The document summarizes biologist's classifications of living organisms into kingdoms. It discusses the five kingdom system proposed by Whitaker, which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is defined by characteristics like cell structure, nutrition, and whether organisms are unicellular or multicellular. Examples are provided for key subgroups within each kingdom.

1. DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS

2. Hierarchy(sectors) of Classification Groups Biologists as Ernst Haeckel(1984),Robert Whittaker(1959)Carl Woese(1977) have tried to classify all living organisms into broad categories , called kingdom.

3. Whittaker’s five kingdom Monera Protista Fungi Plantae AnimaliaThey formed on the basis of their Cell Structure .

4. MoneraThese organisms dont have a defined nucleus or organelles, nor do any of them show multicellular body design.Mode of Nutrition:- Autotrophic/Heterotrophic.Example:- Bacteria , Blue green algae, Cyanobacteria. Bacteria Cyanobacteria Blue green algae

5. ProtistaIt includes many kind of unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Some of these organisms use appendages , such as hair –like cillia or whip –like flagella for moving around .Mode of Nutrition:-Autotrophic/Heterotrophic Parameciem Amoeba Protozoa

6. FungiThese organism are heterotrophic. They use decaying organic organism as food and are called saprophytes(Sada gala).They have cell walls made of a tough complex sugar called chitin .Aspergillus Penicillium Agaricus

7. The Five Kingdom classificationOrganisms Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Unicellular Unicelluar Multicellular Monera Protista With cell wall Without cell wallDo not perform Able to perform Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Animallia Fungi Plantae

8. PlantaeThese are multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls. They are autotrophs and use chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

9. ThallophytaPlants that dont have well differented body design fall in this group.The plants in this are called algae. These plants are predominantly aquatic. Spirogyra Ulva Cladophora

10. BryophytaThese are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.The body is commonly diffrentiated to form stem and leaf-like structures .There is no specialised tissue for conduction of water and substances from one part to another. Funaria Marchantia

11. PteridophytaIn this the plant body is diffrentiated into roots stem and leaves and has specialiased tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part to another. Marsilea Fern HorseTail

12. GymnospermThis term is made from two greek words:-gymno-means naked and sperm means seeds.The plant of tthis group bear naked seeds and are usually perenial(which live more than 2 years) Pines Deodar

13. AngiospermThe word is made from two greek words:- angio means covered and sperma- means seed.The seed develops inside an organ which is modified to become a fruit called flowering plant.Its embryos in seed have structures called ‘seed’ leave. Paphiopedium Ipomoea

14. AnimaliaThese are orgamnism which are eukaryotic multicellular and

15. PORIFERAThe word means organisms with holes . These are non motile animals animals attached to some solid support.There are holes or pores over all body. Euplectelea Sycon Spongilla