This document discusses the Copernican Revolution in astronomy. It explains that early models placed Earth at the center of the universe, but they could not explain observations of planetary motion. Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not Earth, is at the center of the solar system. Galileo then used a telescope to observe features of the moon, sunspots, and Jupiter's moons that supported Copernicus' model. Kepler analyzed detailed observations by Tycho Brahe to develop his three laws of planetary motion, establishing that planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus. Galileo and Kepler's work revolutionized astronomy by displacing Earth from the center and establishing the foundations of modern science.

1. Guess Whoat!
The student will be divided into 2 and
fall the line,
Each student will guess who and what
is the character of the given mystery
picture,

3. GEOCENTRIC
UNIVERSE

5. HELIOCENTIC
UNIVERSE

7. NICHOLAS
COPERNICUS

9. CLAUDIUS
PTOLOMY

11. GALILEO
GALILEI

13. JOHANNES
KEPLER

15. TYCHO
BRAHE

16. Find the Answer.
The student will be divided into 3, each
group will be given 10mins to collaborate
and search with group member of the
given questions.

17. 1. Give four ways to demonstrate that
Earth is spherical.
2. Explain, according to both geocentric
and heliocentric cosmologies, why we see
retrograde motion of the planets.
3. What were four of Galileo’s discoveries
that were important to astronomy?

18. Now tell us!
After gathering ideas, each group
will present to the class the data
they have accomplish with their
groupmates, after presenting each
group will receive prices.

19. The Copernican
Revolution
Presenter: Ms. Valerie A. Esparrago

20. THE COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
THE BIRTH OF MODERN ASTRONOMY
THE LAWS OF THE PLANETARY MOTION
THE MOTIONS OF THE PLANETS

21. OBJECTIVES
 Differentiate geocentric and heliocentric Universe.
 Explain Galileo’s historic observation.
 Explain the Brahe’s and Kepler’s observation of planetary
motion.

22. The Copernican Revolution
In the Space Age, our perspective on the universe
has shifted from the ancient belief that Earth holds a
central position to the modern understanding that we
are just one planet among many orbiting the Sun.
This transformation reflects the rise of science and
modern astronomy, displacing humanity from a
central role but offering a wealth of scientific
knowledge in return.

23. The Motions of the Planets

24. The Geocentric Universe
The earliest solar system models were geocentric,
placing Earth at the center with celestial bodies moving in
circular orbits, as influenced by Aristotle. However, this
model couldn't explain variations in planetary brightness
or retrograde motion. Astronomers recognized these
limitations and sought a more accurate model to better
understand the complexities observed in the orbits of the
Sun, Moon, and planets.

25. The Geocentric Universe

26. Planetary Motions
Planets typically move from
west to east relative to the
background stars, but about
once a year, they
experience retrograde
motion, temporarily
reversing their direction
from east to west.

27. Geocentric Model
To explain retrograde motion,
in the geocentric model of the
solar system, each planet was
thought to follow a small
circular orbit (the epicycle)
about an imaginary point that
itself traveled in a large,
circular orbit (the deferent)
about Earth.

28. Ptolemaic Model
Ptolemy's geocentric model of
the inner solar system, which
was widely accepted before
the Renaissance. The diagram
depicts basic features, drawn
approximately to scale, with
dashed partial paths
representing only two planets,
Venus and Jupiter, to prevent
confusion.

29. The Geocentric Universe

30. Retrograde Motion
The Copernican model
clarifies variations in
planetary brightness and
retrograde motion. It
demonstrates that Mars
appears brighter when closer
to Earth and explains how
Earth's faster orbit causes
apparent backward motion
relative to the stars.

31. The Birth of Modern
Astronomy
In the century following the death of Copernicus, two
scientists, Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler made
indelible imprints on the study of astronomy. Each
achieved fame for his discoveries and made great strides
in popularizing the Copernican viewpoint.

32. Galileo’s Historic
Observation
Galileo Galilei's groundbreaking use of the telescope to observe
phenomena like the Moon's mountains, sunspots, and Jupiter's
moons revolutionized science, challenging the prevailing
geocentric model and supporting the heliocentric theory
proposed by Copernicus. His work established the foundation for
modern experimental science, demonstrating that Earth is not
the center of the universe and paving the way for further
advancements in astronomy and physics.

34. The Laws of Planetary
Motion
During Galileo Galilei's rise, Johannes Kepler, a German
astronomer, unveiled laws describing planetary motion,
relying on the observations of Tycho Brahe. While Galileo
pioneered telescopic observation, Kepler's theoretical
framework, built on Brahe's data, reshaped celestial
understanding. Their collaboration bridged observation
and theory, revolutionizing astronomy and laying the
foundation for modern science.

35. Kepler’s First Law
Planets' orbits are ellipses, not
circles, with the Sun at one focus.
The shape can be described by
eccentricity (distance between
foci to major axis length).
Most planets have near-circular
orbits, justifying older models'
success.

36. Kepler’s Second Law
An imaginary line from Sun
to planet sweeps equal areas
of the ellipse in equal times.
Planets move faster when
closer to the Sun and slower
when farther away.
This applies to any orbiting
object, not just planets.

37. Kepler’s Third Law
Squares of planets' orbital periods
are proportional to cubes of their
semimajor axes (average distance
from the Sun). Easier to express
when using Earth year and
astronomical unit (Earth's orbit
size) as units. Applies to all
planets, even those unknown in
Kepler's time.

38. Kepler's laws provided
accurate predictions for
planetary positions, validating
their scientific merit.
They marked a significant shift
in understanding planetary
motion and paved the way for
further discoveries

39. Brahe’s Complex Data
Most of his observations, which
predated the invention of the
telescope by several decades,
were made at his own
observatory, named Uraniborg.
There, using instruments of his
own design, Tycho maintained
meticulous and accurate records
of the stars, the planets, and
noteworthy celestial events.

40. Essay time na!
Write your answer in ½ sheet paper, 5point each.
1. What was the great contribution of Copernicus
to our knowledge of the solar system?
2. Briefly describe Kepler’s three laws of planetary
motion

41. Let's wrap it up
and see what
we've learned!

42. CONCLUSION
Nicolaus Copernicus revolutionized Renaissance Europe
with his book De Revolutionibus, introducing the
heliocentric cosmology which posited Earth as a planet
orbiting the Sun, thereby challenging the geocentric
view of the universe. While retaining the notion of
uniform circular motion, Copernicus dethroned Earth
from its central position. Galileo Galilei, observations of
celestial bodies through his telescope. Galileo's
observations and persuasive writings contributed
significantly to the acceptance of the Copernican theory
among his scientific contemporaries.

43. A WARM
THANK YOU
TO ALL OF YOU!