The document provides information on the classification of living organisms. It discusses the need for classification, the historical figures who contributed to early systems of classification, and describes the major modern systems of classification including the five kingdom system and the taxonomic ranks. It also summarizes the key characteristics of major kingdoms, phyla and classes within the systems.

1. Compare – similarities and differences
Sahiwal Holstein Friesian

2. Compare: similarities and differences
Plants bacteria

3. What is classification of living organisms?
◈ Classification refers to the process of grouping living organisms into convenient groups
based on certain easily observable characteristics.
◈ Characteristics refer to a particular form or a particular function.
◈ In classifying organisms, a need to find the ways in which some of them are similar
enough are thought to be together.
◈ These ‘ways’, in fact, are details of appearance or behaviour, in other words, form and
function.
◈ E.g. of characteristics include

4. Need for
classificatio
n of living
organisms
Classification is needed for convenient study of living
organisms.
It is necessary for knowing the different varieties of
organisms.
It helps in the correct identification of various organisms.
It helps to know the origin and evolution of organisms.
It helps to determine the exact position of the organism in the
classification.
It helps to develop phylogenetic relation between different
groups of organisms.
Helps predict characteristics of to be discovered organisms

5. Historical
background
◈ Aristotle, Greek Philosopher , 384-322 BC
� Divided all organisms into plants and animals
� Also classified animals based on whether they
lived on land, in water or in air
� Many animals and plants couldn’t be placed in
their respective groups

6. Historical
background
❖ Parashara , Indian Sage (BCE)
❖ Classified plants into ‘Ganas’, details of which
are given in his compilation called
‘Vrishayurveda’.

7. Historical
background
❖ Charakha, Indian Doctor and Father of
Ayurveda
❖ In his book, Charakha Samhita, he classified
around 200 animals and 340 plants

8. Historical
background
❖ John Ray, British Botanist (1628-1705)
❖ Introduced the term ‘Species’
❖ Classified various species of plants

9. Historical
background
❖ Carlous Linnaeus (1707-1778), Swedish
Narutalist
❖ Father of Taxonomy
❖ Introduced ‘Binomial nomenclature’
❖ Listed 5900 species of plants in his book ‘
Species Plantarum’
❖ Listed 4200 species of animals in his book
‘Systema Naturae’

10. Answer the following questions
◈ What are simple and complex organism?
◈ Are simple organisms primitive?
◈ Are complex organisms advanced?
◈ What features could future organisms probably develop?
◈ Would advanced organisms be more complex?

11. Taxonomy
◈ Taxonomy, in a broad sense the science of
classification, but more strictly the
classification of living and extinct
organisms—i.e., biological classification.
◈ The term is derived from the Greek taxis
(“arrangement”) and nomos (“law”).
◈ Taxonomy is, therefore, the methodology
and principles of systematic botany and
zoology and sets up arrangements of the
kinds of plants and animals in hierarchies
of superior and subordinate groups.

12. The
classification
process
/taxonomic
process
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (animals) and
Division ( plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Specie
s

14. Five kingdom
classification of
living organisms
❖ Biologist Robert Whittaker, Carl Woese and Ernst
Haeckel developed classification system
❖ The five kingdom classification was proposed by R
H Whittaker.
❖ Kingdom Monera
❖ Kingdom Protista
❖ Kingdom Fungi
❖ Kingdom Plantae
❖ Kingdom Animalias

15. Diversity in living organisms

17. Kingdom
Monera
Characteristic
s
No well defined
nucleus and
organelles
unicellular
Some possess cell
walls, others don’t
Can be autotrophic
or heterotrophic
E.g. cyanobacteria,
bacteria,
mycoplasma

18. Kingdom Protista
Characteristics
Unicellular eukaryotic
organisms
May have appendages
such as cilia, flagella,
Nutrition could be
autotrophic or
heterotrophic
E.g. algae, diatoms,
protozoans such as
amoeba, paramecium,
euglena

19. Kingdom Fungi
Characteristi
cs
Heterotrophic
Eukaryotic
Parasitic or
saprophytic mode of
nutrition
Unicellular or
multicellular
Have cell walls made
of chitin –
carbohydrate
Some display
symbiosis

20. Kingdom
Plantae

21. Kingdom
plantae
Do not have
differentiated
parts
Thallophyta
Have
differentiated
plant parts
Without
vascular tissue
Bryophyta
With vascular
tissue
Do not
produce seeds
Pteridophyta
Produce seeds
–
phanerograms
Bear naked
seeds –
gymnosperms
Bear seeds
inside fruits –
Angiosperms
Seeds have
two
cotyledons –
Dicots
Seeds have
one cotyledon
- Monocots

23. Division Algae -
Thallophyta

24. Characteristic
s
Have an undivided thallus
A thallus is composed of filaments or plates of cells and ranges in
size from a unicellular structure to a complex treelike form.
It has a simple structure that lacks specialized tissues typical of
higher plants, such as a stem, leaves, and conducting tissue.
Mostly aquatic – marine and
freshwater
Some are terrestrial – live in
moist areas
Lack vascular tissues
Asexual reproduction through
spores
Have a gamete producing
haploid phase – gametophytic
phase
Short spore producing
sporophytic phase

25. Division
Bryophyta –
moss, liverworts

26. Characteristi
cs
Amphibians of the plant kingdom
Have no differentiated plant parts
Have vascular tissues to conduct water and
substances from one part to another
Root like structures called Rhizoids attach themselves
to the substratum and absorb water
Sporophytic phase and gametophytic phase present
Riccia, Marchantia, Funaria, Barbula

27. Division
Pteridophyta -
ferns, horse tails

28. Characteristi
cs Differentiated roots,
stems, and leaves
Conducting tissues
present
Inconspicuous
reproductive parts -

29. Division
Gymnosperms –
Gymno – naked,
Sperma - seed

30. Characterisitcs
Perennial, woody and
evergreen
Produce seeds , do not
produce fruits and
flowers
Sporophylls form
cones both male and
female cones
Cycads – Cycas,
Encephalartos ferox
Coniferae – Pinus, silver
birch

31. Division
Angiosperms –
Angio – case,
sperma - seed

32. Characteristics
Seeds are enclosed in
fruits
Flowers are present
Embryo encased in
cotyledons – monocots
and dicots

33. Kingdom
Animalia
Cellular level of
organisation
Porifera
Tissue level of
organisation
Acoelomates
No body cavity between
epidermis and
gastrodermis
Colenterata,
platyhelmenthis
Pseudocoelomates Nematoda
Coelomates – also called
Eucoelomates
Mesodermal cells from a
single cell during growth
of embryo
Annelida, Mollusca,
Arthropoda
Coelom formed from
cells pinched off from the
endoderm
No notochord Echinodermata
Notochord present Chordata
Notochord present in the
least larval form, very
rudimentary
Protochordata
Notochord replaced by
vertebrae
Cyclostomata
Pisces
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia

34. Kingdom Animalia
1. Eukaryotic
2. multicellular
3. heterotrophic
4. mostly mobile
5. no cell walls
6. further classified
on the basis of body
design

35. Phylum Porifera
– pori –
porous/holes
cellular level of
organization
❖ Non motile, attached to substrate
❖ Covered in holes/ pores
❖ Have a canal like system that circulates water , food
and O2 throughout the body of the organism.
❖ Have a hard outer skeleton
❖ Minimal differentiation and tissues – cellular level
of body organization
❖ Found mostly in marine habitats
❖ Sponges, Euplectella, Sycon, Spongilla

36. Phylum Porifera
– pori –
porous/holes
cellular level of
organization

37. Phylum
Coelentrata/
Cnidaria
◈ Aquatic animals
◈ Display more differentiation in body
design
◈ Have a cavity in the body
◈ Body has two layers of cells – outer layer
that makes the outside of the body and
inner layer makes the inner lining of the
body
◈ Live in colonies or individually
◈ Hydra, jelly fish, corals, polyps, sea
anemone

39. Phylum
Platyhelminth
es
◈ Comparatively complex design
◈ Bilaterally symmetrical
◈ Three layers of cells which differentiate
into three tissues – triploblastics – inside
and outside body linings as well as organs
◈ No true body cavity or coelom – in which
organs can be accommodated
◈ Flat body dorsoventrally
◈ Free living or parasitic

41. Phylum
Nematoda /
Aschelminthes
– Round
worms
◈ Body form – cylindrical, tapering at both ends, no
segmentation of the body
◈ Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic – organ system level
organization
◈ No locomotory appendages, body wall consists of
firm, non living resistant cuticle, epidermis, and a
muscle layer – longitudinal muscles.
◈ A cavity present between body wall and digestive
tract not lined with mesothelium. Hence it is called
pseudocoelom – which is filled with pseudocoelom
fluid (high pressure fluid)
◈ Digestive tract is straight with mouth and anus at
ends.
◈ Parasitic – cause infections such as elephantiasis, pin
worms, round worms

43. Phylum
Annelida –
segmented
worms
◈ Body form – soft, elongated, cylindrical.
Divided into segments or metameres by ring
like grooves called annuli
◈ Bilateral symmetry
◈ Triploblastic – three germ layers – ecto, meso
and endoderm – organ system level of
organisation
◈ Have simple, unjointed locomotory
appendages called parapodia
◈ True coelom – ceolomates
◈ Hydrostatic skeleton – fluid filled coelom
◈ Cutaneous respiration, closed circulatory
system

45. Phylum
Arthropoda –
animals with
jointed feet/
appendages –
largest phylum
in the animal
kingdom
◈ Crabs, spiders, scorpions, prawns, centi and millipedes,
insects
◈ Body form - Segmented externally to varying degrees,
◈ Segments are grouped into two regions – tagmata ( head and
trunk/cephalothorax, thorax) or three segments – head,
thorax and abdomen – segments not separated internally
◈ Bilateral symmetry
◈ Triploblastic – organ system level of organization
◈ Head bears many fused segments –sense organs, simple
/compound eyes –ommatidia
◈ Segments bear appendages
◈ Ecdysis, moulting of exoskeleton containing chitin, protein.
◈ Haemocoel – body cavity consists of blood

47. Phylum
Mollusca – the
soft bodied or
shelled
animals
◈ Mussles, oysters, snails, slugs, squids, cuttle fish,
octopus,
◈ Body form – variety of shapes, unsegmented – (except
– Neopilina)
◈ Generally bilateral symmetry, some are assymetrical
such as snails due to torsion or twisting during growth
◈ Triploblastic, differentiated body with anterior head
with sense organs
◈ Mantle / pallium present – a thin fleshy fold covers
the body
◈ Mentle secretes an eternal slimy shell which may be
inner(cuttle fish), reduced or even absent – octopus
◈ Coelom is greatly reduced
◈ Sexes are separate – fertilisation is internal or external

49. Phylum
Echinodermat
a – the spiny
skinned
animals
◈ Starfish, brittle fish, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea
cucumbers, sea lillies
◈ Body in various shapes – star, cylindrical, melon like
◈ Radial symmetry in adults and bilateral symmetry in larvae
◈ Radial symmetry is pentamerous
◈ Triploblastic – organ system level of organisation
◈ Body lacks head
◈ Tube feet
◈ Thick dermis containing calcerous plates
◈ True coelom
◈ Sexes are separate – asexual and sexual reproduction occurs

51. Phylum
Protochordata
◈ Animals are bilaterally symmetrical,
◈ triploblastic and have a coelom.
◈ notochord, at least at some stages during their lives.
◈ The notochord is a long rod-like support structure
(chord=string) that runs along the back of the animal
separating the nervous tissue from the gut.
◈ It provides a place for muscles to attach for ease of
movement.
◈ Protochordates may not have a proper notochord present at
all stages in their lives or for the entire length of the animal.
◈ Protochordates are marine animals.
◈ Examples are Balanoglossus, Herdemania and Amphioxus

52. Balanogloss
us

53. Amphioxu
s
Herdemania

54. SubPhylum
Vertebrata –
Phylum
Chordata
true vertebral
column and
internal skeleton
These animals have a true vertebral column
and internal skeleton, allowing a completely
different distribution of muscle attachment
points to be used for movement.
Vertebrates are
bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic,
coelomic and segmented, with complex
differentiation of body tissues and organs.

55. Vertebrates
◈ All chordates possess the following
features:
� have a notochord
� have a dorsal nerve cord
� are triploblastic
� have paired gill pouches – pharyngeal slits
� are coelomate.

56. Vertebrate
classes
Pisces
Aves
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia

57. Class Pisces
◈ Aquatic animals
◈ Class comprises of fish
◈ Their skin is covered with scales/plates.
◈ They obtain oxygen dissolved in water by using gills.
◈ The body is streamlined, and a muscular tail is used for
movement.
◈ They are cold-blooded
◈ hearts have only two chambers
◈ They lay eggs generally .
◈ Skeletons made entirely of cartilage, such as
◈ Sharks
◈ Some with a skeleton made of both bone and cartilage, such
as tuna or rohu

58. Class
Amphibia ◈ lack of scales
◈ Have mucus glands in the skin, and a
three-chambered heart.
◈ Respiration is through either gills or
lungs.
◈ They lay eggs.
◈ These animals are found both in water
and on land.
◈ Frogs, toads and salamanders

59. Class Reptilia
◈ These animals are cold-blooded
◈ have scales and breathe through lungs.
◈ Most of them have a three-chambered
heart, crocodiles have four heart
chambers.
◈ They lay eggs with tough coverings and
do not need to lay their eggs in water,
unlike amphibians.
◈ Snakes, turtles, lizards and crocodiles

60. Class Aves
◈ These are warm-blooded animals and
have a four-chambered heart.
◈ They lay eggs.
◈ There is an outside covering of feathers,
and two forelimbs are modified for flight.
◈ They breathe through lungs.

61. Class
Mammalia ◈ Mammals are warm-blooded animals with
four-chambered hearts.
◈ They have mammary glands for the
production of milk to nourish their
young.
◈ Their skin has hair as well as sweat and oil
glands.
◈ A few of them, like the platypus and the
echidna lay eggs, and some, like
kangaroos give birth to very poorly
developed young ones.