Women's roles in gunpowder empires
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Women in the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires had some legal protections under Islamic law, though their status declined over time with certain practices like seclusion, veiling, child marriages, and prohibitions on remarriage becoming more common. A few women, such as Hurrem Sultan and Nur Jahan, held positions of power within the ruling class. However, merchant and peasant women experienced more freedom and autonomy in their economic roles. The status of women was likely better in the Ottoman Empire compared to the Safavid and Mughal Empires, where Hindu influences contributed to the declining status of women in the Mughal Empire.
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The Mughal Empire was founded in 1526 by Babur after his victories at Panipat and Khanwa. He established the empire in India and was succeeded by his son Humayun after his death in 1530. Humayun's rule was interrupted but he regained control in 1555 until his death. He was followed by his son Akbar, who greatly expanded the empire. Later rulers included Jahangir, Shah Jahan who built the Taj Mahal, Aurangzeb, and finally Bahadur Shah Zafar, who was exiled after the 1857 rebellion, bringing an end to the Mughal Empire.
The decline and fall of the ottoman empire
The document summarizes the decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire over several centuries. It began with the failed Siege of Vienna in 1529, which halted Ottoman expansion into central Europe. The naval defeat at Lepanto in 1571 ended Ottoman dominance at sea. Other factors included ineffective sultans, the rise of nationalist sentiments within subject territories, and increasing European imperialism and geopolitical interests in Ottoman lands. By the early 1900s, the Ottomans were weakened and in debt, leading to their alliance with Germany in World War 1 and the subsequent dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after defeat.
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The document provides vocabulary and discussion questions related to decolonization in various regions of the world, including South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Some of the key terms defined are self-determination, nationalism, satyagraha, apartheid, and dependency. Discussion questions compare independence movements and the post-colonial challenges faced in India, Africa and other regions. The document also addresses political changes in Turkey and Iran in the 20th century.
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- 4. Nur Jahan of the Mughal Empire
- 7. Veiling