I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. It is also named the Gillespie-Nyholm theory after its two main developers, Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Nyholm
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. It is also named the Gillespie-Nyholm theory after its two main developers, Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Nyholm
Introductory PPT on Metal Carbonyls having its' classification,structure and applications.This is a basic level PPT specially prepared for UG/PG Chemistry students.
A very basic look at the dative covalent bond. It is normally met at CAPE, but recently has been introduced to students in form three. It is that form three occurrence which really prompted this piece of work
Introductory PPT on Metal Carbonyls having its' classification,structure and applications.This is a basic level PPT specially prepared for UG/PG Chemistry students.
A very basic look at the dative covalent bond. It is normally met at CAPE, but recently has been introduced to students in form three. It is that form three occurrence which really prompted this piece of work
Properties of coordination compounds part 1Chris Sonntag
Present a short review about Crystal field theory and how we can use the results of it to explain various physico-chemical properties of transition metal complexes.
How do we describe the bonding between transition metal (ions) and their ligands (like water, ammonia, CO etc) ?
The Crystal Field Model gives a simple theory to explain electronic spectra.
Properties of coordination complexes CompleteChris Sonntag
Application of Crystal Field Theory to explain the main physico-chemical properties of Transition Metal Complexes (not organometalic)
In the first part we use this theory to explain several characteristics of coordination complexe.
This presentation will be helpful to beginners on chemical aspects of group theory. Also this ppt consists of videos on mirror plane symmetry and rotational axis of symmetry
Nature of coordination compounds, coordination sphere, coordination number, oxidation state of central metal atom, lewis acids, types of ligands, types of complex(cationic and anionic), Valance bond theory, crystal field theory, werner theory of coordination compounds, Nomenclature of coordination compounds.Eg and t2g ,CFSE, Degeneracy, Application of coordination compounds, Charge of the coordination sphere.
Spatial arrangements, inner and outer orbital complexes, low and high spin complex, spin pair and spin free complexes, isomerism, types of isomerism.
• Ligands
– an ion or molecule which donates electron density to a metal
atom/ion to form a complex
- Lewis base bonded (coordinated) to a metal ion in a coordination complex.
• Coordination Complex
– a central metal atom/ion and its set of ligands
– often an ion itself
• Coordination Compounds
– a neutral species made up in some part of a complex
– often the salt of a coordination complex
• Coordination Number
– the number of ligands in the primary or inner shell of ligands
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. 2
Complex compounds are the most widespread
and diverse class of inorganic substances. They
also include many organometallic compounds
that combine the previously isolated inorganic
chemistry and organic chemistry into a single
entity. Many complex compounds – vitamin
B12
, hemoglobin, chlorophyll and others – play
a great role in physiological and biochemical
processes.
3. 3
The properties and structure of complex
compounds are explained most successfully by
the coordination theory proposed by Alfred
Werner, a Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize winner.
He was one of the founders of the concept of
complex compounds.
4. 4
According to the coordination theory, one of the
ions in a molecule of any complex compound
generally a positively charged one, occupies a
central position and is called a complexing agent or
central ion.
Around it are arranged, or, as we say,
coordinated, a certain number of oppositely charged
ions or electrically neutral molecules called ligands
(or addends) and forming the inner coordination
sphere of the compound. The remaining ions not
accommodated in the inner sphere are farther from
the central ion and form the outer coordination
sphere.
5. 5
For example, the coordination formula of the
complex salt having the composition
PtCl4·2KCl is K2[PtCl6]. Here the inner sphere
consist of a central platinum atom in the
oxidation number +4 and chloride ions, while
the potassium ions are in the outer sphere.
The main characteristic of central ion is the
coordination number. It shows how many
bonds the central ion may forms with ligands.
6. 6
The coordination number is not a constant
quantity for given complexing agent, but also
depends on the nature of the ligand and its
electron properties. Even for the same
complexing agents and ligands, the
coordination number depends on the state of
aggregation, the concentration of the
components, and the temperature of the
solution.
7. 7
Central atom
charge
Coordinative
number
Type of hybrid. Example
+1 2 Sp [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
+2 4,6 sp3
, dsp2
K4[Fe(CN)6]
[Cu(NH3)4]Cl2
+3 6,4 dsp2
K3[Fe(CN)6]
+4 8 d2
sp3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl4]
The Coordination Number
9. 9
The bonds between central ion and ligands are donor-
acceptor (dative).
27
Co 1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d7
4p0
Co+3
[Ar]3d6
4s0
4p0
6 free orbitals remain (6 bonds).
d2
sp3
hybridization
10. 10
Ligands occupying one site in the
inner coordination sphere are called
monodentates (examples of
monodentate ligands are OH , Cl , I ,‾ ‾ ‾
Br , CN , H‾ ‾ 2
O, NH3
). Ligands that
occupy two or several sites in the
inner sphere are called bi- and
polydentates.
11. 11
Classification
I. According to the inner sphere
charge there are:
1.The Anionic complexes - Na2
[NiCl4
]-2
2. The Cationic complexes –
[Zn(NH3
)4
]+2
Cl2
3. The Neutralic complexes –
Pt(NH3
)2
Cl2
]0
12. 12
II. According to the nature of the ligands.
1.Ammines – complexes in which ammonia
molecules are the ligands, for instance [Cu(NH3
)4
]SO4
– tetraamminecupper (II) sulfate; [Co(NH3
)6
]Cl3
–
hexaamminecobalt (III) chloride.
2.Aquacomplexes contain water as the ligand:
[Co(H2
O)6
]Cl2
, [Al(H2
O)6
]Cl3
. Hydrated cations in an
aqueous solution contain an aquacomplex as the
central unit.
13. 13
3.Acidocomplexes. In these complexes, anions
are the ligands. They include complexes of the
double salt type, for example, K2
[PtCl4
], K4
[Fe(CN)6
]
(they can be represented as the product of the
coupling of two salts - PtCl4
·2KCl, Fe(CN)2
·4KCN, etc.),
complex acids – H2
[SiF6
], H2
[CoCl4
],
hydroxocomplexes – Na2
[Zn(OH)4
].
4. Transition series exist between these classes,
which include complexes with different ligands.
K[Pt(NH3
)Cl3
].
14. 14
5.Cyclic, or chelate (from the Greek
word “chele” – claw) complex
compounds contain a bi- or polydentate
ligand that grips the central atom like
the claws of a crab:
:NH2 – CH2
M
:NH2 – CH2
In such complexes, the symbol M stands for a metal
atom, and the arrow depicts a donor–acceptor
mechanism of covalent bonding.
15. 15
Examples of such complexes are the
oxalate complex of iron (III) [Fe(C2O4)3]3-
and the ethylenediamine complex of
platinum (IV) [PtEn3]4+
. The group of
chelates also includes intracomplex
compounds in which the central atom is
part of a ring, forming covalent bonds
with ligands in various ways – donor–
acceptor mechamism of covalent bond
and bonds at the expense of unpaired
atomic electrons.
16. 16
Complexes of this kind are very characteristic of the
aminocarboxylic acids. For example: EDTA
17. 17
Hemoglobin
Chelate compounds are extremely stable because
their central atom is “blocked”, as it were, by the
cyclic ligand. Chelates with five- and six- membered
rings have the highest stability.
18. 18
Naming complexes.
The coordination compounds are named in the
following way.
A. To name a coordination compound, no
matter whether the complex ion is the cation
or the anion, always name the cation before
the anion. (This is just like naming an ionic
compound.)
19. 19
B. In naming the complex ion:
1. Name the ligands first, in alphabetical order, then
the metal atom or ion. Note: The metal atom or ion
is written before the ligands in the chemical formula.
2. The names of some common ligands are listed in
Table 1..
� For anionic ligands end in "-o"; for anions that
end in "-ide"(e.g. chloride), "-ate" (e.g. sulfate,
nitrate), and "-ite" (e.g. nirite), change the endings as
follows: -ate -ideato; -ito.-o; -ite
20. 20
For neutral ligands, the common name of
the molecule is used e.g. H2
NCH2
CH2
NH2
(ethylenediamine). Important exceptions:
water is called ‘aqua’, ammonia is called
‘ammine’, carbon monoxide is called
‘carbonyl’, and the N2
and O2
are called
‘dinitrogen’ and ‘dioxygen’.
21. 21
Anionic
Ligands
Names Neutral
Ligands
Names
Br-
Bromo NH3 Ammine
F-
Fluoro H2O Aqua
O2-
Oxo NO Nitrosyl
OH-
Hydroxo CO Carbonyl
CN-
Cyano O2 Dioxygen
C2O4
2-
Oxalato N2 Dinitrogen
CO3
2-
Carbonato C5H5N Pyridine
CH COO-
Acetato H2NCH2CH2NH2 Ethylenediamine
Table 1. Names of Some Common Ligands
22. 22
3. Greek prefixes are used to designate the
number of each type of ligand in the complex
ion, e.g. di-, tri- and tetra-. If the ligand already
contains a Greek prefix (e.g. ethylenediamine)
or if it is polydentate ligands (ie. can attach at
more than one binding site) the prefixes bis-,
tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-, are used instead. The
numerical prefixes are listed in Table 2.
24. 24
4. After naming the ligands, name the central metal.
If the complex ion is a cation, the metal is named
same as the element. For example, Co in a complex
cation is call cobalt and Pt is called platinum. (See
examples 1-4). If the complex ion is an anion, the
name of the metal ends with the suffix –ate. (See
examples 5 and 6.). For example, Co in a complex
anion is called cobaltate and Pt is called platinate.
For some metals, the Latin names are used in the
complex anions e.g. Fe is called ferrate (not ironate).
25. 25
Name of Metal Name in an Anionic
Complex
Iron Ferrate
Copper Cuprate
Lead Plumbate
Silver Argenate
Gold Aurate
Tin Stannate
Table 3: Name of Metals in Anionic Complexes
26. 26
5. Following the name of the metal, the oxidation
state of the metal in the complex is given as a
Roman numeral in parentheses.
C. To name a neutral complex molecule, follow the
rules of naming a complex cation. Remember: Name
the (possibly complex) cation BEFORE the (possibly
complex) anion.
For historic reasons, some coordination compounds
are called by their common names. For example,
Fe(CN)6
3−
and Fe(CN)6
4−
are named ferricyanide and
ferrocyanide respectively, and Fe(CO)5
is called iron
carbonyl.
28. 28
Isomerism
Structural isomerism
Structural isomerism occurs when the bonds are
themselves different. Linkage isomerism is only one
of several types of structural isomerism in
coordination complexes (as well as other classes of
chemical compounds).
Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomerism occurs with the same bonds in
different orientations relative to one another.
29. 29
Cis-trans isomerism. When two ligands are mutually
adjacent they are said to be cis, when opposite each
other, trans.
31. 31
Stability of Complex Compounds in Solutions.
Constant of Instability.
The aqueous silver forms a complex ion with
ammonia by reacting with NH3
in steps:
Ag+
(aq)
+ NH3 (aq)
[Ag(NH3
)]+
(aq)
Ag(NH3
)+
(aq)
+ NH3 (aq)
[Ag(NH3
)2
]+
(aq)
When we add these equations, we get overall
equation for the formation of the complex ion
Ag(NH3
)2
+
.
Ag+
(aq)
+ 2NH3 (aq)
[Ag(NH3
)2
]+
(aq)
32. 32
The formation constant, or stability constant, Kf
, of a
complex ion is the equilibrium constant for the
formation of the complex ion from aqueous metal
ion and the ligands. Thus, the formation constant of
[Ag(NH3
)2
]+
is:
33. 33
The value of Kf
for [Ag(NH3
)2
]+
is 1.7×107
.
The ionization constant (Ki
) or (Kd
) for a complex ion
is the inverse value of Kf
. The equation for the
dissociation of [Ag(NH3
)2
]+
is:
[Ag(NH3
)2
]+
(aq)
Ag+
(aq)
+ 2NH3 (aq)
and its equlibrium constant is