This document analyzes and compares the system level performance of GFDM and OFDM waveforms in a multi-cell LTE-A like 5G deployment. GFDM is presented as a candidate 5G waveform that offers benefits over OFDM such as reduced out-of-band radiation. The performance of GFDM is evaluated using an LTE-A system model and 3D 3GPP channel model. Results show that GFDM achieves comparable packet error rate and throughput as OFDM while introducing additional benefits for 5G applications.
OFDM allows tightly packed carriers to convey information orthogonally and with high bandwidth efficiency
Objectives Description:
Concepts
Basic idea
Introduction to OFDM
Implementation
Advantages and Drawbacks.
FDMA
Achieving repeatable wireless throughput measurements under realistic conditions has been a monumental challenge for the wireless industry. The reason? Throughput of wireless links is a function of many variables, all of which must be controlled to get repeatable measurements. For benchmark testing, throughput has to be maximized in a manner that is repeatable and reproducible at multiple labs around the world. The challenges and methods of achieving maximum possible throughput and repeatable measurements are the subject of this talk.
OFDM allows tightly packed carriers to convey information orthogonally and with high bandwidth efficiency
Objectives Description:
Concepts
Basic idea
Introduction to OFDM
Implementation
Advantages and Drawbacks.
FDMA
Achieving repeatable wireless throughput measurements under realistic conditions has been a monumental challenge for the wireless industry. The reason? Throughput of wireless links is a function of many variables, all of which must be controlled to get repeatable measurements. For benchmark testing, throughput has to be maximized in a manner that is repeatable and reproducible at multiple labs around the world. The challenges and methods of achieving maximum possible throughput and repeatable measurements are the subject of this talk.
Massive MIMO (also known as “Large-Scale Antenna Systems”, “Very Large MIMO”, “Hyper MIMO”, “Full-Dimension MIMO” and “ARGOS”) makes a clean break with current practice through the use of a large excess of service-antennas over active terminals and time division duplex operation. Extra antennas help by focusing energy into ever-smaller regions of space to bring huge improvements in throughput and radiated energy efficiency. Other benefits of massive MIMO include the extensive use of inexpensive low-power components, reduced latency, simplification of the media access control (MAC) layer, and robustness to intentional jamming. The anticipated throughput depend on the propagation environment providing asymptotically orthogonal channels to the terminals, but so far experiments have not disclosed any limitations in this regard. While massive MIMO renders many traditional research problems irrelevant, it uncovers entirely new problems that urgently need attention: the challenge of making many low-cost low-precision components that work effectively together, acquisition and synchronization for newly-joined terminals, the exploitation of extra degrees of freedom provided by the excess of service-antennas, reducing internal power consumption to achieve total energy efficiency reductions, and finding new deployment scenarios.
Lecture boğaziçi üniversitesi 2016 presentation - offline ping-pong optimiz...Mohamed Siala
Application of ping-pong optimized pulse shaping (POPS) to the offline optimization of the 5G radio interface. Waveform optimization for rectangular as well as hexagonal/quincunx time-frequency lattices. Waveform optimization for different waveform durations at the transmit and receive sides. Discussion on the concept of optimized codebooks of pairs of waveforms, to pave the way for the introduction of Adaptive Waveform Communications (AWC) in 5G.
Focusing on the physical layer of the 5G network, new methodologies, new problems facing the network and solutions for each problem.
topics are:-
Channel Models, Channel Coding, Multiple Access, Smart Antenna, Massive MIMO & Beamforming, Network Architecture, Frame structure & Numerology
addition: exploring the new trends that might be done in the future
Keynote speech, entitled "POPS-OFDM: Ping-pong Optimized Pulse Shaping OFDM for 5G Cellular Systems and Beyond," at the 12th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices (SSD'2015), March 2015, Mahdia, Tunisia
PERFORMANCES OF ORTHOGONAL WAVELET DIVISION MULTIPLEX (OWDM) SYSTEM UNDER AWG...IJCNCJournal
Orthogonal Wavelet Division Multiplexing (OWDM) has been considered as an alternative of Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the recent years. OWDM has lower computational complexity
and higher flexibility compared to its OFDM counterpart. The core component of OWDM is wavelet.
Wavelet has been a much investigated and applied topic in digital image processing for a long time.
Recently, it has drawn considerable attention of the researchers working in communication field. In this
work we investigate the performances of OWDM under different channel conditions. We consider three
channel conditions namely Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Rayleigh, Ricean, and frequency
selective. We consider a number of wavelets namely Haar, Daubechies, Biorthogonal, Reverse
Biorthogonal, Coiflets, and Symlets in OWDM design. For system model we choose Digital Video
Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T). Originally DVB-T system was designed based on OFDM. In this work
we use OWDM instead. The simulation results show OWDM outperforms OFDM in terms of bit error rate
(BER), noise resiliency, and peak-to-average ration. The results also show that the Haar wavelet based
OWDM outperforms other wavelets based OWDM system under all three considered three channel
conditions.
TitanMIMO is the only testbed capable of enabling true 5G Massive MIMO research without compromise.
- Remote or local radio head location
- Validate various waveform propagation schemes
- Optimize network deployment by balancing cost VS performance
- Validate interoperability scenarios
- HetNet, MU-MIMO, and CRAN testbed ready
- Validate, optimize & develop analytic channel models
- Optimize TDD and RF calibration techniques
- Full TDD & FDD support
Still NR Rel.15 was primarily designed for high frequency, high throughput small and mid-range communication systems mostly in dense urban and urban macro environments. In our view, this leaves out a large number of poorly connected populations that live in rural areas without viable solution even for basic broadband communication. We want to address this issue in the NR Rel.17 RAN1 work item on coverage enhancement. Discussion will start tonight in the 3GPP RAN1 e-meeting.
This document discussed open issues regarding coverage in long-distance scenarios. In addition, this document illustrates the baseline coverage performance of extreme long–range rural scenarios for FR1 700 MHz both in DL and UL based on system-level simulations.
Raspberry Pi und Z-Wave - Razberry - Eine EinführungPeter Eulberg
Dies ist die Präsentation zu einem Vortrag, den ich am 28.06.2014 auf der Veranstaltung "Pi and more" in Trier gehalten habe. Nachdem kurz auf Ziele, Standards und weitere Bussysteme für Hausautomatisation eingegangen wird, werden Z-Wave, das Razberry Board (Z-Wave Adapter), dessen Linux Service und die entsprechenden Webinterfaces gezeigt und die Funktionsweise beispielhaft erklärt.
Next generation 5G wireless solutions need to meet the anticipated demands of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications in the 2020 era with the total number of devices expected to be about 50 billion for a projected population of around 8 billion according to an Ericsson report. M2M applications can be classified into two categories: Low-cost wide-area and low-latency ultra-reliable M2M. Low-cost wide-area M2M communication requires simple hardware architecture, integration of significant energy efficiency methods and energy harvesting technologies, and enhanced coverage, for such applications as smart metering, fire alarms, sensor networks. Despite LTE enhancements proposed for this class of M2M, however, LTE is not expected to be dominantly used in the near future due to its low coverage and high cost equipment, according to Cisco VNI Mobile, 2015. More research is needed to natively include this M2M class in 5G networks. On the other hand, low-latency ultra-reliable M2M communication requires satisfying strict delay constraint and ultra-high reliability of such applications as platooning of vehicles, robotic control and interaction, remote health care. Controlling the elements in our environment based on the data provided from these machines in this class of M2M applications requires a paradigm shift for control and communication systems with novel strategies for their joint design in beyond 5G networks.
Massive MIMO (also known as “Large-Scale Antenna Systems”, “Very Large MIMO”, “Hyper MIMO”, “Full-Dimension MIMO” and “ARGOS”) makes a clean break with current practice through the use of a large excess of service-antennas over active terminals and time division duplex operation. Extra antennas help by focusing energy into ever-smaller regions of space to bring huge improvements in throughput and radiated energy efficiency. Other benefits of massive MIMO include the extensive use of inexpensive low-power components, reduced latency, simplification of the media access control (MAC) layer, and robustness to intentional jamming. The anticipated throughput depend on the propagation environment providing asymptotically orthogonal channels to the terminals, but so far experiments have not disclosed any limitations in this regard. While massive MIMO renders many traditional research problems irrelevant, it uncovers entirely new problems that urgently need attention: the challenge of making many low-cost low-precision components that work effectively together, acquisition and synchronization for newly-joined terminals, the exploitation of extra degrees of freedom provided by the excess of service-antennas, reducing internal power consumption to achieve total energy efficiency reductions, and finding new deployment scenarios.
Lecture boğaziçi üniversitesi 2016 presentation - offline ping-pong optimiz...Mohamed Siala
Application of ping-pong optimized pulse shaping (POPS) to the offline optimization of the 5G radio interface. Waveform optimization for rectangular as well as hexagonal/quincunx time-frequency lattices. Waveform optimization for different waveform durations at the transmit and receive sides. Discussion on the concept of optimized codebooks of pairs of waveforms, to pave the way for the introduction of Adaptive Waveform Communications (AWC) in 5G.
Focusing on the physical layer of the 5G network, new methodologies, new problems facing the network and solutions for each problem.
topics are:-
Channel Models, Channel Coding, Multiple Access, Smart Antenna, Massive MIMO & Beamforming, Network Architecture, Frame structure & Numerology
addition: exploring the new trends that might be done in the future
Keynote speech, entitled "POPS-OFDM: Ping-pong Optimized Pulse Shaping OFDM for 5G Cellular Systems and Beyond," at the 12th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices (SSD'2015), March 2015, Mahdia, Tunisia
PERFORMANCES OF ORTHOGONAL WAVELET DIVISION MULTIPLEX (OWDM) SYSTEM UNDER AWG...IJCNCJournal
Orthogonal Wavelet Division Multiplexing (OWDM) has been considered as an alternative of Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the recent years. OWDM has lower computational complexity
and higher flexibility compared to its OFDM counterpart. The core component of OWDM is wavelet.
Wavelet has been a much investigated and applied topic in digital image processing for a long time.
Recently, it has drawn considerable attention of the researchers working in communication field. In this
work we investigate the performances of OWDM under different channel conditions. We consider three
channel conditions namely Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Rayleigh, Ricean, and frequency
selective. We consider a number of wavelets namely Haar, Daubechies, Biorthogonal, Reverse
Biorthogonal, Coiflets, and Symlets in OWDM design. For system model we choose Digital Video
Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T). Originally DVB-T system was designed based on OFDM. In this work
we use OWDM instead. The simulation results show OWDM outperforms OFDM in terms of bit error rate
(BER), noise resiliency, and peak-to-average ration. The results also show that the Haar wavelet based
OWDM outperforms other wavelets based OWDM system under all three considered three channel
conditions.
TitanMIMO is the only testbed capable of enabling true 5G Massive MIMO research without compromise.
- Remote or local radio head location
- Validate various waveform propagation schemes
- Optimize network deployment by balancing cost VS performance
- Validate interoperability scenarios
- HetNet, MU-MIMO, and CRAN testbed ready
- Validate, optimize & develop analytic channel models
- Optimize TDD and RF calibration techniques
- Full TDD & FDD support
Still NR Rel.15 was primarily designed for high frequency, high throughput small and mid-range communication systems mostly in dense urban and urban macro environments. In our view, this leaves out a large number of poorly connected populations that live in rural areas without viable solution even for basic broadband communication. We want to address this issue in the NR Rel.17 RAN1 work item on coverage enhancement. Discussion will start tonight in the 3GPP RAN1 e-meeting.
This document discussed open issues regarding coverage in long-distance scenarios. In addition, this document illustrates the baseline coverage performance of extreme long–range rural scenarios for FR1 700 MHz both in DL and UL based on system-level simulations.
Raspberry Pi und Z-Wave - Razberry - Eine EinführungPeter Eulberg
Dies ist die Präsentation zu einem Vortrag, den ich am 28.06.2014 auf der Veranstaltung "Pi and more" in Trier gehalten habe. Nachdem kurz auf Ziele, Standards und weitere Bussysteme für Hausautomatisation eingegangen wird, werden Z-Wave, das Razberry Board (Z-Wave Adapter), dessen Linux Service und die entsprechenden Webinterfaces gezeigt und die Funktionsweise beispielhaft erklärt.
Next generation 5G wireless solutions need to meet the anticipated demands of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications in the 2020 era with the total number of devices expected to be about 50 billion for a projected population of around 8 billion according to an Ericsson report. M2M applications can be classified into two categories: Low-cost wide-area and low-latency ultra-reliable M2M. Low-cost wide-area M2M communication requires simple hardware architecture, integration of significant energy efficiency methods and energy harvesting technologies, and enhanced coverage, for such applications as smart metering, fire alarms, sensor networks. Despite LTE enhancements proposed for this class of M2M, however, LTE is not expected to be dominantly used in the near future due to its low coverage and high cost equipment, according to Cisco VNI Mobile, 2015. More research is needed to natively include this M2M class in 5G networks. On the other hand, low-latency ultra-reliable M2M communication requires satisfying strict delay constraint and ultra-high reliability of such applications as platooning of vehicles, robotic control and interaction, remote health care. Controlling the elements in our environment based on the data provided from these machines in this class of M2M applications requires a paradigm shift for control and communication systems with novel strategies for their joint design in beyond 5G networks.
The new 5G unified air interface is being designed to not only vastly enhance mobile broadband performance and efficiency, but also scale to connect the massive Internet of Things and enable new types of services such as mission critical control that require ultra-low latency and new levels of reliability and security. The new design will unify diverse spectrum types and bands, scale from macro deployments to local hotspots and efficiently multiplex the envisioned 5G services across an extreme variation of requirements.
For more information on 5G technologies, use cases and timelines, please visit us at www.qualcomm.com/5G.
Billions of connected devices and things. Billions of people. 5G will provide connectivity for all of these things and people as well as businesses and industry, bringing benefit to society. Operating machinery in hazardous environments from a remote control will be enabled through near-zero latency communication links that enable real-time video. Billions of video-enabled devices will be able to share bandwidth-hungry content. These are just a few applications that illustrate what 5G will be designed for.
Presentation on 1G/2G/3G/4G/5G/Cellular & Wireless TechnologiesKaushal Kaith
This Presentation is explaining all about the Generations of Mobile or Cellular Technology (1G/2G/2.5/ 3G/4g/5G). This explain the invented details ,features,drawbacks,look of wireless models and comparison and evolution of technology from 1G to 5G and also explaining about wireless application and their services.
Performance analysis of DWT based OFDM over FFT based OFDM and implementing o...VLSICS Design
Growth in technology has led to unprecedented demand for high speed architectures for complex signal processing applications. In 4G wireless communication systems, bandwidth is a precious commodity, and service providers are continuously met with the challenge of accommodating more users with in a limited allocated bandwidth. To increase data rate of wireless medium with higher performance, OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is used. Recently DWT (Discrete wavelet transforms) is adopted in place of FFT (Fast Fourier transform) for frequency translation. Modulation schemes such as 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM and 128-QAM (Quadrature amplitude modulation) have been used in the developed OFDM system for both DWT and FFT based model. In this paper we propose a DWT-IDWT based OFDM transmitter and receiver that achieve better performance in terms SNR and BER for AWGN channel. It proves all the wavelet families better over the IFFT-FFT implementation. The OFDM model is developed using Simulink, various test cases have been considered to verify its performance. The DWTOFDM using Lifting Scheme architecture is implemented on FPGA optimizing hardware, speed & cost. The wavelet filter used for this is Daubechies (9, 7) with N=2. The RTL code is written in Verilog-HDL and simulated in Modelsim. The design is then synthesized in Xilinx and implemented on Virtex5 FPGA board and the results were validated using ChipScope.
An adaptive channel estimation scheme based on redundancy minimization for fi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (F-OFDM), a technology which is being considered as a promising platform for beyond 4G era is expected to help deliver the new features at millimeter wave in the new 5th generation of cellular communication. Some of its key features notably better spectral utilization, enhanced throughput and immunity to interference can be enabling for the new cellular standards. These features of filtered OFDM comes with strict requirements of filter design, guard tone managements, and efficient channel state information harness. This paper is intended to propose an intuitive channel estimation scheme which will allow efficient acquisition of channel state information (CSI) through exploiting the redundant steps of the conventional pilot training-based algorithms and by also using an adaptive weight to expedite the minimization of the error between the estimated values and the actual values. Various simulations will follow to demonstrate the superiority of the scheme over traditional pilot-based algorithms and thus prove its utility in the current 5G cellular era.
Performance analysis of DWT based OFDM over FFT based OFDM and implementing o...VLSICS Design
Growth in technology has led to unprecedented demand for high speed architectures for complex signal processing applications. In 4G wireless communication systems, bandwidth is a precious commodity, and service providers are continuously met with the challenge of accommodating more users with in a limited allocated bandwidth. To increase data rate of wireless medium with higher performance, OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is used. Recently DWT (Discrete wavelet transforms) is adopted in place of FFT (Fast Fourier transform) for frequency translation. Modulation schemes such as 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM and 128-QAM (Quadrature amplitude modulation) have been used in the developed OFDM system for both DWT and FFT based model. In this paper we propose a DWT-IDWT based OFDM transmitter and receiver that achieve better performance in terms SNR and BER for AWGN channel. It proves all the wavelet families better over the IFFT-FFT implementation. The OFDM model is developed using Simulink, various test cases have been considered to verify its performance. The DWTOFDM using Lifting Scheme architecture is implemented on FPGA optimizing hardware, speed & cost. The wavelet filter used for this is Daubechies (9, 7) with N=2. The RTL code is written in Verilog-HDL and simulated in Modelsim. The design is then synthesized in Xilinx and implemented on Virtex5 FPGA board and the results were validated using ChipScope.
Comparative performance analysis of different modulation techniques for papr ...IJCNCJournal
One of the most important multi-carrier tran
smission techniques used in the latest wireless com
munication
arena is known as Orthogonal Frequency Division Mul
tiplexing (OFDM). It has several characteristics
such as providing greater immunity to multipath fad
ing & impulse noise, eliminating Inter Symbol
Interference (ISI) & Inter Carrier Interference (IC
I) using a guard interval known as Cyclic Prefix (C
P). A
regular difficulty of OFDM signal is high peak to a
verage power ratio (PAPR) which is defined as the r
atio
of the peak power to the average power of OFDM Sign
al. An improved design of amplitude clipping &
filtering technique of us previously reduced signif
icant amount of PAPR with slightly increase bit err
or rate
(BER) compare to an existing method in case of Quad
rature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) & Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM). This paper investigates
a comparative performance analysis of the differen
t
higher order modulation techniques on that design.
Pwm technique to overcome the effect ofIJCNCJournal
Many current communication systems suffer from performance degradation due to the high sensitivity to
high power peaks especially in the nonlinear devices. The author introduces a new concept based on the
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), namely MIMO-OFDM system based PWM (MO-PWM) to overcome this
deficiency. Here, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem in Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) technique is used as a criterion to check the validity of the proposed work.
Moreover, the proposed system work has been implemented over Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA),
which is designed to characterize both of the complexity and the speed issues.
The systems performance based MO-PWM and validity have been checked based on a numerical analysis
and a conducted simulation. The simulation results show that the MO-PWM can clearly reduce the PAPR
values nevertheless the used OFDM systems’ specifications, and gives a promising results over some
techniques found in the literature, such as clipping, SLM and PTS under same bandwidth occupancy and
system’s specifications.
Design Ofdm System And Remove Nonlinear Distortion In OFDM Signal At Transmit...Rupesh Sharma
although OFDM seems to be a solution to keep up with
the demand of increasing data rates, it has some drawbacks.
Sensitivity to high PAPR is the most significant of these
drawbacks. The main objective of this paper was to investigate
and document the effects of PAPR on the performance of OFDM
based digital communications under different channel conditions.
A step-by-step approach was adopted in order to achieve the
objective of this paper. The first step is to provide a basic
background on the principles of OFDM. The reasons for the
PAPR and a theoretical analysis of these effects on OFDM
systems are documented. The OFDM system has a high peak-toaverage
power ratio (PAPR) that can cause unwanted saturation
in the power amplifiers, leading to in-band distortion and out-ofband
radiation. To be able to observe the system behavior, the
simulation results for different channel models are presented in
graphical form. Next, the simulation results obtained in this work
are compared to the simulation results reported in related studies
PAPR REDUCTION OF OFDM SIGNAL BY USING COMBINED HADAMARD AND MODIFIED MEU-LAW...IJCNCJournal
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique which gives high quality of service (QOS) to the users by mitigating the fading signals as well as high data rates in multimedia services. However, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a technical challenge that reduces the efficiency of RF power amplifiers. In this paper, we propose the combined Hadamard transform and modified meu-law companding transform method in order to lessen the effects of the peak-to-average power ratio of the
OFDM signal. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces PAPR compared to other companding techniques as well as the Hadamard transform technique when used on its own.
Ofdm-cpm Ber Performance and FOBP Under IEEE802.16 ScenarioCSCJournals
The application of Orthogonal frequency domain modulation-Continuous Phase Modulation (OFDM-CPM) in multipath Stanford University Interim (SUI) channels is presented in this paper. OFDM-CPM is proposed for IEEE 802.16 standards as an alternative technique of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in physical layer. It is shown that, in addition to 0dB Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and power efficiency, un-coded OFDM-CPM exploits the frequency diversity of multipath channel. Taking into account the Input Power Back off (IBO), OFDM-CPM is shown to outperform OFDM at high bit energy-to-noise density ratios (Eb/N0). However, at low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), the OFDM-CPM phase demodulator receiver suffers from a threshold effect. In addition, this paper compares the spectral fractional out of band power of OFDM-CPM for different modulation indices.
Performance evaluation on the basis of bit error rate for different order of ...ijmnct
Today, we have required to accommodate a large number of users under a single base station. This can be
possible only if we have some flexibility over the spectrum. Previously we have lots of multiplexing methods
to accommodate large number of signals in time and frequency domain. But now we have required to
accommodate a large number of users in the same bandwidth, without any fading over the received signal.
So, orthogonality can be maintained over the frequency response. This technology is now more popular in
the mobile communication domain, called Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Actually
user data can be converted into the parallel form and then they are modulated using digital modulation
techniques. Finally, they have followed by OFDM Modulator and cyclic prefix can be inserted into the
OFDM symbols. Here, I have worked on the measurement of Bit error rate for different modulation
techniques in OFDM technology. It has been considered that subchannel size is not constant. According to
that I have concluded the overall idea regarding the performance under OFDM technology.
Performance Analysis of MIMO-OFDM System Using QOSTBC Code Structure for M-PSKCSCJournals
MIMO-OFDM system has been currently recognized as one of the most competitive technology for 4G mobile wireless systems. MIMO-OFDM system can compensate for the lacks of MIMO systems and give play to the advantages of OFDM system. In this paper, a general Quasi orthogonal space time block code (QOSTBC) structure is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output–orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems for 4X4 antenna configuration. The signal detection technology used in this paper for MIMO-OFDM system is Zero-Forcing Equalization (linear detection technique). In this paper the analysis of high level of modulations (i.e. M-PSK for different values of M) on MIMO-OFDM system is presented. Here AWGN and Rayleigh channels have been used for analysis purpose and their effect on BER for high data rates have been presented. The proposed MIMO-OFDM system with QOSTBC using 4X4 antenna configuration has better performance in terms of BER vs SNR than the other systems.
Reduction of Outage Probability in Fast Rayleigh Fading MIMO Channels Using OFDMIJERA Editor
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques are used in wireless communications for achieving high spectral efficiency; however, a fast fading spatial channel can increase the outage probability of a MIMO system if not taken care of. This paper investigates the use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technique for a MIMO system operating in fast Rayleigh fading channels with the aim of eliminating outage probabilities in the MIMO systems. Simulation results show that the MIMO-OFDM system gives significant reduction in outage probabilities compared to the conventional MIMO system.
Study of timing synchronization in mimoofdm systems using dvb tijitjournal
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)provides the promising physical layer for 4G and
3GPP LTE Systems in terms of efficient use of bandwidth and data rates. This paper highlights the
implementation of OFDM in Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T). It mainly focuses on the
timing offset problem present in OFDM systems and its proposed solution using Cyclic Prefix (CP) as a
modified SC (Schmidl and COX) algorithm. It also highlights the timing synchronization as well as
performance comparison through bit error rate. Synchronization issues in OFDM are important and can
lead to information loss if not properly addressed. Simulations were performed to implement DVB-T system
and to compare different synchronization methods under certain distribution model.
Efficient FPGA implementation of high speed digital delay for wideband beamfor...journalBEEI
In this paper, the authors present an FPGA implementation of a digital delay for beamforming applications. The digital delay is based on a Parallel Farrow Filter. Such architecture allows to reach a very high processing rate with wideband signals and it is suitable to be used with Time-Interleaved Analog to Digital Converters (TI-ADC). The proposed delay has been simulated in MATLAB, implemented on FPGA and characterized in terms of amplitude and phase response, maximum clock frequency and area.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
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2. Unlike OFDM, GFDM transmits M symbols per sub-carrier
and the sub-carrier signal is oversampled by N’, where N’≥ K
and K represents the number of sub-carriers. A pulse-shaping
filter is then applied to each sub-carrier prior to up-conversion.
The sub-carrier signals are added together to form the final
waveform. A number of methods are reported in [3] to simplify
the implementation of GFDM.
The GFDM block consists of K subcarriers and a number of
sub-symbols M. The pulse-shaping process is used to filter each
sub-carrier and this reduces the degree of Out-Of-Band (OOB)
radiation [1]. Possible filters include the Raised Cosine (RC)
filter, the Root Raised Cosine Filter (RRC) and the Dirichlet
filter. The flexibility of the GFDM system stems from the use
of non-orthogonal filters, as well as orthogonal filters [8]. As
discussed in [1], the OOB radiation in the case of GFDM is
around 15dB lower than OFDM. This difference can be further
increased by inserting Guard Symbols (GS) and by pinching the
Block Boundary[1]. Furthermore, GFDM has sharper spectral
edges (i.e. reduction of OOB) in comparison to OFDM,
however this requires a higher transmit and receive filter length.
This length represents a problem due to its impact on the CP
length, as shown mathematically in (1), where
, , & denote the length of the CP,
channel, transmit and receive filters respectively. This equation
is necessary when effective FFT-based block equalisation is
applied [8].
= + + (1)
The tail biting technique (which considers circular rather
than linear convolution between the signal and the impulse
response of the filter) can be applied at the transmitter and
receiver to reduce the CP length and achieve parity with the CP-
OFDM case [8].
B. GFDM Transceiver
We consider the baseband GFDM transceiver as in [1].
First, a data vector ( ) is supplied to the encoder by the data
source to produce the encoded data vector ( ). A signal mapper
is used to map groups of µ encoded bits to their corresponding
symbol, where µ represents the bits per symbol of the chosen
modulation scheme. The resulting vector ( ) represents a data
block containing N symbols that can be decomposed into M
sub-symbols and K sub-carriers as below.
= , … … … , (2)
where = , , … … … , , (3)
Each individual symbol , represents the data symbol to
be sent on the kth
sub-carrier and the mth
sub-symbol of the
GFDM block. Fig. 2 shows the GFDM modulator, where each
symbol ( , ) is filtered with its corresponding pulse shape as
defined by (4).
, [ ] = [ − ] (4)
Fig.2: GFDM modulator [1].
where n is the sampling index and , represents the time and
frequency shift of the impulse response of the prototype filter.
The resulting transmit samples can be expressed as
[ ] = ∑ ∑ , [ ] , (5)
where n=0, … , N-1. The above equation can be rewritten as
= (6)
where A represents the transmitter matrix with dimensions of
× and its structure is given by [1]
= , … … , , … … … … … , (7)
The wireless channel impulse response h[n] is assumed to
be equal or less than the CP length. Moreover, perfect
synchronisation and channel state information is assumed at the
receiver. The received waveform after removing the CP can be
expressed as
[ ] = [ ] ⊛ ℎ[ ] + [ ] (8)
where [ ] represents the AWGN with zero mean and
variance. ⊛ refers to circular convolution with respect to and
periodicity N. Equalisation in the frequency domain is then
performed as
=
[ ]
[ ]
(9)
where represent the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
GFDM demodulation in the receiver and can be expresses as
= . (10)
where B is the GFDM demodulation matrix. Different linear
methods can be used such as the Matched Filter receiver (MF),
the Zero-Forcing receiver (ZF) and the Minimum Mean Square
Error receiver (MMSE). In this paper, due to its simplicity
compared to the MMSE approach, we use the ZF receiver, in
336
3. which = . It should be noted that the ZF performance loss
due to noise enhancement is zero due to the use of an orthogonal
Dirichlet pulse [9].
III. SIMULATION PARAMETERS
A. LTE-A parameters
In this paper we develop a 20 MHz FDD LTE-A downlink
simulator. The parameters of the LTE-A system are
summarised in Table I [10]. The standard mode for LTE-A is
used here where the CP length for the first and subsequent
OFDM symbols is 160 and 144 samples respectively.
TABLE I: LTE-A PARAMETERS
Parameter Value
Sub-frame duration 1ms or 30,720 samples
Slot duration 0.5 ms
Subcarrier spacing 15kHz
Sampling Frequency (clock) 30.72MHz
Number of subcarriers 2048
Number of active sub-carriers 1200
Resource block 12 subcarriers of one slot
Number of OFDM per sub-frame 14 (7 per time slot)
CP length-First symbol 160
CP length-Other symbols 144
Channel coding Turbo code
MCS modes QPSK1/3, QPSK1/2, QPSK2/3,
16QAM1/2, 16QAM2/3,
16QAM4/5, 64QAM2/3,
64QAM3/4, 64QAM 4/5
TABLE II: GFDM PARAMETERS
Parameter Value
Sub-frame duration 1ms or 30,720 samples
GFDM symbol duration 66.67µs or 2048 samples
Sub-symbol duration 4.17µs or 128 samples
Subcarrier spacing 240 kHz
Sampling frequency 30.72 MHz
Subcarrier spacing factor (K) 128
No. of active subcarriers (Kon ) 75
No. of Sub-symbols per GFDM symbol (M) 15
No. of GFDM per sub-frame 15
CP length 4.17µs or 128 samples
Prototype filter Dirichlet
B. GFDM parameters compatible to LTE-A
In order to use the GFDM waveform in the LTE-A grid, the
symbol duration of the GFDM system must be selected to be an
integer fraction of the LTE-A sub-frame period (1 ms) and a set
of its sub-carriers must fit into an integer number of LTE
resource blocks (1 Recourse block=180kHz). The GFDM
parameters in [9] are used here, as shown in Table II. The
channel coding and MCS parameters are taken from Table 1.
C. System-level parameters
Fig. 3 illustrates the 3GPP macro cellular deployment with
a frequency reuse factor of one. Each cell consists of three
sectors with cell radius, cell diameter and Inter Site Distance
(ISD) of R, 2R and 3R respectively [11].
Fig. 3: Cell layout using 3GPP – 3-sector site.
TABLE III: SYSTEM LEVEL PARAMETERS
Parameter Value
Channel model Extended 3D 3GPP-ITU channel model
PDSCH simulation model Bit level Simulator
Bandwidth 20 MHz
Carrier Frequency 2.6 GHz
Environment Urban-Macro
Main BS-UEs distance 50 - 1000 m
Cell Diameter 500 m
BS transmit power 43 dBm
No. of users per cell 900
BS antenna height 25 m
BS down tilt 10 º
Minimum user sensitivity -120 dBm
Link direction Downlink (from BS to UE)
Noise Figure 9 dB
BS antenna type Measured patch antenna as in [12]
UE antenna type Measured hand set antenna as in [12]
The UEs were randomly distributed at street level in the cell,
at a distance of between 50-1000m from the main BS. An
operating frequency of 2.6 GHz and a bandwidth of 20MHz was
assumed. The 3D 3GPP-ITU channel was applied, where the
effect of elevation is also considered [13]. The system level
parameters are summarised in Table III
337
4. To execute the system level analysis, bit level simulators for
both waveforms (OFDM and GFDM) have been developed and
used to calculate the PER for each user for 9 MCS modes. One
thousand channel snapshots were produced for each link
(between each UE and its serving BS and each UE and each one
of six first-tier interfering BS) to generate statistically relevant
performance data. The performance of both waveforms is
studied for cases with and without interference. Table IV
illustrates the MCS schemes and the maximum error free
throughput for both waveforms.
TABLE IV: MCS AND VALUES FOR BOTH WAVEFORMS
MCS-Number
No. of bit
per symbol
Rc
OFDM-
in Mbps
GFDM-
in Mbps
MCS-1 2 1/3 11.2 11.25
MCS-2 2 1/2 16.8 16.875
MCS-3 2 2/3 22.4 22.5
MCS-4 4 1/2 33.6 33.75
MCS-5 4 2/3 44.8 45
MCS-6 4 4/5 53.76 54
MCS-7 6 2/3 67.2 67.5
MCS-8 6 3/4 75.6 75.94
MCS-9 6 4/5 80.64 81
In the interference-free case, only the effects of thermal
noise need to be taken into account. The SNR is calculated as
follows:
, = ,
(11)
where , refers to the total received power at UE location
i from the main BS sector cell and is the AWGN power.
In the interference case, the interference comes from the
different sectors of the six first-tier interfering BS. The SINR at
each UE location is determined using (12)
= ,
∑ ,
(12)
where , refers to the total interference power at location i.
Finally, the UE throughput is calculated using (13) [14]
, = 1 − , (13)
where is the peak error free data rate which represents the
maximum data rate that can be transmitted without error for a
given MCS mode.
IV. RESULTS
A. Comparison under different channel models
Fig. 4 shows the BER performance for both waveforms for
16QAM at a code rate of 1/3 in an AWGN channel.
Fig. 5 shows the performance of both waveforms in a
narrowband Rayleigh fading channel. In general, for both
waveforms the performance is much worse than AWGN. This
is a result of dynamic fading and the lack of frequency diversity.
Slightly worse performance is observed for GFDM since each
sub-carrier consists of M modulation sub-symbols, while in
OFDM each sub-carrier contains only a single symbol.
Furthermore, an error across a particular subcarrier effects M
symbols in GFDM rather than a single symbol in the case of
OFDM; thus resulting in higher BER. However, this type of
channels is very harsh and represents a theoretical case. The
performance of the two waveforms at a certain UE location in
a realistic urban channel scenario (3D 3GPP-ITU) is shown in
Fig. (6) (K-factor of -9.7dB and delay spread of 0.12 micro
second), it is clear that their performance are nearly matched
and lower than the Rayleigh channel.
Fig. 4: Performance in AWGN channel.
Fig. 5: Waveform performance in Rayleigh channel.
Fig. 6: Waveform performance in realistic channel scenario for certain UE.
0 5 10 15 20
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR(dB)
BER
OFDM-AWGN-hard
GFDM-AWGN-hard
OFDM-AWGN-soft
GFDM-AWGN-soft
uncoded-Theoretical
0 10 20 30 40
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR(dB)
BER
OFDM-Rayleigh-hard
GFDM-Rayleigh-hard
OFDM-Rayleigh-soft
GFDM-Rayleigh-soft
uncoded -Theoretical
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR(dB)
BER
OFDM-QPSK-1/3
GFDM-QPSK-1/3
OFDM-16QAM-1/2
GFDM-16QAM-1/2
OFDM-64QAM-2/3
GFDM-64QAM-2/3
338
5. Fig. 7: Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) for the UEs’ SNR and SINR.
B. System-level analysis
Fig. 7 illustrates the Cumulative Distribution Function
(CDF) of the UEs’ SNR and SINR in the centre cell. We
observe that 70% of the UEs’ SNR values are equal to or less
than 21 dB. When considering interference, 70% of the UEs’
SINR values are equal to or less than 5 dB. The impact of
interference is dramatic impact of interference. Importantly, the
impact of interference can be reduced by methods such as
beamforming [15].
Fig. 8: CDF of Throughput using adaptive MCS selection.
Fig. 9: PER vs SNR at an example UE location.
Fig. 10: Power Spectral Density (PDF) for GFDM and OFDM.
Fig. 8 shows the CDF for the PHY throughput; given the use
of adaptive MCS selection (i.e. for each user the best MCS
mode was selected using exhaustive simulation). We observe
that the OFDM and GFDM results are very similar. The
throughput for both schemes is clearly much better in the
interference-free case. 65% of the UEs have a throughput
greater than 20 Mbps in the interference-free case; while just
20% of the UEs achieve this rate when interference is
considered in the simulator.
Fig. 9 shows an example of PER performance for a given
UE location for MCS modes 1, 4 & 7. The aim is to compare
the outcomes for GFDM and OFDM. The performance
differences (based on a realistic urban channel model) are
remarkably small compared to the earlier data for a simple
Rayleigh fading channel.
Fig. 10 shows the Power Spectral Density (PSD) for both
waveform types. GFDM results in a small reduction
(approximately 6 dB) in the OOB radiation compared to
OFDM. This modest reduction occurs since both waveforms
have been constrained to deliver the same spectral efficiency
(Ncp/N) [16]. However, as mentioned in section II-A, several
methods can be used to significantly reduce the levels of OOB
radiation.
In the Guard Symbols (GS) method, the first and last sub-
symbols are set to a fixed value (zero in this study). This can
result in approximately 20dB of improvement in OOB
radiation, as shown in Fig. 9. However, this improvement
comes at the cost of reducing the data rate by a factor of (M-
2)/M. Secondly, pinching the block boundary, which implies
multiplying the GFDM symbol with a window, leads to an OOB
improvement of 25dB and 45 dB in the case of ramp and RC
window schemes respectively. This method also enhances the
noise by a factor of (10 ∗ 1 +
∗
), where Nw is the
number of samples in the linear part of the window. Readers
may refer to [1] for further details.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the performance of GFDM and OFDM
waveforms in an LTE-A like system was evaluated and
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
SNR(SINR) in dB
Probbability(SNR<abscissa)
SNR
SINR
0 20 40 60 80
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Throughput (Mbps)
Prob(x<=abscissa)
OFDM-SNR
OFDM-SINR
GFDM-SNR
GFDM-SINR
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR(dB)
PER
OFDM-QPSK-1/3
GFDM-QPSK-1/3
OFDM-16QAM-1/2
GFDM-16QAM-1/2
OFDM-64QAM-2/3
GFDM-64QAM-2/3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Frequency(MHz)
PSD(dB)
OFDM
GFDM
GS-GFDM
W-GFDM-Ramp window
W-GFDM-RC window
339
6. compared using different channel types. Also the system level
analysis using a realistic channel model scenario (3D 3GPP-
ITU) is evaluated and the simulation results have shown that the
PER and throughput, for both waveforms, match closely. A
modest improvement in the OOB radiation in case of GFDM in
compared to OFDM is obtained, which is due to the fact the
both waveforms (in this case) have the same spectral efficiency.
However, the OOB radiation can be further enhanced for
GFDM case compared to OFDM by using different methods
like the guard symbols and pinching the block boundary.
Although the GFDM provided comparable performance with
OFDM in terms of BER, higher differences are expected in this
context of OOB radiation when some LTE-A related physical
parameters such as the sampling rate are adapted appropriately
for the GFDM to fully utilise the benefit of this waveform.
Hence we conclude that the GFDM waveform can be used
effectively in future 5G systems. Since the GFDM exhibits
reduced levels of OOB radiation in comparison to OFDM, this
feature will enable GFDM to be used effectively in the
applications where low adjacent channel leakage is required
such as cognitive systems and M2M applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Ghaith Al-Juboori would like to thank the Higher Committee
for Education Development (HCED) in Iraq and the University
of Baghdad for sponsoring his PhD studies.
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