This document provides an overview of research methodology. It begins by defining research as an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions. It then discusses key aspects of research methodology including types of research, research paradigms, quantitative versus qualitative approaches, and the main components and building blocks of research methodology. Specifically, it outlines different research designs, data collection methods, the importance of participants and sources of data, and considerations around reliability, validity, pilot studies, data analysis, and ethics.

1. Research Methodology
Presenter:
Amba Datt Pant
Lecturer (Health Education)
Dadeldhura Campus, Dadeldhura
Contact: 9848727259
Mail ID: ambadatt24@gmail.com
Presented To:
Theis Orientation Program
4th Semester, M. Ed. (ODL
Program)
Date: 2078-05-03
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4/6/2022

2. Introduction of Research
Re ------------- Search
 Re means (once more, afresh,
anew) OR (back; with return to a
previous state)
 Search means (look thorough or go
over thoroughly to look something)
OR (examine to find anything
hidden)
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3. Research?
 Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way
of FINDING ANSWERS to QUESTIONS.
 “A collection of methods and methodologies that
researchers apply systematically to produce scientifically
based knowledge about the social world”. - (Neuman)
 Research must be systematic and follow a series of steps and a rigid
standard protocol. These rules are broadly similar but may vary slightly
between the different fields of science.
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4. Types of Research
 Quantitative Research
 Qualitative Research
 Basic Research
 Applied Research
 Longitudinal Research
 Historical Research
 Descriptive Research
 Comparative Research
 Explorative Research
 Explanatory Research
 Causal Research
 Theory-testing Research
 Theory-Building Research
 Action Research
 Classification research
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5. Methodology/Methods
 Methodology & methods, two terms are often treated as synonyms.
Methodology is broader and envelops methods. It is understanding the
social-organizational context, philosophical assumptions, ethical
principals and political issues of the enterprise of researchers who use
methods.
 Methods:
Methods are set of specific techniques for selecting cases, measuring and
observing aspects of social life, gathering and refining data, analyzing data
and reporting on results.
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6. Contents of Methodology should include
 Philosophical Stances /attitudes
(Research Paradigms)
 Research Design
 Population and Sample
 Research Tools
 Techniques/procedure of Data
collection
 Source of Data
 Reliability, and validity or
Credibility/Trustworthiness
 Pilot Study (if applicable)
 Methods of Data Analysis
 Ethical Consideration
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7. Philosophy
 Philosophy comes from the Greek words philos/philia, meaning “love”,
and sophos/sophia, meaning “wisdom”.
 It is a love of wisdom/knowledge.
 A guide to a way of life.
 The study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected
with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
 Philosophy is the ability to feel at ease in any society. –Aristippus
 According to Plato, philosopher is the one who has a taste for every sort
of knowledge and who is anxious to learn and is never satisfied, being in
search of new ideas, new knowledge with the help of growing wisdom.
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8. Types of Philosophy
1. Eastern Philosophy:
 Hinduism
 Buddhism
 Taoism
 Confucianism
 Mysticism
2. Western Philosophy:
 Rationalism
 Empiricism
 Criticism
 Idealism
 Materialism
 Positivism
 Existentialism
 Modernism
 postmodernism
 Constructivism
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9. Research Paradigms
 The term paradigm was first introduced by Thomas Kuhn in his
landmark book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. He defines it
as ‘an integrated cluster of substantive concepts, variables and
problems attached with corresponding methodological approach and
tools’.
 ‘A basic system or worldview that guides the investigator, not only in
choices of method but in ontologically and epistemologically
fundamental ways’. - Guba and Lincoln
 A broad framework of perception, understanding, belief within
which theories and practices operate.
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10. Synoptic View of PARADIGM ?
a mental model
 a way of seeing
 a filter for one's perceptions
 a frame of reference
 a framework of thought or beliefs through which one's world or
reality is interpreted
 an example used to define a phenomenon
 a commonly held belief among a group of people, such as scientists
of a given discipline
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11. Main Components of a Paradigm
1. Epistemology: The branch of philosophy concerned with the origin,
nature, methods & limits of knowledge.
 Derived from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (reason),
epistemology focuses on the knowledge-gathering process and is
concerned with developing new models or theories that are better than
competing models and theories.
 Ways of Knowing about the World:
•Authority (parents, state, boss, etc.) •Religion (faith, belief, standard,
morals, etc.) •Tradition (we have always done that way, folkways, cultural
patterns, we know how to behave in certain situation) •Intuition •Creativity
•Science and scientific research
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12. Main Components of a Paradigm cont.…
2. Ontology: concerned with being or reality.
The compound word ontology ('study of being') combines
onto- (Greek: ontos, 'being' or 'that which is') and -logia ( 'logical discourse’).
 In short, ontological assumptions are concerned with what we believe
constitutes social reality.

3. Research Methods and Methodology:
Methodology refers to general principles which underline how we investigate the
social world and how we demonstrate that the knowledge generated is valid.
Research methods refers to the more practical issues of choosing an appropriate
research design – perhaps an experiment or a survey – to answer a research
question, and then designing instruments to generate data.
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13. Research Approach/Method
1. Quantitative research
2. Qualitative research
3. Mixed Approach
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14. Distinguish between Quantitative and Qualitative
Quantitative research
• Its purpose is to explain social life
• Is nomothetic – interested in
establishing law-like statements,
causes, consequences, etc.
• Aims at theory testing
• Employs an objective approach
• Is etiological – interested in
explanations over space and time
• Is a closed approach – is strictly
planned
Qualitative research
• Its purpose is to understand social
life
• Is ideographic – describes reality
as it is
• Aims at theory building
• Employs a subjective approach
• Is historical – interested in real
cases
• Is open and flexible in all aspects
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15. Distinguish between Quantitative and Qualitative
Quantitative research
• Research process is predetermined
• Uses a rigid and static approach
• Employs an inflexible process
• Is particularistic, studies elements,
variables
• Employs random sampling
• Places priority on studying
differences
• Employs a reductive data analysis
• Employs high levels of measurement
• Employs a deductive approach
Qualitative research
• Research process is influenced by the
respondent
• Uses a dynamic approach
• Employs a flexible process
• Is holistic – studies whole units
• Employs theoretical sampling
• Places priority on studying similarities
• Employs an explicative data analysis
• Employs low levels of measurement
• Employs an inductive approach
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16. The Building Blocks of Research
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17. Research Design
Qualitative: Case study, Ethnography, Grounded theory,
Phenomenological research, Narrative research etc.
 Quantitative: Survey, Experimental, …….
 Data collection Method: Questionnaire, Interview, FGD, Observation,
 Participants:/ Respondents or informants:
 Research Area:
 Source of Data:
 Reliability, and validity or Credibility/Trustworthiness:
 Pilot Study: (if applicable)
 Methods of Data Analysis:
 Ethical Consideration:
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18. References
Curley, E. (1973).“Experience in Spinoza’s Theory of Knowledge” in Spinoza: A
Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Marjorie Greene, (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday/Anchor Press, 1973), 25-59.
The Divisions and Definition of Philosophy. Philosophy,” Encyclopedia
Britannica (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911) Vol. 21.
 Lynch, M. (2006). What You Need To Know As An Educator: Understanding The
4 Main Branches Of Philosophy.
 Hussain, M. A., Elyas, T., & Nasseef, O. A. (2013). Research paradigms: A
slippery slope for fresh researchers. Life Science Journal, 10(4), 2374–2381.
 https://www.slideshare.net/nagendraamatya/research-paradigms
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19. Thank you Very much
Any query ?
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