The document compares the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires, which were Islamic empires that existed during the same time period and had contemporary rulers. The empires had centralized governments headed by sultans, shahs, or emperors. They were military empires that utilized gunpowder and cannons. Factors in their decline included inflation, taxation of lower classes, and weak rulers.

1. Ottoman, Safavid, & Mughal Empires - Compared

5. Safavid - Isfahan

7. Ottoman Cannon 1600s