6.5 HSW What lies beneath
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1) Gravity surveys measure differences in gravitational attraction across Earth's surface. Denser rocks like iron pull down more strongly than less dense rocks like sand. 2) Geologists use gravimeters to detect these differences and map underground features without digging, such as springs, rivers, volcanic bases, and evidence of ice sheet loss. 3) Satellites also create gravity maps from space, showing areas of high and low gravitational pull that can reveal underground rock movements and ocean currents.
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- The moon orbits Earth about every 27 days while also spinning on its axis. It is approximately 384,000 km from Earth.
- In 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first astronauts to land on the moon as part of the Apollo 11 mission. They wore spacesuits due to the moon's lack of atmosphere and temperature changes.
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7.6 hsw blowing in the wind
This document contains questions about generating electricity from wind power for a science lesson. It asks students to list electrical items and what they transfer energy to. It then provides multiple choice and open-ended questions about the benefits and drawbacks of wind power, how to calculate the energy output of power stations and wind turbines, and how to determine the number of turbines needed to power different locations. The document aims to have students analyze data and draw conclusions about wind energy.
7.4 electric lives (1)
The document discusses factors to consider when choosing household appliances like TVs, washing machines, and fridges. It explains that all appliances have European energy labels that show efficiency ratings, and people were initially shocked by these labels. It also discusses how reducing energy transferred as movement and sound or reducing water use for washing can lower electricity usage. Sankey diagrams are introduced as a way to show how energy transfers within machines.
6.9 how a radio works
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This document discusses particle energy and temperature. It explains that the parameter kT represents the average kinetic energy of particles at temperature T in Kelvin. It provides examples of kT values for different temperatures and locations, ranging from interstellar space to the center of the sun. The hottest locations discussed are the center of the sun, with a temperature of 15 million Kelvin and a particle energy of 2.07x10-16 Joules, and the center of a supernova, with a temperature of 10 million Kelvin and a particle energy of 1.38x10-12 Joules.
2.14 how did it all happen
1. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is one of about 100 billion galaxies in the universe. It is estimated that there are 100 billion galaxies in the universe.
2. Light from distant galaxies is redshifted, meaning it is shifted toward the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is evidence that the universe is expanding.
3. According to the Big Bang theory, the universe began as a single point about 13.7 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. Radiation left over from the Big Bang, called the cosmic microwave background radiation, has been detected and provides support for the Big Bang theory.
1.7 craters
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2.8 x ray studies
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6.5 hsw what lies beneath
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The document summarizes key facts about the Earth:
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2) A diagram labels that one side of Earth experiences nighttime while the other experiences daytime due to its rotation on its axis.
3) Additional facts provided are that Earth's year has 365 days, a leap year occurs every 4 years, Earth orbits the Sun in 365.25 days, and Earth completes one spin every 24 hours.
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A day is the time it takes for the Earth to spin on its axis. A month is the time it takes for the Moon to orbit the Earth. A year is the time it takes for the Earth to orbit once around the Sun. The document contains information about the definitions of a day, month, and year according to the movement and positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun in space. It also lists learning objectives about describing and explaining the motions that cause days, months, years, and seasons.
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This document outlines learning objectives related to understanding the motion of objects in space, including: how the Earth revolves around the sun and rotates on its axis, causing day/night and seasons; how the tilt of the Earth's axis causes seasons; why we see phases of the Moon and solar/lunar eclipses occur; how to distinguish between stars and planets based on their motion; and how our understanding of the universe has developed over time through scientific observation.
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Sounds are produced by vibrations that travel through a medium such as air. The document discusses how to construct and test a loudspeaker. It instructs the reader to plug in the speaker, turn on the voltage, switch it on at the mains, and listen as they move their ear closer to identify how the sound changes and what causes this. The learning objectives are to describe how sounds are produced, construct a loudspeaker, and explain how a loudspeaker works.
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Pupils conducted a sound experiment in a playground to investigate how walls cast sound shadows. They took sound level measurements at various points around the playground using a sound meter after making a standard sound. The measurements showed lower sound levels in positions located behind walls and structures relative to the sound source, demonstrating the shadowing effect of walls on sound propagation.
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Forces making a force meter
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6.3 food glorious food
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Assignment 6.2
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6.4 bending light
Light changes direction when moving between different materials due to refraction. An experiment is described where a glass block is used to refract light rays entering at various angles, and the angles are measured and graphed. The graph shows the relationship between the incident and refracted angles, with the refracted angle increasing as the incident angle increases. This property of refraction is important for applications like lenses and understanding optical illusions.
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6.4 bending light
1. Light changes direction when moving between different materials due to refraction. Scientists studying refracting telescopes need accurate information on how light refracts when moving between air and glass.
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The document describes an experiment to determine the laws of reflection. [1] Students are instructed to use a mirror, light source, and protractor to measure the angle of incidence and reflection of light rays. [2] They will shine light at a mirror from various angles and measure the corresponding reflected angles to see if the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. [3] By plotting their results on a graph, students can evaluate whether the evidence supports the statement that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
6.3 giant mirror
A village in Italy installed a large mirror on a mountain opposite their village to direct sunlight into the village. The mirror helped brighten the village by reflecting sunlight into the dark areas between the mountains. Villagers could now grow crops that previously did not receive enough sunlight. The mirror demonstrated how reflected light can help illuminate dark spaces.
6.2 energy everywhere
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Mark scheme
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6.5 HSW What lies beneath
- 1. 17 October 2010 6.5 HSW: What lies beneath? What is the difference between mass and weight?
- 6. Gravity map You may think that the force of gravity of the Earth is the same all over the Earth but it isn’t At the Earth’s surface, the Earth pulls object towards its centre with a force of 9.8 N on every kilogram of mass (9.8 N/kg) Another way is saying that one kilogram will accelerate by 9.8 m/s every second (9.8 m/s2) This value can change depending on where you are standing and what you are standing on
- 7. Gravity surveys Rocks are made from different materials. Some are made of sand while others contain denser material like iron A dense materials is one which is heavy for its size Think of a block of iron compared with a block of polystyrene. When you stand on the rock with iron you are pulled down more strongly than where you are standing on rock made of sand
- 9. Gravity surveys Geologists carry out gravity surveys to investigate these differences in gravitational attraction They use a spring with a mass on the end to measure the gravitational attraction in each place This is called a gravimeter The stronger the force, the more the spring stretches
- 11. Hidden secrets Gravity surveys help us work out what is below the surface without having to dig or drill They can reveal underground springs, rivers and volcanic bases as well as evidence that the Antarctic ice sheet is losing ice
- 13. Examples Geophysicists: Look for underground rock movements that might show an earthquake is about to occur Oceanographers Look for changes in ocean currents and climate Archaeologists: Look are remains of walls and buildings to help inform them of where to investigate
- 14. The view from space Satellites can now measure gravity variation from Space to produce gravity maps like the one of the Earth The red parts are areas of high gravity
- 16. Questions A block of iron and a block of polystyrene are the same size Which block has more mass? Which provides a greater force of gravitational attraction? (4)
- 17. Questions The force on a 1 kg block at the Earth’s surface is on average 9.8 N What is the force on a 50 kg pupil? What are the weights of the block and the pupil? (5)
- 18. Question Suggest why scientists use colours rather than numbers on the map to represent changes in gravity. (qualitatively) What is the advantage of presenting the data numerically? (quantitatively)
- 19. Questions Create a key to go with the gravity map of Antarctica Suggest which colours should represent medium, low and very low gravity areas. (7)
- 20. Question As well as showing areas of high density, gravity maps also show the locations of mountains and valleys. Why would a mountain appear different to a valley? (8)