A Hypothesis is a supposition or explanation (theory) that is provisionally accepted in order to interpret certain events or phenomena, and to provide guidance for further investigation. This presentation elucidates hypothesis in research.
A Hypothesis is a supposition or explanation (theory) that is provisionally accepted in order to interpret certain events or phenomena, and to provide guidance for further investigation. This presentation elucidates hypothesis in research.
Writing a research proposal is a very important step for research at any level. Good quality research is always based on a perfectly planned outline. The meaning & the procedure of writing a research proposal is described in the given presentation.
Media Research- Research Hypothesis
We start with a research question, develop specific hypotheses to test, collect the data and then use statistical analysis to test them
But what exactly is this analysis we use?
It is more elementary the hypothesis may be “any such guess, imaginative idea which becomes the basis for further investigation”.
Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research.
For a researcher hypothesis is a formal question that he intends to resolve.
Characteristics of hypothesis
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
Criteria for good hypotheses
Compatible with current knowledge
Logical Consistent
Testable (should not be null)
Succinct (to the point)
The extended essay (EE) is a mandatory core component of the IB Diploma Programme. It is a research paper of up to 4,000 words giving students an opportunity to conduct independent research or investigation on a topic that interests them. Like the theory of knowledge (TOK) essay, TOK presentation, and participation in creativity, action, service activities, submitting an extended essay is a prerequisite for award of the Diploma.
Inductive & deductive reasoning (advance research methodology)ErTARUNKASHNI
Definition of Reasoning
Types of Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Comparison inductive vs deductive Reasoning
Literature review of advance research methodology
Babitha's Note on Research Problem & ObjectivesBabitha Devu
A research problem statement is an enigmatic stage for an emerging scholar. This presentation will help to brush up your skills when you state a good research question.
This Slide is all about the objective of Research. The Syllabus of Master's has been covered.(Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar) Paper Code-CC-301 A. The Content was collected from INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH by Mr. Syed Muhammad Sajjad Kabir (Curtin University). The Slide was a template of Slidesgo.
Writing a research proposal is a very important step for research at any level. Good quality research is always based on a perfectly planned outline. The meaning & the procedure of writing a research proposal is described in the given presentation.
Media Research- Research Hypothesis
We start with a research question, develop specific hypotheses to test, collect the data and then use statistical analysis to test them
But what exactly is this analysis we use?
It is more elementary the hypothesis may be “any such guess, imaginative idea which becomes the basis for further investigation”.
Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research.
For a researcher hypothesis is a formal question that he intends to resolve.
Characteristics of hypothesis
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
Criteria for good hypotheses
Compatible with current knowledge
Logical Consistent
Testable (should not be null)
Succinct (to the point)
The extended essay (EE) is a mandatory core component of the IB Diploma Programme. It is a research paper of up to 4,000 words giving students an opportunity to conduct independent research or investigation on a topic that interests them. Like the theory of knowledge (TOK) essay, TOK presentation, and participation in creativity, action, service activities, submitting an extended essay is a prerequisite for award of the Diploma.
Inductive & deductive reasoning (advance research methodology)ErTARUNKASHNI
Definition of Reasoning
Types of Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Comparison inductive vs deductive Reasoning
Literature review of advance research methodology
Babitha's Note on Research Problem & ObjectivesBabitha Devu
A research problem statement is an enigmatic stage for an emerging scholar. This presentation will help to brush up your skills when you state a good research question.
This Slide is all about the objective of Research. The Syllabus of Master's has been covered.(Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar) Paper Code-CC-301 A. The Content was collected from INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH by Mr. Syed Muhammad Sajjad Kabir (Curtin University). The Slide was a template of Slidesgo.
During the Scientific Revolution, Francis Bacon and other natural philosophers developed inductive reasoning as an alternative to the deductive method that had been in use since Aristotle's time. Today, both methods are used by those trying to understand the universe in which we live.
This is a case study done by me as a part of my in-service education progamme in my institution...hope this may help all nurses who wants to do a case study.
Writing introduction, hypothesis and objectives of a thesis and scientific pa...Md. Nazrul Islam
This is the guideline for writing a thesis or scientific paper for MS students.
- Introduction
- Background and Setting
- Identification of Problem
- Definitions of hypothesis
- Types of hypotheses
- Guidelines for writing objectives and research questions
- Purpose Statement
- Objectives or Research Questions
- Assumptions
- Limitations
- Significance of The Study
A Research problem is a problem that a researcher wants to solve moreover, it is an issues or a concern that an investigator / researcher presents and justifies in a research study.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
3. 3
Introduction
• Any research must have clear aims and
objectives.
The aim (goal ) and objectives must be stated
at the very beginning of the study, since they
will guide the researcher during the process
formulating research questions and
hypothesis.
4. •They will enable the reader or consumer
of the work to judge whether the
researcher had achieved these objectives
or not.
5. What are aims
Aims are simple and broad
statements of intent that describe
what the study wants to achieve.
6. •Example
Problem statement
Effect of Problem Based Learning on The
Achievement of Nursing Students in
Postpartum Units
Aim of the study:
To study the effect of problem based learning
on the achievement of nursing students in
postpartum units.
7. Definition of Research Objective
• Objectives refer to expected or intended
researcher outcomes.
• Specific knowledge, skills, or attitudes that
researcher are expected to achieve through
their college experience.
8. Research Objectives
The research objectives should be:
–Closely related to the research question
–Covering all aspects of the problem
–Very specific
–Ordered in a logical sequence
–Stated in action verbs that could be evaluated
e.g. to describe, to identify, to measure, to
compare, etc.
–Achievable, taking into consideration the
available resources and time
9. SMART Objectives
• S Specific
• M Measurable
• A Achievable
• R Relevant
• T Time-bound
10. Research objectives
•Properly formulated, specific objectives
will facilitate the development of the
research methodology and will help to
orient the collection, analysis,
interpretation and utilization of data.
11. Research
area
Cardiology
Research
topic
Ischemic heart disease
Research
problems
The effect of reducing serum
cholesterol on the occurrence of
myocardial infraction.
Research
question
Does hypocholesterolemic agent "A"
decrease the risk of myocardial
infraction?
Research aim To contribute in prevention of
ischemic heart disease.
Objective To determine the effect of reducing
s. cholesterol on the incidence of
myocardial infraction.
12. Research Questions:
• The formulation of research question
is a process of refinement of the
research objectives into a simple
questions that the study should
answer
13. 1-Question is consider the fundamental of research , it1-Question is consider the fundamental of research , it
help the research to clarify in her mind thosehelp the research to clarify in her mind those
questions which need to be answer.questions which need to be answer.
2-Help to understand stage of the research process.2-Help to understand stage of the research process.
3-Variety of question formats reflects the type of3-Variety of question formats reflects the type of
research carried out and the personal preference ofresearch carried out and the personal preference of
researchers.researchers.
Purpose of Research Questions
14. 3-The terms and concepts used by the3-The terms and concepts used by the
researcher must be defined in ways thatresearcher must be defined in ways that
can be understood by others who readcan be understood by others who read
the article or reportthe article or report..
15. Is a concise, interrogative statement that isIs a concise, interrogative statement that is
worded in the present tense and include one orworded in the present tense and include one or
more variables.more variables.
Formulation of Research Questions
CharacteristicCharacteristic
ss
Research question may be description of variable,Research question may be description of variable,
oror
Examination of relationship among variables, orExamination of relationship among variables, or
Determination of differences between two or moreDetermination of differences between two or more
16. For ExampleFor Example
1- How is a variable1- How is a variable “X”“X” described in a specifieddescribed in a specified
population? “description” .population? “description” .
2- What is the relationship between variable2- What is the relationship between variable “X”“X”
and,and, “Y”“Y” in a specified population?in a specified population?
“Relational”.“Relational”.
3- Is there difference between group3- Is there difference between group ”1”,”1”, andand
“2”“2” regarding variableregarding variable “X”“X” ? “difference”? “difference”
17. 4- Is there is relationship between using nursing4- Is there is relationship between using nursing
care and the incidence of pressure sores?care and the incidence of pressure sores?
5- Is there a policy on the prevention and5- Is there a policy on the prevention and
treatment of pressure sores?treatment of pressure sores?
6- Do nurses have the necessary knowledge6- Do nurses have the necessary knowledge
required and skills to prevent and treatrequired and skills to prevent and treat
pressure sore?pressure sore?
For Example
18. Definition of hypotheses:
• Hypothesis is a statement of the research question in
a measurable form
• Hypothesis is a formal statement of the expected
relationships among variables.
• Hypothesis is a statement of predicted relationships
between two or more variables.
• A testable hypothesis states the anticipated
association between one or more independent and
one or more dependent variables.
19. Wording of Hypotheses
• A good hypothesis is worded in simple,
clear, and concise language.
• The hypothesis statement should be specific
enough so that readers understand what the
variables are and whom researchers will be
studying.
20. When is a hypothesis formulated?
• A hypothesis is formulated after the problem
has been stated
• It is formulated when the researcher is totally
aware of the theoretical and empirical
background to the problem.
21. The purpose and function of a hypothesis:
• It offers explanation for the relationships between
variables that can be tested.
• It Provides a proof that the researcher has sufficient
background knowledge to enable him/her to make
suggestions in order to extend existing knowledge.
• It gives direction to investigation.
• It structures the next phase in the examination of the
problems.
22. Characteristics of good
hypothesis:
• It is testable
• It is logical
• It is directly related to the research problem
• It is factually or theoretically based
• It states a relationship between variables
• It is stated in such a form that it can be accepted or
rejected.
23.
24. 1. Simple and Complex
a. Simple Hypothesis
contains one independent variable and one dependent
variable.
• Examples of a simple hypothesis:
1-There is relationship between smoking [IV] and lung cancer
[DV]
25. Simple and Complex
b. Complex Hypothesis
Predicts the relationship between 3 or more variables
• Example of a complex hypothesis—multiple
independent variables:
Among breast cancer survivors, emotional
wellbeing [DV] is influenced by the women’s self-
esteem [IV1], their resourcefulness [IV2] and their
degree of social support [IV3]
26. 2- Directional and Non-Directional
a. Directional Hypothesis
Tells the reader the direction of the relationship between
the two variables = more specific about the nature of
the relationship
• Directional hypothesis may read,”…is more than..”,
“…will be lesser..”
• Example:
“Children with high IQ will exhibit more anxiety than
children with low IQ”
27. Directional and Non-Directional Hypothesis
b. Non-Directional Hypothesis
Do not specify the nature of the relationship between the
variables
• It may read, “..there is a difference between..”
Example:
“There is a difference in the anxiety level of the children of
high IQ and those of low IQ.”
28. 3- Null Hypothesis
• A null hypothesis
Is a statement that there is no actual relationship
between variables.
• Example:
• “There is no significant difference in the anxiety
level of children of High IQ and those of low IQ.”
• Passive smoking has no relation to lung
cancer
29.
30. LOCATING RELEVANT LITERATURE FOR A
RESEARCH REVIEW
1-Electronic resources
• The two electronic databases that are
most likely to be useful to nurse
researchers:
• 1- CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and
Allied Health Literature). WWW. Cinahl. com
• 2- MEDLINE (Medical Literature On-Line).
• 2-Print resources