The document discusses various topics relating to work, energy, and power in physics. It defines work, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and conservation of energy. It provides examples of calculating work, kinetic energy, changes in potential energy, and applying the work-energy principle and conservation of energy to problems involving objects moving under gravitational and other forces. It also defines power and provides examples of calculating power required to climb stairs, accelerate a car, and overcome forces like friction and air resistance.

1. Work and Energy Topic 6 (Cont.)

2. Lecture Outline Work Kinetic Energy Gravitational Potential Energy Conservation of Energy Power

3. Work The work done by a constant force is defined as the distance moved multiplied by the component of the force in the direction of displacement:

4. In the SI system, the units of work are joules: As long as this person does not lift or lower the bag of groceries, he is doing no work on it. The force he exerts has no component in the direction of motion.

5. Example 7-1: Work done on a crate. A person pulls a 50-kg crate 40 m along a horizontal floor by a constant force F P = 100 N, which acts at a 37° angle as shown. The floor is smooth and exerts no friction force. Determine the work done by each force acting on the crate, and the net work done on the crate.

6. Kinetic Energy Energy was traditionally defined as the ability to do work. We now know that not all forces are able to do work; however, in these chapters we are dealing with mechanical energy, which does follow this definition. Mechanical Energy : Energy due to position in a field of force or energy due to movement Non-Mechanical Energy : Energy that does not fall into the above category.

7. Kinetic Energy , K: Energy of a moving object Translational Kinetic Energy The center of mass is moving Rotational Kinetic Energy Object rotating around center of mass

8. If we write the acceleration in terms of the velocity and the distance, we find that the work done here is We define the translational kinetic energy as:

9. Work-Energy Principle This means that the work done is equal to the change in the kinetic energy: If the net work is positive, the kinetic energy increases. If the net work is negative, the kinetic energy decreases.

10. Because work and kinetic energy can be equated, they must have the same units: kinetic energy is measured in joules. Energy can be considered as the ability to do work:

11. Example 7-7: Kinetic energy and work done on a baseball. A 145-g baseball is thrown so that it acquires a speed of 25 m/s. What is its kinetic energy? What was the net work done on the ball to make it reach this speed, if it started from rest?

12. Example 7-8: Work on a car, to increase its kinetic energy. How much net work is required to accelerate a 1000-kg car from 20 m/s to 30 m/s?

13. Gravitational Potential Energy Kinetic energy associated with moving object Potential energy associated with forces that depend on the position For an object of mass m to be lifted vertically, an upward force at least equal to its weight, mg , must be exerted on it.

14. In raising a mass m to a height h , the work done by the external force is We therefore define the gravitational potential energy at a height y above some reference point:

15. This potential energy can become kinetic energy if the object is dropped. When we raise an object of mass m to height h, we are doing work equal to mgh . That object now has the potential to do amount of work equal to mgh . The work we done to lift the object has been stored as gravitational potential energy.

16. If U grav = mgy , where do we measure y from? It turns out not to matter, as long as we are consistent about where we choose y = 0. Only changes in potential energy can be measured.

17. Example 8-1: Potential energy changes for a roller coaster. A 1000-kg roller-coaster car moves from point 1 to point 2 and then to point 3. What is the gravitational potential energy at points 2 and 3 relative to point 1? That is, take y = 0 at point 1. What is the change in potential energy when the car goes from point 2 to point 3? Repeat parts (a) and (b), but take the reference point ( y = 0) to be at point 3.

18. The total energy is neither increased nor decreased in any process Energy can, however, be transformed from one type to another and transferred from one body to another, but the total amount of energy in the process remain constant Conservation of Energy .

19. Conservative and Nonconservative Force Conservative force the work done by the force on an object moving from one point to another depends only on the initial and final positions of the object, and is independent of the particular path taken.

20. Nonconservative Force If friction is present, the work done depends not only on the starting and ending points, but also on the path taken. Friction is called a nonconservative force.

21. If there are no nonconservative forces, the sum of the changes in the kinetic energy and in the potential energy is zero — the kinetic and potential energy changes are equal but opposite in sign. This allows us to define the total mechanical energy: And its conservation:

22. The principle of conservation of mechanical energy: If only conservative forces are doing work, the total mechanical energy of a system neither increases nor decreases in any process. It stays constant—it is conserved.

23. In the image on the left, the total mechanical energy at any point is:

24. Example 8-3: Falling rock. If the original height of the rock is y 1 = h = 3.0 m, calculate the rock’s speed when it has fallen to 1.0 m above the ground.

25. Example 8-4: Roller-coaster car speed using energy conservation. Assuming the height of the hill is 40 m, and the roller-coaster car starts from rest at the top, calculate the speed of the roller-coaster car at the bottom of the hill, and at what height it will have half this speed. Take y = 0 at the bottom of the hill.

26. Conceptual Example 8-5: Speeds on two water slides. Two water slides at a pool are shaped differently, but start at the same height h . Two riders, Paul and Kathleen, start from rest at the same time on different slides. (a) Which rider, Paul or Kathleen, is traveling faster at the bottom? (b) Which rider makes it to the bottom first? Ignore friction and assume both slides have the same path length.

27. Example 8-6: Pole vault. Estimate the kinetic energy and the speed required for a 70-kg pole vaulter to just pass over a bar 5.0 m high. Assume the vaulter’s center of mass is initially 0.90 m off the ground and reaches its maximum height at the level of the bar itself.

28. Power Power is the rate at which work is done. Average power: In the SI system, the units of power are watts: Instantaneous power:

29. Power can also be described as the rate at which energy is transformed: In the British system, the basic unit for power is the foot-pound per second, but more often horsepower is used: 1 hp = 550 ft ·lb/s = 746 W.

30. Example 8-14: Stair-climbing power. A 60-kg jogger runs up a long flight of stairs in 4.0 s. The vertical height of the stairs is 4.5 m. Estimate the jogger’s power output in watts and horsepower. How much energy did this require?

31. Power is also needed for acceleration and for moving against the force of friction. The power can be written in terms of the net force and the velocity:

32. Example 8-15: Power needs of a car. Calculate the power required of a 1400-kg car under the following circumstances: the car climbs a 10° hill (a fairly steep hill) at a steady 80 km/h; and the car accelerates along a level road from 90 to 110 km/h in 6.0 s to pass another car. Assume that the average retarding force on the car is F R = 700 N throughout.