Mendel discovered inheritance principles through pea plant experiments. Gametes contain one allele per gene. During meiosis, alleles separate and recombine in offspring. Dominant alleles mask recessives. Many human genetic diseases are recessive traits on autosomes, though some are dominant, codominant, or sex-linked. Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes from parental alleles. Test crosses determine if an individual is homozygous or heterozygous dominant. Multiple alleles exist for some traits like blood type.
Guided notes covering material from Topic 3.4 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
chromosomal aberrations
Variation in chromosomal structure or number
changes in the number of sets of chromosomes (ploidy), changes in the number of individual chromosomes (somy), or changes in appearance of individual chromosomes through mutation-induced rearrangements. They can be associated with genetic diseases or with species differences
Mujahid Hussain, Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
Guided notes covering material from Topic 3.4 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
chromosomal aberrations
Variation in chromosomal structure or number
changes in the number of sets of chromosomes (ploidy), changes in the number of individual chromosomes (somy), or changes in appearance of individual chromosomes through mutation-induced rearrangements. They can be associated with genetic diseases or with species differences
Mujahid Hussain, Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
Inheritence, Terminology, Inheritance in java, The class called Object, Super keyword, Example, Method Overriding, Method Overriding example, Abstract Class, Abstract Class Number and the Java Wrapper Classes, Final Method and Classes, Multiple Inheritance
Dr. Sushil Neupane's notes on "Introductory Genetics and Animal Breeding" for the 2nd year, 1st semester of the Diploma in Animal Science (latest syllabus of CTEVT) provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and principles related to genetics and animal breeding. The notes cover fundamental topics in genetics and their practical applications in livestock production and breeding programs.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
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marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. Understandings
Mendel discovered the principles of inheritance with experiments in
which large numbers of pea plants were crossed.
Gametes are haploid so contain only one allele of each gene.
The two alleles of each gene separate into different haploid
daughter nuclei during meiosis.
Fusion of gametes results in diploid zygotes with two alleles of
each gene that may be the same allele or different alleles.
Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles, but
codominant alleles have joint effects.
Many genetic diseases in humans are due to recessive alleles of
autosomal genes although some genetic diseases are due to
dominant or codominant alleles.
Some genetic diseases are sex linked. The pattern of inheritance
is different with sex-linked genes due to their location on the sex
chromosome.
Many genetic diseases have been identified in humans but most
are very rare.
3. Applications/skills
Guidance
A: Inheritance of ABO blood groups.
A: Red-green color blindness and hemophilia as examples of sex-linked
inheritance.
A: Inheritance of cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disease.
A: Consequences of radiation after nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and
accident at Chernobyl
S: Construction of Punnett grids for predicting the outcomes of
monohybrid genetic crosses.
S: Comparison of predicted and actual outcomes of genetic crosses
using real data.
S: Analysis of pedigree charts to deduce the pattern of inheritance of
genetic diseases. Alleles carried on X chromosomes should be shown
as superscript letters on an uppercase X, such as ___.
The expected notation for ABO blood group alleles is:
4. TOK, pg 142
When Mendel proposed his ideas about “factors” (genes)
controlling inherited traits, scientists were not eager to
adopt his theories. It was not until many decades later,
when a new generation of scientists repeated his
experiments that the scientific community started to get
excited about genetics. What factors influence scientists
in their decision to accept or reject new theories?
Some of Mendel’s results seemed too good to be true.
His numbers do not show the expected variations that are
typically found when breeding plants. What happened?
- Omit unexpected results?
- Purposefully change numbers (fudging data)?
unethical
How can we be sure that modern scientific studies are
5. Gametes have only one allele of
each gene.
Punnett grids can be used to show how alleles are split
and then recombine.
Purpose is to show all the possible combinations of
genetic information for a particular trait.
Steps of the Punnett grid method:
1. Choose a letter- generally the first letter of the dominant
trait.
2. Identify parents’ genotypes.
3. Determine gametes-one set across the top, the other
down the left side.
4. Draw the Punnett grid.
5. Interpret the grid.
6. Test Crosses
To determine the genotype of an
individual displaying the dominant
phenotype.
Cross the dominant individual with
one that is homozygous recessive
for the trait.
If the offspring are a mix of dominant
and recessive traits heterozygous
If the offspring all show dominant
trait homozygous dominant.
7. Multiple alleles
Three or more alleles for a trait. Ex: blood type
How would it be possible for a couple to have
children with all 4 blood types?
8. humans
Caused by recessive alleles and found on one of the
first 22 pairs of chromosomes.
Examples:
Albinism: body is unable to produce/distribute melanin,
which is responsible for pigment.
Cystic fibrosis: affects the cells that produce mucus,
sweat and digestive juices.
PKU: causes the amino acid phenylalanine to build up in
your body.
Sickle cell: A group of disorders that cause red blood cells
to become misshapen and break down
Tay Sachs: rare inherited disorder that progressively
destroys nerve cells (neurons) in the brain and spinal
cord.
Thalassemia: blood disorder in which the body makes an
9. Sex linkage
Any genetic trait whose gene has a locus on the X or Y
chromosome = sex linked.
Sex-linked recessive alleles are rare, usually on X
chromosome.
Extremely rare to get two X chromosomes with the
recessive allele together, which is why women rarely
suffer from these diseases.
Women are the only gender that can be carriers for
sex-linked diseases.
Examples:
Color blindness (r), hemophilia (r), Duchene muscular
dystrophy (r), white eye color in fruit flies (r), calico fur
color in cats.
10. Mutations and cancer
Exposure to radiation and/or carcinogens can modify
the genetic code.
Base pairs can be knocked out of place, causing a
change in the genetic code.
This change is passed on through replication.
The mutation may be benign, but it may be harmful
leading to replication of dysfunctional proteins/cells.