Chapter 5 (hypothesis formulation)
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This document discusses hypothesis formulation in research. It defines a hypothesis as a proposed explanation for an observable phenomenon that can be tested scientifically. Hypotheses are formulated based on literature reviews, popular beliefs, the researcher's experience, and knowledge gaps. They should be clear, testable, and specific. Researchers use a null hypothesis (Ho) and alternative hypothesis (Ha). The null hypothesis asserts there is no difference or relationship, while the alternative specifies what the researcher believes to be true. Rejecting the null means the alternative is accepted. Examples of objectives and hypotheses in rural research fields are provided.
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A blind man who sees is better than a seeing man who is blind.
Persian Proverb
Never believe on faith, see for yourself! What you yourself don’t learn, you don’t know.
Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956)—
Twentieth-Century German Playwright
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
1
Goals of Cross-Cultural Research
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
Imagine, a researcher wants to find similarities and differences between arranged marriage practiced in India and nonarranged marriages in the United States and how they affect marital stability. What does the psychologist aim to pursue in this particular project?
First, the researcher wants to describe the findings of this research.
Then, when some differences between ethnic groups are found, the researcher tries to explain whether these factors affect stability.
The practical value of the study may be significant if it not only explains but also predicts the factors that should determine successful marital relationships in both studied groups.
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Love marriages are like hot soup that cool overtime, arranged marriages are like cold soup that warm up.
-Outsourced
“There is never a time or place for true love. It happens accidentally, in a heartbeat, in a single flashing, throbbing moment.”
― Sarah Dessen, The Truth About Forever
Different cultures and even people within these cultures have different perspectives on love and marriage.
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First, the researcher wants to describe the findings of this research.
Then, when some differences between ethnic groups are found, the researcher tries to explain whether these factors affect stability.
The practical value of the study may be significant if it not only explains but also predicts the factors that should determine successful marital relationships in both studied groups.
Factors that Affect Marital Stability
What we aim to do as cultural psychologists is to describe, explain, and predict behavior.
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Two strategies in cross-cultural research
Application-Oriented
Strategy
Comparativist
Strategy
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
Application oriented attempts to establish research findings obtained in one country to the culture of another. Comparativist trys to find similarities and differences in sampling of cultures.
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equivalence. Indicates that the evidence that the methods selected for the study measure the same phenomenon across other cultures chosen for the study.
Method A is used to study anxiety in France and Italy
Method B is used to study anxiety in India and Pakistan
The results will likely to be incompatible due to the equivalency problem
!
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
Consider a study that measures anxiety using a self-report survey in France but a study which uses observation of a population and measures number of anxiety educing instances in an Indian population. While they may attempt to measure the sa.
Research Hypotheses and its type
This slide contains concept of Research hypothesis and type of hypothesis in context of educational research.
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- A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the solution to a problem that can be tested and verified. It predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
- A good hypothesis is based on existing knowledge, states a clear relationship between variables, and allows for testing and verification.
- Developing a hypothesis involves asking a research question, conducting preliminary research, and formulating a statement about the expected relationship between variables to be tested. Testing a hypothesis aims to determine if it is supported by evidence but does not prove it definitively.
report on data interpretation
This document discusses interpreting data gathered through hypothesis testing. It explains that educational research deals with descriptive and statistical data, and statistical analysis is used to present findings for interpretation. A hypothesis is a prediction about the relationship between variables, and can be confirmed or refuted. The null hypothesis represents no difference between variables, and is rejected if it lies outside the confidence level, meaning there is a statistically significant difference. Statistical significance means enough data was collected to show differences exist, but does not necessarily mean the differences are important. The statistical test determines if a hypothesis is correct by analyzing how likely the experimental results are due to chance alone.
RURAL RESEARCH METHOD AND METHODOLOGY ,,, Hypothesis In Research
This document defines and discusses hypotheses. It begins by defining a hypothesis as an assumption made based on evidence that serves as the starting point for an investigation. It then outlines the key characteristics of hypotheses and different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, directional, non-directional, null, and associative/causal hypotheses. Examples are provided for each type. The document concludes by explaining the functions of hypotheses and how they help in the scientific method.
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Hypothesis – Meaning, Definition, Importance, Characteristics and Types
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RURAL RESEARCH METHOD AND METHODOLOGY ,,, Hypothesis In Research
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Chapter 5 (hypothesis formulation)
- 1. 1 Chapter – 5 Hypothesis Formulation
- 2. 2 Contents Hypothesis – meaning, stage and sources Characteristics of hypothesis Approaches -Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis Concern of researchers Some examples of objectives and hypotheses in the field of rural research
- 3. 3 Hypothesis refers to a mere assumption to be accepted or rejected. It is a proposed explanation for an observable phenomenon. In research, it is a formal question that the researcher intends to resolve. It is a predictive statement, capable of being tested by scientific methods. It is a proposition which can be put to a test to determine its validity. Meaning of Hypothesis
- 4. 4 Hypotheses are formulated on the knowledge acquired through literature survey – conceptual and empirical. Stage of Formulation of Hypotheses
- 5. 5 1. Survey of literature 2. Popular beliefs and practices 3. Experience of Researcher 4. Environment in which research is to be carried out 5. Gaps in knowledge 6. Culture of Researcher Sources of Formulation of Hypotheses
- 6. 6 Should be clear and precise otherwise inferences drawn on its basis cannot be taken as reliable. Should be capable of being tested. Should state relationship between variables, if it happens to be a relational hypothesis. Should be limited in scope and must be specific (A narrower hypothesis is more testable). Characteristics of Hypothesis
- 7. 7 Should be stated as far as possible in most simple terms for easy understanding by all. Should be consistent with most known facts (must be consistent with a substantial body of established facts – educated guesses). Should be possible to testing within a reasonable time.
- 8. 8 Approaches Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis Null hypothesis is expressed as Ho. Alternative hypothesis is expressed as Ha. The Ho and Ha are chosen before the sample is drawn
- 9. 9 Null – means invalid, or amounting to nothing. Formulation: Ho is akin to the legal principle that a man is innocent until he is proved guilty. H0 asserts that there is no true difference in the sample and the population in the particular matter under consideration. Null Hypothesis (Ho)
- 10. 10 H0 relates to a statistical method of interpreting conclusions about population characteristics inferred from data collected from samples. Example: Comparison between the effectiveness of rural development policies at two different times. H0: There is no significant difference between the two policies relating to rural development.
- 11. 11 Example: To find out whether there exists any relation between school environment in rural areas and job satisfaction among teachers. H0: There is no significant relationship between school environment and job satisfaction among teachers in rural areas. Result: Rejection of H0 indicates that the difference have statistical significance. Acceptance of H0 indicates that the difference are due to chance.
- 12. 12 Ha specifies those values that the researcher believes to hold true, i.e., sample data lead to acceptance of this hypothesis as true. Example: Comparison between the effectiveness of rural development policies at two different times. Ha: The first Policy is more effective to the next policy or the other way. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
- 13. 13 Approaches Null Hypothesis ( Ho) Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) Rejected Means : Ha accepted AcceptedMeans: Ho Rejected
- 14. 14 Rejecting the H0 is known as establishing Ha. Principles: Ha is usually the one which one wishes to accept. H0 is the one which one wishes to reject/disprove, i.e. H0 represents the hypothesis a researcher wants to reject.
- 15. 15 Objective: 1. To assess the difference in academic achievement of girls as compared to boys at primary level of education in rural areas. Hypothesis: 1. Ho: There is no significant difference on academic achievement of girls as compared to boys at primary level of education in rural areas. Examples of Objectives and Hypotheses in Rural Research
- 16. 16 Objective: 1. To examine the extent of inter-province and intra-province disparities in development at all levels in Cambodia. Hypotheses: 1. Ho: There does not exist any disparities in development at all levels among the provinces in Cambodia.
- 17. 17 Hypothesis: 2. Ho: There does not exist any disparities in development at all levels among the districts within a province in Cambodia. 3. Ho: There does not exist any disparities in development at all levels among the communes within a district in Cambodia. (One objective but many hypotheses)
- 18. 18 Individual Quiz and Discussion