Splicing requires snRNPs and the spliceosome to recognize splice sites. Alternative splicing allows one gene to code for multiple proteins. tRNA and rRNA also undergo processing as they mature, including modification of bases and removal of sequences. Final mature mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are then ready for translation.
This document provides an overview of microbial genetics. It discusses the levels of genetic structure including genomes, chromosomes, and genes. It describes the structure and replication of DNA, as well as transcription and translation processes. Key concepts covered include DNA structure, semi-conservative replication, the central dogma of molecular biology, transcription, translation, and gene regulation via operons such as the lactose and arginine operons. The document also briefly discusses mutations, DNA repair mechanisms, horizontal gene transfer processes, and transposons.
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. There are three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and unwinds the DNA helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase reads the template strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when termination signals are reached. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in their RNA polymerases and transcription control. Eukaryotic pre-RNA undergoes processing including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, splicing, and editing to produce mature mRNA.
DNA- Transcription and Tranlation, RNA, Ribosomes and membrane proteins.pptxLaibaSaher
Detailed presentation on the topic of DNA, transcription and translation, RNA, Ribosomes and Membrane proteins. Along with their structure and functions. Detailed Diagram and complete description of the processes. Along with references and Gifs that makes the presentation look more creative.
Transcription and the various stages of transcriptionMohit Adhikary
Transcription and its stages, the enzymes involved, the steps of transcription, the regulators of transcription, post translation modifications, formation of the types of RNA, applied concept
This document summarizes various aspects of post-transcriptional processing of RNA in eukaryotes. It discusses:
1) Primary transcripts (hnRNA) that are processed in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm. Processing includes 5' capping, splicing of introns, and 3' polyadenylation.
2) Splicing of pre-mRNA involves recognition of splice sites, branch formation using an internal A, and ligation of exons via transesterification reactions. This is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a large complex containing 5 snRNAs and associated proteins.
3) Other types of RNA processing addressed include rRNA and tRNA processing, as well as different classes of
Transcription is the process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions and transcribes DNA into pre-mRNA, which undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns. The mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter regions and transcribing DNA into mRNA. Transcription is regulated by factors that influence RNA polymerase binding and activity.
The document discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA to protein. It describes how the template strand of DNA is read to produce mRNA. A transcription unit includes promoter signals for transcription initiation, elongation and termination. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and synthesizes mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction on the template strand from 3' to 5'. The primary transcript undergoes post-transcriptional modifications like capping, polyadenylation and splicing before becoming a mature mRNA.
For MBBS, BDS and General Biochemistry students, coding strand, sense strand, anti-sense strand, promoter, enhancers, silencers, TATA box, Goldberg Hogness box, alternative spilicing, post-transcriptional modification
Transcription is the first step in gene expression where DNA is used as a template to produce RNA. It occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of a gene's DNA in the nucleus. This messenger RNA (mRNA) then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm, where it directs protein synthesis during translation. Transcription requires a DNA template, RNA nucleotides, and RNA polymerase. It involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases to synthesize RNA.
The document summarizes key concepts about gene expression and analysis. It describes the central dogma of biology where DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. Gene structure is explained, noting that eukaryotic genes contain introns and exons. The roles of DNA, RNA and proteins in gene expression are outlined. The processes of transcription, including initiation, elongation and termination are summarized. Post-transcriptional processing of RNA including capping, splicing and polyadenylation is covered. Translation including initiation, elongation and termination is also summarized concisely. Control of gene expression occurs at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels.
Post-transcriptional modifications help process primary transcripts into mRNA in eukaryotes. This involves 5' capping, addition of a poly-A tail, and splicing of introns. 5' capping adds a guanine cap to protect the 5' end from degradation. Poly-A polymerase adds around 200 adenine bases to the 3' end. Splicing removes introns and ligates exons by the spliceosome, producing mature mRNA that can be translated into protein. Alternative splicing allows different mRNA and protein isoforms from a single gene.
Post-transcriptional modifications help process primary transcripts into mRNA in three main ways: 1) 5' capping protects the transcript and aids export from the nucleus, 2) Polyadenylation aids stability and transport, and 3) Splicing removes introns and ligates exons to form mature mRNA. In eukaryotes, this occurs in the nucleus and is essential for efficient translation. It can also result in alternative splicing to increase protein diversity from a single gene.
Messenger RNA carries genetic code from DNA and is translated by the ribosome into proteins. This involves transfer RNA molecules that associate amino acids with their codons. Translation begins with initiation factors recruiting the small ribosomal subunit to the start codon. Elongation then occurs through peptide bond formation catalyzed by the ribosome and translocation of transfer RNAs. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached. Translation is highly conserved and essential for protein synthesis in all organisms.
RNA metabolism and transcription are complex processes involving multiple steps. There are three major types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation and termination. It requires a DNA template, RNA polymerase enzyme, and nucleotide substrates. Prokaryotes have a single RNA polymerase while eukaryotes have three specialized RNA polymerases. Transcription results in primary transcripts that undergo extensive processing before becoming functional RNAs. Alternative splicing allows generation of multiple mRNAs from a single gene. Transcription and its regulation play an important role in gene expression.
The document summarizes the relationship between genes and proteins. It describes how genes are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then translated into proteins. During transcription, RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template to synthesize mRNA. Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus, while prokaryotic transcription and translation are coupled. Translation involves mRNA binding to ribosomes and being read according to the genetic code to produce a polypeptide chain.
1) The document discusses microbial genetics, including the structure and function of genetic material, levels of genetic study from genomes to genes, and DNA replication.
2) It describes how genes are expressed through transcription of DNA into RNA and translation of RNA into proteins. Key processes like transcription, translation, and gene regulation are explained.
3) Various mechanisms of genetic exchange between microbes are covered, including conjugation, transformation, and transduction.
The document discusses translation, the process by which proteins are synthesized from messenger RNA (mRNA) templates. It describes the key components of translation, including mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomes, and enzymes. The translation process involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the assembly of the ribosomal complex on the mRNA. Elongation is the cyclic addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, releasing the complete protein. The document also discusses various mechanisms of regulating translation, such as via RNA-binding proteins, the 5' and 3' untranslated regions, microRNAs, and phosphorylation of initiation factors.
How cells read the genome from DNA to protein NotesYi Fan Chen
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in cells. It describes:
1) Transcription of DNA to RNA which is catalyzed by RNA polymerase and involves the formation of RNA through the addition of ribonucleotides.
2) Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA which involves capping, splicing, and polyadenylation to form mature mRNA.
3) Translation of mRNA to protein which occurs on ribosomes and involves tRNAs carrying amino acids that are linked together through peptide bond formation catalyzed by the ribosome. Accuracy is ensured by induced fit binding and kinetic proofreading.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizes RNA in the 5' to 3' direction using complementary bases. The primary transcript may undergo processing like capping, polyadenylation, splicing, and editing to produce mature mRNA. Eukaryotic transcription involves multiple RNA polymerases and regulatory proteins. RNA classes include mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and non-coding RNAs which have important cellular functions.
Post-transcriptional modifications process the primary transcript RNA in eukaryotic cells through 5' capping, polyadenylation at the 3' end, and splicing of introns. This processing protects the RNA from degradation, aids in export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and allows only protein-coding exons to be translated, increasing protein synthesis efficiency. Alternative splicing also expands the proteome by producing multiple mRNA variants from a single primary transcript.
The document discusses various post-transcriptional processes that eukaryotic RNA undergo. It describes:
1) Introns are removed and exons are joined together in mRNA through splicing. Small nuclear RNAs and spliceosomes are involved in splicing.
2) Other processing includes adding a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail. The tail protects the mRNA and is important for translation.
3) Transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA also undergo processing after transcription to become functional in the cell. Alternative splicing allows different mRNAs and proteins to be produced from the same initial RNA.
Proteins play important roles in living organisms as structural components and catalysts. The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription and translation are the two processes by which the information in DNA is used to synthesize proteins. Transcription involves copying DNA into mRNA which is then translated into protein with the help of tRNA and the ribosome. Translation begins with initiation and involves elongation and termination steps to assemble the amino acid sequence specified by the mRNA.
This document provides information about transcription in prokaryotes. It defines transcription as the synthesis of RNA using single-stranded DNA as a template. It describes the basic requirements for transcription including the template, enzyme, regulatory proteins, ribonucleoside triphosphates, and energy. It then explains the three main steps of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - and provides details about each step. The document also discusses transcription regulation and inhibitors like rifampicin and actinomycin D.
Transcription is the process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions and transcribes DNA into pre-mRNA, which undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns. The mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter regions and transcribing DNA into mRNA. Transcription is regulated by factors that influence RNA polymerase binding and activity.
The document discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA to protein. It describes how the template strand of DNA is read to produce mRNA. A transcription unit includes promoter signals for transcription initiation, elongation and termination. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and synthesizes mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction on the template strand from 3' to 5'. The primary transcript undergoes post-transcriptional modifications like capping, polyadenylation and splicing before becoming a mature mRNA.
For MBBS, BDS and General Biochemistry students, coding strand, sense strand, anti-sense strand, promoter, enhancers, silencers, TATA box, Goldberg Hogness box, alternative spilicing, post-transcriptional modification
Transcription is the first step in gene expression where DNA is used as a template to produce RNA. It occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of a gene's DNA in the nucleus. This messenger RNA (mRNA) then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm, where it directs protein synthesis during translation. Transcription requires a DNA template, RNA nucleotides, and RNA polymerase. It involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases to synthesize RNA.
The document summarizes key concepts about gene expression and analysis. It describes the central dogma of biology where DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. Gene structure is explained, noting that eukaryotic genes contain introns and exons. The roles of DNA, RNA and proteins in gene expression are outlined. The processes of transcription, including initiation, elongation and termination are summarized. Post-transcriptional processing of RNA including capping, splicing and polyadenylation is covered. Translation including initiation, elongation and termination is also summarized concisely. Control of gene expression occurs at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels.
Post-transcriptional modifications help process primary transcripts into mRNA in eukaryotes. This involves 5' capping, addition of a poly-A tail, and splicing of introns. 5' capping adds a guanine cap to protect the 5' end from degradation. Poly-A polymerase adds around 200 adenine bases to the 3' end. Splicing removes introns and ligates exons by the spliceosome, producing mature mRNA that can be translated into protein. Alternative splicing allows different mRNA and protein isoforms from a single gene.
Post-transcriptional modifications help process primary transcripts into mRNA in three main ways: 1) 5' capping protects the transcript and aids export from the nucleus, 2) Polyadenylation aids stability and transport, and 3) Splicing removes introns and ligates exons to form mature mRNA. In eukaryotes, this occurs in the nucleus and is essential for efficient translation. It can also result in alternative splicing to increase protein diversity from a single gene.
Messenger RNA carries genetic code from DNA and is translated by the ribosome into proteins. This involves transfer RNA molecules that associate amino acids with their codons. Translation begins with initiation factors recruiting the small ribosomal subunit to the start codon. Elongation then occurs through peptide bond formation catalyzed by the ribosome and translocation of transfer RNAs. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached. Translation is highly conserved and essential for protein synthesis in all organisms.
RNA metabolism and transcription are complex processes involving multiple steps. There are three major types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation and termination. It requires a DNA template, RNA polymerase enzyme, and nucleotide substrates. Prokaryotes have a single RNA polymerase while eukaryotes have three specialized RNA polymerases. Transcription results in primary transcripts that undergo extensive processing before becoming functional RNAs. Alternative splicing allows generation of multiple mRNAs from a single gene. Transcription and its regulation play an important role in gene expression.
The document summarizes the relationship between genes and proteins. It describes how genes are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then translated into proteins. During transcription, RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template to synthesize mRNA. Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus, while prokaryotic transcription and translation are coupled. Translation involves mRNA binding to ribosomes and being read according to the genetic code to produce a polypeptide chain.
1) The document discusses microbial genetics, including the structure and function of genetic material, levels of genetic study from genomes to genes, and DNA replication.
2) It describes how genes are expressed through transcription of DNA into RNA and translation of RNA into proteins. Key processes like transcription, translation, and gene regulation are explained.
3) Various mechanisms of genetic exchange between microbes are covered, including conjugation, transformation, and transduction.
The document discusses translation, the process by which proteins are synthesized from messenger RNA (mRNA) templates. It describes the key components of translation, including mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomes, and enzymes. The translation process involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the assembly of the ribosomal complex on the mRNA. Elongation is the cyclic addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, releasing the complete protein. The document also discusses various mechanisms of regulating translation, such as via RNA-binding proteins, the 5' and 3' untranslated regions, microRNAs, and phosphorylation of initiation factors.
How cells read the genome from DNA to protein NotesYi Fan Chen
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in cells. It describes:
1) Transcription of DNA to RNA which is catalyzed by RNA polymerase and involves the formation of RNA through the addition of ribonucleotides.
2) Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA which involves capping, splicing, and polyadenylation to form mature mRNA.
3) Translation of mRNA to protein which occurs on ribosomes and involves tRNAs carrying amino acids that are linked together through peptide bond formation catalyzed by the ribosome. Accuracy is ensured by induced fit binding and kinetic proofreading.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizes RNA in the 5' to 3' direction using complementary bases. The primary transcript may undergo processing like capping, polyadenylation, splicing, and editing to produce mature mRNA. Eukaryotic transcription involves multiple RNA polymerases and regulatory proteins. RNA classes include mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and non-coding RNAs which have important cellular functions.
Post-transcriptional modifications process the primary transcript RNA in eukaryotic cells through 5' capping, polyadenylation at the 3' end, and splicing of introns. This processing protects the RNA from degradation, aids in export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and allows only protein-coding exons to be translated, increasing protein synthesis efficiency. Alternative splicing also expands the proteome by producing multiple mRNA variants from a single primary transcript.
The document discusses various post-transcriptional processes that eukaryotic RNA undergo. It describes:
1) Introns are removed and exons are joined together in mRNA through splicing. Small nuclear RNAs and spliceosomes are involved in splicing.
2) Other processing includes adding a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail. The tail protects the mRNA and is important for translation.
3) Transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA also undergo processing after transcription to become functional in the cell. Alternative splicing allows different mRNAs and proteins to be produced from the same initial RNA.
Proteins play important roles in living organisms as structural components and catalysts. The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription and translation are the two processes by which the information in DNA is used to synthesize proteins. Transcription involves copying DNA into mRNA which is then translated into protein with the help of tRNA and the ribosome. Translation begins with initiation and involves elongation and termination steps to assemble the amino acid sequence specified by the mRNA.
This document provides information about transcription in prokaryotes. It defines transcription as the synthesis of RNA using single-stranded DNA as a template. It describes the basic requirements for transcription including the template, enzyme, regulatory proteins, ribonucleoside triphosphates, and energy. It then explains the three main steps of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - and provides details about each step. The document also discusses transcription regulation and inhibitors like rifampicin and actinomycin D.
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8 Kontrol pasca transkripsi 261114.ppt
1. 8. Kontrol pasca
transkripsi
8.1 Pemrosesan pre-mRNA eukariot
8.2 Regulasi pemrosesan pre-mRNA
8.3 Transport mRNA
8.4 Kontrol pasca transkripsi di sitoplasma
8.5 Pemrosesan rRNA dan t RNA
1
2. RNA yang dibahas dalam bab 8
• mRNA
• pre-mRNA
• hnRNA
• snRNA
• pre-tRNA
• snoRNA
• siRNA
• miRNA
• Fully processed messenger RNA
• mRNA precursor
• Heterogeneous nuclear RNAs
• small nuclear RNAs: removal of introns
• tRNA precursor
• Small nucleolar RNA: rRNA processing
• Short interfering RNA: cleavage of the
"target" mRNA
• Micro RNA: inhibits translation of the
"target" mRNA 2
6. • Terikat pada CTD RNA pol II yang terfosforilasi:
• Capping enzyme
• Fosfatase
• Guanil transferase
• Metil transferase
• Cap dibentuk setelah RNA pol II mensintesis
25 nt
• Negative Elongation Factor terfosforilasi dan
lepas
• Laju elongasi transkripsi meningkat
6
Penambahan“cap”padaujung5’ mRNA
7. Protein hnRNP
• Protein hnRNP
• terlibat pemrosesan RNA
• Mempunyai domain pengikat RNA dan pengikat protein lain
• Masing-masing terikat pada bagian RNA yang berbeda
• Protein hnRNP A1, C dan D terikat daerah kaya pirimidin
dekat ujung 3’ intron
Sel Xenopus
sel manusia.
Sel fusi hnRNP C manusia
Remains in nucleus
hnRNP A1 manusia
Can travel through cytoplasm
Sintesis protein
dihentikan setelah fusi sel
8. hnRNP proteins have RNA binding
domains (RBD)
• RNA Recognition motif (RRM)
• 4 untai sheet dan 2 heliks
• hnRNP K protein
• KH motif sepanjang 45 asam amino
• Struktur lebih kecil dari RRM domain: 3 untai sheet dan 2
heliks
• RGG box
• 5 pengulangan Arg-Gly-Gly diselingi asam amino aromatik
8
9. Biru : muatan positif
Merah: muatan negatif
RNP1 dan RNP2
• Sequence lestari dari ragi sampai ke
manusia
• Interaksi dengan RNA
16. CTD RNA polimerase II ragi
• CTD berasosiasi dengan faktor-faktor pemrosesan
pre-mRNA
• Mempercepat pemrosesan dan elongasi pre-mRNA
• CTD RNA polimerase II mamalia dua kali lebih
panjang
16
17. Pengenalan exon melalui pengikatan protein
SR dan faktor splicing pada pre-mRNA
• Protein SR (SR = Serine Arginine)
• protein pengikat RNA
• Mempunyai beberapa RRM
• Mempunyai domain interaksi protein-protein yang kaya
dengan Ser dan Arg
• ESE = exonic splicing enhancers, sisi pengikatan
protein SR
17
Permits precise specification of exons
18. Intron self splicing
• Grup I ditemukan di gen-gen rRNA inti di protozoa
• Grup II ditemukan di gen-gen pengkode protein, rRNA, tRNA di
mitokondria pada tumbuhan dan fungi dan kloroplast
tumbuhan
18
19. Intron Grup II : self splicing
19
Spliceosome structure resemble group II intron
Maturase (protein) binds to RNA of group II intron, stabilize 3D
structure of intron rapid self-splicing
20. Pemotongan dan
poliadenilasi ujung 3’
pre-mRNA
20
CPSF = cleavage & polyadenilation specificity
factor
CStF = cleavage stimulatory factor
PABPII = Poly(A) binding protein
CFI & CFII
stabilize
complex
21. Exosome
• Complex of:
• 11 exonucleases 3’ 5’
• Predominant nuclear decay pathway of RNA
• Degrade intron and pre-mRNA that has not been properly spliced
• RNA Helicases
• Disrupt base pairing and RNA-protein interactions
• 5’ cap terikat nuclear cap-binding complex
• Melindungi dari exosome
• Berperan dalam transport mRNA ke sitoplasma
• Ekor poly(A) terlindungi dari exosome karena terikat protein
PABPII (Poly A Binding Protein II)
23. Regulasi splicing
23
• Cascade of regulated splicing that controls sex determination in
Drosophila
• Splicing repressors & activators
stop
kodon
24. Aktivasi splicing pre-mRNA dsx Drosophila
24
• Pada Drosophila betina, exon 4 dikenali sebagai exon.
• Dsx repress transcription of genes required for sexual
differentiation of the opposite sex
SR protein
25. Peranan alternative
splicing dalam
pendengaran
25
• Ca2+ activated K+ channel
• Cytosolic domain regulates
opening of channel
• Different isoforms open at
different Ca2+ concentrations
• Respond to different
frequencies
• Panah merah menunjukkan
posisi splicing alternatif pada
pre-mRNA yang
menyebabkan perubahan
urutan asam amino yang
menyebabkan terbentuknya
isofom berbeda
Epithelium of chicken cochlea
26. RNA editing of apo-B pre-mRNA
26
• Apo-B is a component of large lipoprotein complexes that
transport lipids in the serum
• Green: domain associates with lipid
• Orange: domain binds to LDL receptors on cell membranes
• RNA editing wide spread in the mitochondria of protozoan &
plants , & chloroplasts
• Addition & deletion of U follows templates provided by guide RNAs
29. Domain Fg dari Fg-nukleoporin
29
• FG domain
hydrophobic
• Associate with each
other reversibly &
rapidly
• Allows diffusion of
small water soluble
molecules
• Nuclear transporters
have hydrophobic
regions on their
surface
• Bind reversibly with
FG-domain
• Can diffuse in and out
of the nucleus
Fg-nukleoporin
30. Protein-protein mRNP pada transport
mRNA ke luar inti
30
• mRNP exporter is
a heterodimer
• Nuclear export
factor 1 (NXF1) or
TAP
• Nuclear export
transporter 1
(Nxt1)
• RNA export factor
(REF)
• Component of
exon junction
complex
mRNP remodelling:
• CPC eIF4E
• PABPII PABPI
31. Fosforilasi dan transport mRNP
31
• Npl3 = SR
protein
• Dephospho
rylated:
promote
binding of
mRNP
exporter
• Phosphoryl
ated:
dissociate
from mRNP
32. Pembentukan hnRNP dan mRNP
32
• Pre-mRNA berikatan
dengan protein
membentuk hnRNP
• Setelah pemrosesan,
pre-mRNA menjadi
mRNP, mRNP keluar
ke sitoplasma
33. Eksport mRNP ke luar nukleus
33
• mRNP
• uncoil during passage through the nuclear pore
• Bind to ribosome as they enter cytoplasm
• Pre-mRNA associated with snRNP in spliceosomes
are prevented from being transported into cytoplasm
39. miRNA
• a class of 19-24 nucleotide long non-coding RNAs derived
from hairpin precursors
• mediate the post-transcriptional silencing of an estimated
30% of protein-coding genes in mammals
• differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, the immune response, and
the maintenance of cell and tissue identity
• mammalian miRNAs exist stably in the sera and plasma of
humans and animals
• Microvesicles (MVs) from human plasma are a mixture of
microparticles, exosomes, and other vesicular structures and that
many types of MVs in human plasma contain miRNAs
• miRNAs could be selectively packaged into MVs and actively
delivered into recipient cells where the exogenous miRNAs can
regulate target gene expression and recipient cell function
Zhang et al. (2011)
40. miRNAdari makanandapatlolos dari sistem
pencernaandan masukke dalam darah dan
jaringantubuh
• Zhang et al.
(2011) Exogenous
plant MIR168a
specifically
targets
mammalian
LDLRAP1:
evidence of cross-
kingdom
regulation by
microRNA, Cell
Research :1-20.
41. Kontrol poliadenilasi dan inisiasi translasi
41
CPE= cytoplasmic
polyadenylation element
CPEB= CPE Binding protein
• Punya RRM dan Zn finger
domain
Maskin menghambat interaksi
eIF-4E dengan eIF yang lain
maupun subunit ribosom 40S
Immature oocyte
+ hormon
CPSF= cleavage and polyadenylation
specificity factor
PAP= poly(A) polymerase
PABPI= cytoplasmic poly(A) binding
protein
CPEB terfosfrilasi, maskin lepas
P
43. TOR (target of rapamycin)
• Rapamycin
• antibiotik yang dihasilkan Streptomyces
• dapat menghambat respons imun dari pasien transplantasi organ
• TOR (target of rapamycin)
• Protein kinase ~ 2400 asam amino
• Regulasi proses seluler pada ragi sebagai respons terhadap
keadaan nutrisi
• mTOR (metazoan TOR)
• Responds to multiple signals from cell-surface-signaling proteins
to coordinate cell growth with developmental programs as well as
nutritional status.
43
44. Jalur mTOR untuk regulasi translasi
44
• TSC1/TSC2= GTPase
activating protein
(GAP) untuk Rheb
• AMPK= AMP kinase
• mendeteksi
penurunan rasio
ATP/AMP
• TSC1/TSC2
difosforilasi (jadi
aktif)
• Rheb= monomeric
small G protein
• S6K memfosforilasi S6
(protein ribosom) dan
meningkatkan translasi
• 4E-BP menghambat
interaksi eIF4E
dengan cap mRNA
• GEF= guanine
nucleotide exchange
factor
46. Nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD) (1)
46
• In all properly spliced mRNAs, the
stop codon is in the last exon
• Akibat adanya delesi, muncul stop
kodon di exon 1 atau 2, mRNA
didegradasi
• mRNA globin dideteksi dengan metode
S1 nuclease protection
• Actinimycin D menghambat transkripsi
47. Nonsense mediated
mRNA decay (1)
47
EJC
• exon-exon junction complex
• EJC lepas saat ribosom pertama
lewat
PTC= premature termination codon
Norm ter= normal termination codon
Waktu kompleks SURF terbentuk:
• UPF1 terfosforilasi
• UPF1 berikatan dengan
kompleks UPF2/UPF3
• mRNA berasosiasi dengan P-
bodies, ekor poli(A) lepas,
degradasi mRNA
48. Perubahan mating type ragi
48
• Ash1 (asymetric synthesis of HO)
• Represi transkripsi HO
• Protein Ash1 hanya dihasilkan oleh
daughter cell
49. Mekanisme perubahan mating type
terbatas pada mother cell
49
• She2 terikat 3’UTR mRNA
• She2 terikat She3 yang terikat Myo4 (myocin motor)
• Myo4 bergerak sepanjang actin ke arah sel anak
• mRNa Ash1 ditransport ke arah daughter cel (tunas)
50. Percobaan untuk melihat transport mRNA
dari mother cell ke daughter cell (1)
50
Protein fusi GFP- dan RFP-MS2 diberi Nuclear Localization Signal.
Protein yang tidak terikat mRNA akan masuk ke dalam inti sel
51. Percobaan untuk melihat transport mRNA
dari mother cell ke daughter cell (2)
51
Waktu 0.00 46.80 85.17 131.22 168.75 215.65
(detik) RNP di sel induk RNP pindah ke sel anak
52. Lokalisasi mRNA neuron pada sinaps
52
• GFP-VAMP expressed in
sensory neuron, marks the
location of synapses formed
between sensory and motor
neuron processes
• In situ hybridization of an
antisensorin mRNA probe (red
fluorescence label)
• Sensorin = neurotransmitter
expressed by the sensory neuron
only
54. Total RNA in rapidly growing
mammalian cells
• 80% rRNA
• 15% tRNA
• 5% other RNAs, including mRNA
55. Synthesis of ribosomes
• Nucleolus
• Synthesis of components
• RNA pol I synthesizes
• 28S & 5.8S rRNA (large subunit)
• 18S rRNA (small subunit)
• RNA pol III synthesizes
• 5S rRNA (large subunit)
• RNA pol II synthesizes
• mRNA that codes for ~ 70 ribosomal
proteins
• Processing of pre-rRNA
• Assembly
• 150 other RNAs and proteins interact
transiently with the two ribosomal
subunits
• Nucleoplasm:
• Quality control
step occurs
before nuclear
export
• Cytoplasm:
• Final steps of
ribosome
maturation
60. Expression of snoRNAs
• From own promoters by RNA polymerase II or III
• From spliced out introns of
• Genes encoding proteins involved in ribosome synthesis or
translation
• Non-functional mRNAs
62. Self-splicing oleh intron Grup I dan Grup II
62
• First discovered in pre-rRNA genes of protozoa Tetrahymena
thermophila
G=
guanosine
cofactor
63. Pemrosesan tRNA
63
• 5’ end removed by RNAse
P
• Splicing of pre-tRNA
introns
• catalyzed by proteins
• One step
• Require GTP & ATP
• UU pada ujung 3’ diganti
dengan CCA
D = dihydrouridine; = pseudouridine
64. Nuclear bodies (Badan Inti)
• Specialized nuclear domains
• Not surrounded by membranes
• Regions of high concentrations of specific proteins and RNAs
that form distinct, roughly spherical structures within the
nucleus
• Proteins associated with nuclear bodies can diffuse in and out
of the nuclear bodies
64
65. Examples of nuclear bodies
• Nucleoli
• Site of ribosomal subunit synthesis and assembly
• Assembly of immature SRP ribonucleoprotein complexes involved in
protein secretion and ER membrane insertion
• Storage region for Cdc14 protein phosphatase that regulates processes in
the final stages of mitosis and tumor suppressor protein called ARF
• Cajal bodies
• ~0.2-11µm spherical structures
• centers of RNP-complex assembly for snRNPs and telomerase RNP
• post-transcriptional modifications of snRNP directed by a guide RNA
molecules called scaRNAs (small Cajal body-associated RNAs).
• Nuclear Speckles
• 25-50 irregular, amorphous structures 0.5-2 1 µm in diameter
• storage regions for snRNPs and proteins involved in pre-mRNA splicing
• Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) Nuclear Bodies
• -10-30 roughly spherical regions 0.3-1 µm in diameter
• Located in the nuclei of mammalian cells
65
66. Badan-badan inti yang semi-permeabel
terhadap berbagai molekul
66
• Xenopus oocyte nucleus injected with fluorescent dextran of different
molecular weight
• Top: intensity of fluorescence is a measure of dextran concentration (dark: no
dextran)
Open arrowheads: nucleoli;
Closed arrowheads: Cajal bodies with attached nuclear speckles
67. Promyelocytic Leukemia (PML)
nuclear bodies
• Assembly and modification of protein complexes involved in
DNA repair and induction of apoptosis
• required for cellular defenses against DNA
• Protein post-translational modification through the addition of
SUMO1 protein (small ubiquitin like moiety-1)
• Control the activity and sub-cellular locations of modified
proteins (e.g. transcriptional repressors)
Editor's Notes
Gen sxl punya 2 promoter. Pada awal perkembangan, promoter I hanya aktif pada embrio betina menghasilkan protein Sxl. Selanjutnya,promoter 1 inaktif, promoter 2 aktif di kedua seks.