6.4 What can you see?
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Different models of the Solar System and how beliefs influenced them, How evidence from observations helps improve models, How scientists get evidence about the Universe now
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Chapter 01 Tests
This document contains a conceptual test with multiple choice questions about astronomy and the history of models of the solar system. It includes questions about Ptolemy's geocentric model, Copernicus' heliocentric model, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's astronomical observations, and Newton's law of universal gravitation. The test assessed understanding of concepts like retrograde motion, epicycles, and how different scientific theories accounted for observations at the time.
99 years modern astronomy
This document discusses the progression of ideas in astronomy from ancient Greek thinkers to Isaac Newton. It describes the models proposed by Claudius Ptolemy, Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei. Kepler discovered the elliptical orbits of planets and his three laws of planetary motion. Newton then proposed his law of universal gravitation to explain what causes planets to remain in orbit. By the late 1600s, it had been established that the Sun is at the center of the solar system and that planets move according to the principles of inertia and gravitation.
History Of Astronomy
1) Astrology claims personality and life are determined by star and planet positions at birth, but lacks scientific evidence.
2) Ancient Greeks first tried explaining natural events without gods. Ptolemy reasoned Earth was the center of the universe, an idea accepted for 1500 years due to visual appearance.
3) Copernicus found evidence for a sun-centered solar system, upsetting many. Kepler used Tycho Brahe's data to discover elliptical orbits and laws of planetary motion.
Astronomys changing nature
Part 1 summarizes how our understanding of the universe has changed from Ptolemy's geocentric model to Copernicus' heliocentric model. It discusses Ptolemy devising the earth-centered model in the 2nd century, Copernicus publishing his sun-centered model in 1542, and Galileo's telescope observations supporting Copernicus.
Part 2 discusses Johannes Kepler publishing his three laws of planetary motion between 1609-1618. The first two laws were in Astronomia Nova in 1609, with the third published in Harmonices Mundi in 1618. It also provides historical context by mentioning events from 1609, and the impact and acceptance of Kepler's laws over time.
History Of Astronomy (Complete)
- The Galileo probe explored Jupiter and its moons from 1995-2003, discovering evidence of subsurface oceans on Europa and volcanic activity on Io. It was the first spacecraft to fly by an asteroid and discover a moon orbiting an asteroid.
- Col. Eileen Collins was the first female shuttle commander, commanding missions STS-93 in 1999 and STS-114 in 2005. She has logged over 872 hours in space.
- The Mars Pathfinder mission in 1997 proved that a rover could be placed on Mars cheaply, sending back over 17,000 photos and 15 chemical analyses before ending in 1997.
What is astronomy
Astronomy is the study of anything outside Earth's atmosphere. It began as people observing the sky to track the seasons. Today, astronomers use various tools like telescopes, satellites, and probes. There are about 15,000 professional astronomers worldwide and 300,000 amateur astronomers in the US. Amateur astronomers make observations and discoveries. Astronomy includes areas like observational astronomy using different wavelengths of light, celestial mechanics of planetary motion, and theoretical astronomy of developing models.
6.3 Why satellites stay up
Satellites stay in orbit around Earth because there is no friction in space to slow them down, and they are in a constant state of freefall due to gravity providing the centripetal force needed to maintain their orbit. Gravity from Earth pulls satellites inward, while their horizontal movement allows them to constantly "miss" Earth and remain in orbit. Artificial satellites can be used for purposes such as communications, weather monitoring, and GPS, while natural satellites include the Moon.
Evolution and Astronomy
This document discusses the interrelated topics of evolution, astronomy, and paleontology. It provides an overview of how our understanding of these fields has changed over time as evidence and new discoveries have accumulated. Examples are given of astronomical phenomena like galaxy classification and the expanding universe. The document also notes how impacts from asteroids and comets have shaped the evolution of life on Earth and continue to pose risks. Links are provided for exercises to explore related topics in more depth.
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Chapter 01 Tests
This document contains a conceptual test with multiple choice questions about astronomy and the history of models of the solar system. It includes questions about Ptolemy's geocentric model, Copernicus' heliocentric model, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's astronomical observations, and Newton's law of universal gravitation. The test assessed understanding of concepts like retrograde motion, epicycles, and how different scientific theories accounted for observations at the time.
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This document discusses the progression of ideas in astronomy from ancient Greek thinkers to Isaac Newton. It describes the models proposed by Claudius Ptolemy, Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei. Kepler discovered the elliptical orbits of planets and his three laws of planetary motion. Newton then proposed his law of universal gravitation to explain what causes planets to remain in orbit. By the late 1600s, it had been established that the Sun is at the center of the solar system and that planets move according to the principles of inertia and gravitation.
History Of Astronomy
1) Astrology claims personality and life are determined by star and planet positions at birth, but lacks scientific evidence.
2) Ancient Greeks first tried explaining natural events without gods. Ptolemy reasoned Earth was the center of the universe, an idea accepted for 1500 years due to visual appearance.
3) Copernicus found evidence for a sun-centered solar system, upsetting many. Kepler used Tycho Brahe's data to discover elliptical orbits and laws of planetary motion.
Astronomys changing nature
Part 1 summarizes how our understanding of the universe has changed from Ptolemy's geocentric model to Copernicus' heliocentric model. It discusses Ptolemy devising the earth-centered model in the 2nd century, Copernicus publishing his sun-centered model in 1542, and Galileo's telescope observations supporting Copernicus.
Part 2 discusses Johannes Kepler publishing his three laws of planetary motion between 1609-1618. The first two laws were in Astronomia Nova in 1609, with the third published in Harmonices Mundi in 1618. It also provides historical context by mentioning events from 1609, and the impact and acceptance of Kepler's laws over time.
History Of Astronomy (Complete)
- The Galileo probe explored Jupiter and its moons from 1995-2003, discovering evidence of subsurface oceans on Europa and volcanic activity on Io. It was the first spacecraft to fly by an asteroid and discover a moon orbiting an asteroid.
- Col. Eileen Collins was the first female shuttle commander, commanding missions STS-93 in 1999 and STS-114 in 2005. She has logged over 872 hours in space.
- The Mars Pathfinder mission in 1997 proved that a rover could be placed on Mars cheaply, sending back over 17,000 photos and 15 chemical analyses before ending in 1997.
What is astronomy
Astronomy is the study of anything outside Earth's atmosphere. It began as people observing the sky to track the seasons. Today, astronomers use various tools like telescopes, satellites, and probes. There are about 15,000 professional astronomers worldwide and 300,000 amateur astronomers in the US. Amateur astronomers make observations and discoveries. Astronomy includes areas like observational astronomy using different wavelengths of light, celestial mechanics of planetary motion, and theoretical astronomy of developing models.
6.3 Why satellites stay up
Satellites stay in orbit around Earth because there is no friction in space to slow them down, and they are in a constant state of freefall due to gravity providing the centripetal force needed to maintain their orbit. Gravity from Earth pulls satellites inward, while their horizontal movement allows them to constantly "miss" Earth and remain in orbit. Artificial satellites can be used for purposes such as communications, weather monitoring, and GPS, while natural satellites include the Moon.
Evolution and Astronomy
This document discusses the interrelated topics of evolution, astronomy, and paleontology. It provides an overview of how our understanding of these fields has changed over time as evidence and new discoveries have accumulated. Examples are given of astronomical phenomena like galaxy classification and the expanding universe. The document also notes how impacts from asteroids and comets have shaped the evolution of life on Earth and continue to pose risks. Links are provided for exercises to explore related topics in more depth.
Universe
The document discusses the composition and origins of the universe. It describes the universe as being made up of 4.6% baryonic matter, 24% cold dark matter, and 71.4% dark energy. It explains how stars are formed from clouds of gas and dust within galaxies, and how stars undergo nuclear fusion to produce heavier elements. The document outlines evidence that supports the Big Bang theory of the universe's origins, such as the cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift of distant galaxies. It also describes theories that preceded the Big Bang theory, such as the steady state model, and summarizes the evolution of the universe according to the Big Bang theory.
The History of Astronomy
The document traces the development of scientific understanding of the solar system from ancient times to the modern era. It describes early geocentric models proposed by Anaximander and Ptolemy that placed Earth at the center. Later thinkers such as Aristarchus, Copernicus, and Galileo proposed heliocentric models with the Sun at the center. Kepler determined orbits were elliptical rather than circular, and Newton explained planetary motion through universal gravity. Edwin Hubble's discovery of an expanding universe led to the development of the Big Bang theory.
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Gravitational collapse of an interstellar molecular gas cloud led to the formation of the Proto-Sun surrounded by a rotating gas and dust disk. Over time, grain aggregates and planetesimals formed from the disk, eventually coalescing into the planets. Observational evidence from young stars and solar system materials support this model of solar system formation from a solar nebula.
History of Astronomy
1) The document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Babylonians to modern times, outlining major discoveries and theories.
2) Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, who developed increasingly accurate models of the solar system and universe.
3) Milestones include Copernicus' heliocentric theory, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's astronomical observations with telescopes, and Einstein's theories of relativity.
History Of Astronomy
Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences, with early civilizations like those in ancient China and at Stonehenge making careful records of astronomical phenomena. The field advanced significantly with Greek philosophers and scientists developing early mathematical models. Claudius Ptolemy created an influential geocentric model of the Solar System in his work The Almagest. Later, Nicolaus Copernicus developed the first heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Johannes Kepler then established his three laws of planetary motion, and Isaac Newton later formulated his law of universal gravitation and invented calculus, greatly advancing our understanding of astronomy.
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The document provides an overview of the structure and composition of the observed and non-observed universe. It discusses models that have been proposed to explain the universe, such as the Brahmanda, Aristotelian, Copernican, and Big Bang models. The observed universe consists of visible components like stars, galaxies, and clusters, as well as non-visible parts like microwaves, radio waves, and infrared radiation. It also describes the solar system and laws of physics relevant to cosmology like Hubble's law and Einstein's field equations. Finally, it notes that while normal matter makes up only 4% of the universe, non-observed dark matter and dark energy comprise 96% of the total composition.
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1) Early civilizations made observations of celestial objects to predict seasons and aid in navigation. The geocentric model proposed by Aristotle placed Earth at the center of the universe.
2) Planets were observed to move irregularly compared to other celestial bodies. Ptolemy proposed epicycles to explain retrograde motion within his geocentric model.
3) Copernicus suggested a heliocentric model where Earth and planets orbit the sun. Galileo's observations with a telescope supported this model.
4) Kepler developed his laws of planetary motion describing elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus. Newton later described universal gravitation explaining the forces at work.
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Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy). In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.
Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time.
The universe
The document defines the universe as the totality of existence including planets, stars, and galaxies. It then provides information about the solar system, including details about Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, asteroids, and all the major planets ending with Pluto. It notes there are over 300 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy and 100 billion galaxies in the visible universe. The document also briefly discusses scientific observations of the universe, the Big Bang theory, and notes some interesting facts like the number of grains of sand on Earth's beaches is approximately equal to the total number of stars in the universe.
Early model of the Universe
The document discusses early models of the universe including the ideas that the Earth was flat and then spherical. It describes models from Greek philosophers like Aristotle who believed the Earth was at the center of the universe and surrounded by spheres carrying the planets and stars. Later models from Copernicus, Brahe and Kepler placed the Sun at the center with Earth and other planets orbiting around it, moving astronomy toward a heliocentric understanding of the solar system.
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Studying the origins of the Universe and exploring it helps us build our civilization. Exploring how our civilization came into existence has evolved our ability of thinking and understanding our surrounding and also the universe in a better way. Our curiosity to get the answer to every query in relation to the origin and existence of universe has helped us to discover and build better technology that we so ungratefully enjoy in all walks of life. Humans have managed to advance in every field of technology, medicines, energy and telecommunication.
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The document provides an overview of the early history of astronomy from ancient Greeks to modern times. It discusses that ancient Greeks held an Earth-centered view but Aristarchus proposed a Sun-centered model. Later, Ptolemy developed an Earth-centered model using epicycles to explain planetary motions. In the 1500s-1600s, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton helped establish the modern heliocentric model through observations and laws of planetary motion and gravity.
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A. history of astronomy
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient Greek ideas of a geocentric universe to Copernicus' heliocentric model.
2. Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, who developed the geocentric model that dominated for over 1000 years, and Copernicus, who proposed placing the Sun at the center.
3. Kepler later determined that planets orbit in ellipses rather than circles, establishing his three laws of planetary motion.
History of Astronomy
Astronomy is known as the science of the entire universe beyond the Earth. It includes the Earth’s gross physical properties: its mass and rotation, as they interact with other bodies of the solar system.
ASTRONOMY (THE UNIVERSE)
1) The document discusses the origin of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. It describes how the universe began as a very small, dense point and has been expanding ever since.
2) The Big Bang theory gained support in 1964 with the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation by Penzias and Wilson. This provided evidence that the universe had a hot, dense beginning.
3) The theory proposes that nearly 14 billion years ago, the entire visible universe was condensed into a very high density and high temperature condition, and then began rapidly expanding.
Early Models of the Universe
The document summarizes several historical models of the universe:
1) Eudoxus of Cnidus proposed a geocentric model in the 4th century BC with concentric spheres and the first systematic explanation of planetary motion.
2) Aristotle also proposed a geocentric model, believing Earth was stationary at the center and composed of four elements.
3) Aristarchus proposed the first heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC, placing the Sun at the center with the Earth and planets orbiting it.
4) Ptolemy proposed a refined geocentric model in the 2nd century AD explaining planetary motions with epicycles and deferents.
5) Copernicus published his he
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5.2 a weight problem
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The document discusses the composition and origins of the universe. It describes the universe as being made up of 4.6% baryonic matter, 24% cold dark matter, and 71.4% dark energy. It explains how stars are formed from clouds of gas and dust within galaxies, and how stars undergo nuclear fusion to produce heavier elements. The document outlines evidence that supports the Big Bang theory of the universe's origins, such as the cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift of distant galaxies. It also describes theories that preceded the Big Bang theory, such as the steady state model, and summarizes the evolution of the universe according to the Big Bang theory.
The History of Astronomy
The document traces the development of scientific understanding of the solar system from ancient times to the modern era. It describes early geocentric models proposed by Anaximander and Ptolemy that placed Earth at the center. Later thinkers such as Aristarchus, Copernicus, and Galileo proposed heliocentric models with the Sun at the center. Kepler determined orbits were elliptical rather than circular, and Newton explained planetary motion through universal gravity. Edwin Hubble's discovery of an expanding universe led to the development of the Big Bang theory.
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Gravitational collapse of an interstellar molecular gas cloud led to the formation of the Proto-Sun surrounded by a rotating gas and dust disk. Over time, grain aggregates and planetesimals formed from the disk, eventually coalescing into the planets. Observational evidence from young stars and solar system materials support this model of solar system formation from a solar nebula.
History of Astronomy
1) The document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Babylonians to modern times, outlining major discoveries and theories.
2) Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, who developed increasingly accurate models of the solar system and universe.
3) Milestones include Copernicus' heliocentric theory, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's astronomical observations with telescopes, and Einstein's theories of relativity.
History Of Astronomy
Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences, with early civilizations like those in ancient China and at Stonehenge making careful records of astronomical phenomena. The field advanced significantly with Greek philosophers and scientists developing early mathematical models. Claudius Ptolemy created an influential geocentric model of the Solar System in his work The Almagest. Later, Nicolaus Copernicus developed the first heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Johannes Kepler then established his three laws of planetary motion, and Isaac Newton later formulated his law of universal gravitation and invented calculus, greatly advancing our understanding of astronomy.
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The document provides an overview of the structure and composition of the observed and non-observed universe. It discusses models that have been proposed to explain the universe, such as the Brahmanda, Aristotelian, Copernican, and Big Bang models. The observed universe consists of visible components like stars, galaxies, and clusters, as well as non-visible parts like microwaves, radio waves, and infrared radiation. It also describes the solar system and laws of physics relevant to cosmology like Hubble's law and Einstein's field equations. Finally, it notes that while normal matter makes up only 4% of the universe, non-observed dark matter and dark energy comprise 96% of the total composition.
Galaxy Forum NY 11 - charles liu
This document discusses galaxies and our cosmic future. It begins by describing our own Milky Way galaxy and showing images of other galaxies, including spiral and elliptical galaxies. It then discusses galaxy luminosity functions and observations made using large telescopes. The document concludes by noting it was presented by Charles Liu at the American Museum of Natural History on September 23, 2011 and was about galaxies and our cosmic future.
History Of Astronomy (Thru Newton)
1) Early civilizations made observations of celestial objects to predict seasons and aid in navigation. The geocentric model proposed by Aristotle placed Earth at the center of the universe.
2) Planets were observed to move irregularly compared to other celestial bodies. Ptolemy proposed epicycles to explain retrograde motion within his geocentric model.
3) Copernicus suggested a heliocentric model where Earth and planets orbit the sun. Galileo's observations with a telescope supported this model.
4) Kepler developed his laws of planetary motion describing elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus. Newton later described universal gravitation explaining the forces at work.
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Astronomy is the scientific study of objects and matter beyond Earth's atmosphere. There are four main types of astronomy: astrophysics, astrometry, astrogeology, and astrobiology. Astronomers study the origin and workings of the universe and its objects. Some core subjects in astronomy include physics, mathematics, quantum mechanics, and electromagnetic waves. To become an astronomer requires at least a bachelor's degree in astronomy, physics, or a related field, which provides the necessary scientific skills and knowledge. Astronomy involves scientific observation and study, whereas astrology involves the belief that the positions of the stars and planets can affect human lives.
The Origin of Modern Astronomy
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy). In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.
Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time.
The universe
The document defines the universe as the totality of existence including planets, stars, and galaxies. It then provides information about the solar system, including details about Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, asteroids, and all the major planets ending with Pluto. It notes there are over 300 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy and 100 billion galaxies in the visible universe. The document also briefly discusses scientific observations of the universe, the Big Bang theory, and notes some interesting facts like the number of grains of sand on Earth's beaches is approximately equal to the total number of stars in the universe.
Early model of the Universe
The document discusses early models of the universe including the ideas that the Earth was flat and then spherical. It describes models from Greek philosophers like Aristotle who believed the Earth was at the center of the universe and surrounded by spheres carrying the planets and stars. Later models from Copernicus, Brahe and Kepler placed the Sun at the center with Earth and other planets orbiting around it, moving astronomy toward a heliocentric understanding of the solar system.
Basics of the universe
Studying the origins of the Universe and exploring it helps us build our civilization. Exploring how our civilization came into existence has evolved our ability of thinking and understanding our surrounding and also the universe in a better way. Our curiosity to get the answer to every query in relation to the origin and existence of universe has helped us to discover and build better technology that we so ungratefully enjoy in all walks of life. Humans have managed to advance in every field of technology, medicines, energy and telecommunication.
Origins of mordern astronomy
The document provides an overview of the early history of astronomy from ancient Greeks to modern times. It discusses that ancient Greeks held an Earth-centered view but Aristarchus proposed a Sun-centered model. Later, Ptolemy developed an Earth-centered model using epicycles to explain planetary motions. In the 1500s-1600s, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton helped establish the modern heliocentric model through observations and laws of planetary motion and gravity.
6.1 Introduction
This document contains learning outcomes for different levels of understanding of science concepts related to the solar system, satellites, gravity, and models. It includes outcomes for levels 4 through 8 that cover topics such as looking up data in tables, explaining friction in space, describing how models of the solar system have changed, explaining how scientists use models, calculating weight from mass, relating satellite properties to their uses, and explaining limitations of models.
A. history of astronomy
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient Greek ideas of a geocentric universe to Copernicus' heliocentric model.
2. Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, who developed the geocentric model that dominated for over 1000 years, and Copernicus, who proposed placing the Sun at the center.
3. Kepler later determined that planets orbit in ellipses rather than circles, establishing his three laws of planetary motion.
History of Astronomy
Astronomy is known as the science of the entire universe beyond the Earth. It includes the Earth’s gross physical properties: its mass and rotation, as they interact with other bodies of the solar system.
ASTRONOMY (THE UNIVERSE)
1) The document discusses the origin of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. It describes how the universe began as a very small, dense point and has been expanding ever since.
2) The Big Bang theory gained support in 1964 with the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation by Penzias and Wilson. This provided evidence that the universe had a hot, dense beginning.
3) The theory proposes that nearly 14 billion years ago, the entire visible universe was condensed into a very high density and high temperature condition, and then began rapidly expanding.
Early Models of the Universe
The document summarizes several historical models of the universe:
1) Eudoxus of Cnidus proposed a geocentric model in the 4th century BC with concentric spheres and the first systematic explanation of planetary motion.
2) Aristotle also proposed a geocentric model, believing Earth was stationary at the center and composed of four elements.
3) Aristarchus proposed the first heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC, placing the Sun at the center with the Earth and planets orbiting it.
4) Ptolemy proposed a refined geocentric model in the 2nd century AD explaining planetary motions with epicycles and deferents.
5) Copernicus published his he
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This document discusses the difference between mass and weight. It explains that mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and stays constant wherever the object goes, while weight is the force exerted on an object by gravity and depends on the gravitational field. It provides examples of how the weight of an object would change on different celestial bodies due to variations in gravity. The document also describes how to measure weight using a spring scale and includes questions at different levels about mass, weight, and gravity.
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7.6 hsw blowing in the wind
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6.5 HSW What lies beneath
1) Gravity surveys measure differences in gravitational attraction across Earth's surface. Denser rocks like iron pull down more strongly than less dense rocks like sand.
2) Geologists use gravimeters to detect these differences and map underground features without digging, such as springs, rivers, volcanic bases, and evidence of ice sheet loss.
3) Satellites also create gravity maps from space, showing areas of high and low gravitational pull that can reveal underground rock movements and ocean currents.
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6.9 how a radio works
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1.9 what are we made of
1. Scientists can determine the temperature and chemical composition of stars like the Sun by analyzing their light spectra, which show unique absorption patterns for each element.
2. The Sun cannot be simply a burning ball of gas, as it would have consumed all its fuel long ago. Nuclear fusion within the Sun combines hydrogen nuclei into helium, releasing energy over billions of years.
3. Heavy elements like those found on Earth are produced when larger stars undergo supernovae, fusing hydrogen and helium into heavier elements through successive nuclear fusion until the star explodes, distributing these elements throughout the universe.
5.5 ohms law
This document provides instruction on Ohm's Law, including learning objectives to investigate the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R). It presents Ohm's Law that current (I) equals voltage (V) divided by resistance (R), and includes examples of calculating current given voltage and resistance. Practice questions are provided for students to calculate values using Ohm's Law.
Making a loudspeaker
Sounds are produced by vibrations that travel through a medium such as air. The document discusses how to construct and test a loudspeaker. It instructs the reader to plug in the speaker, turn on the voltage, switch it on at the mains, and listen as they move their ear closer to identify how the sound changes and what causes this. The learning objectives are to describe how sounds are produced, construct a loudspeaker, and explain how a loudspeaker works.
6.6 electromagnetic waves
This document describes electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum. It states that electromagnetic waves travel through empty space at 300,000 km/s as transverse waves, transferring energy. It distinguishes light and sound waves, noting that light waves are transverse waves that do not require a medium, while sound waves are longitudinal waves that require a solid, liquid, or gas medium. The document discusses that electromagnetic radiation comes in quanta called photons, with higher frequency photons having more energy. It lists the types of electromagnetic radiation in order of frequency/energy - radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays - providing some examples of uses for each type. It encourages recalling the detrimental health
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Part I: The shape of the Milky Way
1. Look up the morphological classification of the Milky Way. There is a bit more to it than “spiral”. Look for information on morphological classification in text books and/or online. Find out the shape of the Milky Way galaxy.
[Type answer here]
2. Identify the parts the Milky Way. Some possible parts of a galaxy are: bulge, disk, halo, bar, or arm. Knowing the type of galaxy the Milky Way is, you should be able to identify the types of features the Milky Way has. Create a physical model of the Milky Way and identify the features it has. (A globe is an example of a physical model of Earth.) Describe your model and label all possible parts.
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3. Use your planetarium software to observe the Milky Way from the northern and southern hemispheres. Based on your observations (without the aid of telescopes or other wavelengths of light outside the visible range) explain how these observations support the conclusion that we live in a galaxy with the shape of your model. Further, determine in what part of the galaxy the Sun must be located to see the Milky Way as we do.
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The document summarizes key facts about the Earth:
1) The planet we live on is called Earth. It gets its heat and light from the Sun. The Moon is Earth's natural satellite and orbits Earth once every 28 days.
2) A diagram labels that one side of Earth experiences nighttime while the other experiences daytime due to its rotation on its axis.
3) Additional facts provided are that Earth's year has 365 days, a leap year occurs every 4 years, Earth orbits the Sun in 365.25 days, and Earth completes one spin every 24 hours.
7 l1 the earth in space
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This document outlines learning objectives related to understanding the motion of objects in space, including: how the Earth revolves around the sun and rotates on its axis, causing day/night and seasons; how the tilt of the Earth's axis causes seasons; why we see phases of the Moon and solar/lunar eclipses occur; how to distinguish between stars and planets based on their motion; and how our understanding of the universe has developed over time through scientific observation.
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6.4 bending light
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Mark scheme
This document is a coursework assessment form for a GCE Advanced Subsidiary physics course. It provides criteria for evaluating student coursework in 5 areas: [1] the quality and independence of the student's research briefing, [2] the use and understanding of physics demonstrated, and [3] the selection, summarizing, explanation, and [4] understanding/critical thinking shown in the student's work. Scores from 1-5 are given for each criterion, with 5 being the highest score. The form also includes the student's name and ID number for record keeping purposes.
Booklet
1. The document provides guidance for students on completing a research briefing on a topic of their choosing in physics.
2. Students are instructed to independently research their topic from a variety of sources, consider the social or historical context of the physics, and communicate their findings in a 2000 word written report.
3. The document offers advice on choosing a suitable narrow but exploratory topic, conducting independent research, citing sources, and knowing when to stop research and begin writing their report.
Checklist
This document provides a checklist for students to follow when completing research reports. It includes 14 items that students should ensure they have completed, such as typing the report on A4 paper, numbering pages, including an aim, summary, and word count on the second page, putting tables and graphs in an appendix, and structuring the report with an introduction, body paragraphs, analysis, evaluation of sources, and bibliography. Students are also instructed to credit all information sources, write their own analysis, and explain how different areas of physics link together in their report.
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6.4 What can you see?
- 1. 6.4 What can you see? October 17, 2010 A man and his son were in a car crash. The father died, but the son was critically injured and rushed to hospital. When he reached the operating table, the doctor on duty looked at him and said ‘Oh goodness, it's my son!’ How can this be?
- 2. Student target Teacher Comment % Level Lesson Learning outcomes Before Learned Revised 6.2 I can look up data in tables. (Level 4) 6.2 I can explain that there is no friction in Space. (Level 4) 6.2 I can remember that gravity holds planets in orbit around the Sun, and the Moon and satellites in orbit around the Earth. (Level 4) 6.3 I can describe the uses of some satellites. (Level 4) 6.4 I can describe how models of the Solar System have changed over time. (Level 4) 6.4 I can describe the current model of the Solar System. (Level 4) 6.5 I can describe weight as a force. (Level 4) 6.6 I can explain how scientists use models to describe things (Level 4) 6.2 I can explain how to improve the accuracy of experiments. (Level 5) 6.2 I can explain how friction affects the motion of objects. (Level 5) 6.2 I can explain how to take measurements accurately. (Level 5) 6.3 I can explain the difference between natural and artificial satellites. (Level 5) 6.4 I can explain why the Sun seems to move across the sky. (Level 5) 6.5 I can calculate weight from mass. (Level 5) 6.6 I can describe the motion of objects under simple conditions. (Level 5) 6.3 I can relate the properties of a satellite to its use. (Level 6) 6.4 I can relate observations in history to Solar System models. (Level 6) 6.5 I can describe the use of gravity meters to explore underground. (Level 6) 6.2 I can explain the link between the gravitational attraction of an object and force and distance. (Level 7) 6.3 I can describe the way that gravitational attraction causes satellites to orbit. (Level 7) 6.5 I can explain how a gravity meter works. (Level 7) 6.6 I can describe the motion and gravitational affects of spacecraft visiting the Moon from Earth. (Level 7) 6.2 I can discuss Cavendish’s experiment in detail. (Level 8) 6.3 I can describe the relationship between orbital speed, distance and gravitational attraction. (Level 8) 6.3 I can describe the relationship between planet size, distance from Sun and surface conditions.(Level 8) 6.6 I can explain the limitations and uses of a variety of models. (Level 8)
- 24. This was first proposed by______________. It drew on Galileo’s and Copernicus’ claim that_________________________. Newton believed that it was ____________________________. It required the understanding that ____________________________
- 25. This was first proposed by… ( Newton ). It drew on Galileo’s claim that…( the Earth orbits the Sun ). Newton believed that it was ( natural forces not gods that lead to planetary motion ). It required the understanding that… ( gravitational forces act through space, the Earth is a sphere ).