![1] Vegetative reproduction
2]Sexual reproduction
3]Asexual reproduction
Reproduction in angiosperms](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/reproductioninangiosperms-200701053926/85/Reproduction-in-angiosperms-By-Kalpana-Wagh-MSc-BEd-1-320.jpg)
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Reproduction in angiosperms By Kalpana Wagh [MSc,BEd]
- 1. 1] Vegetative reproduction 2]Sexual reproduction 3]Asexual reproduction Reproduction in angiosperms
- 2. Vegetative Reproduction • Natural vegetative propagation • By – • Underground stem • Sub-aerial stem • Roots • Leaves
- 4. Tuber
- 5. Bulb
- 6. Corm
- 8. Offset
- 9. Sucker
- 10. • Stolon
- 11. • Vegetative reproduction by Leaves Ex. Brayophyllum [Patharkuchi ],Begonia [Berki] Kelanchoe[अमर पोई, ज़ख़्महयात, Kop pata
- 12. • By bulbils
- 13. Artificial vegetative propagation • Cutting • Layering • Grafting • Tissue culture [micropropagation]
- 14. Cutting • Portion of root ,stem ,and leaf [cuttings]. • These cuttings are rooted in the soil which develop into new plant . • Soft wood cuttings • Hard wood cuttings • Examples:- Sugarcane , roses, grapes, tapioca, coleus, Bougainvillea.
- 15. Layering • Roots are indused on branches still attached to the parent plant. • Examples :- fruit trees , ornamental plants
- 16. Layering
- 18. Air layering
- 19. Grafting 1] Scion grafting a] Whip or tongue grafting b]Wedge grafting c]crown grafting 2] Bud grafting
- 20. 1] Scion grafting [Whip or tongue grafting]
- 23. Wedge grafting
- 24. Crown grafting
- 26. Bud grafting
- 28. Tissue culture [micropropagation] Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. Plant tissue culture is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation.
- 29. Totipotency • Cellular totipotency is defined as the ability of somatic cells of a plant to produce a new complete plant. The first evidence of cellular totipotency was given by Steward in 'carrot culture' experiment.
- 30. Pluripotency • Pluripotent is also described as something that has no fixed developmental potential, as in being able to differentiate into different cell types in the case of pluripotent stem cells.
- 31. • Equipments in tissue culture • Autoclave • Centrifuge machine • Laminar airflow • Tissue culture lab
- 32. Autoclave
- 34. Laminar air flow
- 37. Work under sterilised condition
- 38. CALLUS
- 39. Growth of plant [on nutrient medium]
- 40. Changing the nutrient media
- 41. Steps in tissue culture 1]Selection of explant 2]Sterlisation 3]Inoculation 4]Callus formation 5]Sub-Culturing 6]Transplantation of the Regenerated Plant
- 45. • Importance of vegetative propagation • Rapid ,easier ,less expensive • Specially for – • 1]poor seed viability • 2] prolonged seed dormancy • 3]plants those who have lost their capacity to produce seeds through sexual reproduction. [banana ,seedless grapes , oranges, rose etc.] • 4]highly heterozygous plants. • Plants raised through vegetative reproduction are exact genetic copies of parent.
- 46. • For economically important plants • For raising disease free plant • Yield of fruits can be increased by grafting • Limitations of vegetative propagation • Do not have tap roots . • Not helpful in developing new varieties
- 47. Important technical terms in the description of flower • Complete flower Incomplete flower • Perfect/bisexual Imperfect /unisexual • Staminate Pistillate • Monoecious [both flowers on same plant] • birch, hazelnut, oak, pine, spruce, corn. • Dioecious [when on different plants] • asparagus, dates, mulberry, ginkgo, currant bushes, juniper bushes ,spinach. • Polygamous [when both bisexual and unisexual flowers are present on same plant.]
- 48. Monoecious plant
- 51. Relative position of floral parts on the thalamus
- 53. Symmetry
- 54. Aestivation
- 57. Corolla shapes
- 59. 2]Caryophyllaceous claws and limbs right angle to each other
- 60. Rosaceous petals not divided into claws & limbs
- 63. Infundibuliform
- 64. Rotate
- 65. Papillionaceous
- 66. Bilabiate
- 67. Personate
- 68. Ligulate
- 69. Urceolate
- 71. cucurbita Sunflower Bombax Pea Hibiscus synandrous syngenesious polyadelphous diadelphous monoadelphous
- 73. Adhesion of stamen Epiphyllous- perianth petals sunflower liliaceae
- 75. Number of lobes in anther
- 76. Attachment of filament to anther
- 77. Dehiscence of anther • Extrose :- an anther dehiscing towards the periphery of the flower • Ex. Argemone • Introse :- an anther dehiscing towards the centre of the flower • Ex. Dianthus
- 84. Number of locules in ovary
- 85. Placentation
- 87. • Life Span :- • Life span may be defined as a period from birth to natural death of an organism . • Natural death is a last event of ageing . Life span of • May fly – 24 hrs to 1 day banyan tree – 200 to 300 yrs • Sequoia – 3000 to 4000 yrs Butter fly – 1 -2 weeks • Fruit fly – 30 days Crow – 15 yrs • Dog – 14 to 20 yrs Horse – 60 yrs • Crocodile – 60 yrs Elephant – 60 to 90 yrs • Parrot – 140 yrs Tortoise – 100 to 250 yrs • Cow – 20 to 25 yrs Rice plant – 3 to 4 months • Rose bush – 5 to 7 yrs Banana tree – 25 yrs. • Banyan tree – 200 yrs. Sequoia – 3000 to 4000 yrs
- 88. • Actually, single celled organisms are considered to be biologically immortal. This is because they don't die as they grow old. They usually undergo Mitosis (asexual reproduction) to reproduce, in which the organism itself gets divided into two (cell division). ... So there is no way we could say that the organism has died.
- 90. • (a) Juvenile phase: It is the period of growth in an individual organism after its birth and before it reaches reproductive maturity. • (b) Reproductive phase: It is the period when an individual organism reproduces sexually. • (c) Senescent phase: It is the period when an organism grows old and loses the ability to reproduce.
- 92. Bamboo Life span : 120 yrs Flower once in a life time
- 93. • Continuous breeders • E.g., Poultry, Rabbit, Cattle • seasonal breeders • E.g., Frogs, Lizards
- 94. • house fly • Fruit fly • Butter fly • Human • Rat • Maize • Apple • Onion • Rice
- 97. Rafflesia arnoldii This rare flower is found in the rainforests of Indonesia. It can grow to be 3 feet across and weigh up to 15 pounds! It is a parasitic plant, with no visible leaves, roots, or stem.
- 98. Amorphophallus titanum One of the world's tallest flowers bloomed at the Niagara Parks Commission's Floral Showhouse . The Amorphophallus titanum, or Titan Arum, is a massive bell-shaped flower, growing up to three metres in height. Aside from its size, the flower is also known for its unique smell.Jun
- 100. Flower that blossom after 12 yrs • Strobilanthes kunthianus. Kurinji or Neelakurinji (Strobilanthes kunthianus) is a shrub that is found in the shola forests of the Western Ghats in South India. Nilgiri Hills, which literally means the blue mountains, got their name from the purplish blue flowers of Neelakurinji that blossoms only once in 12 years.
- 102. Inflorescence
- 104. • Racemose • 1]main axis elongated a]raceme b]spike c]catkin d]spadix • 2] main axis shortened a]corymb b] umbel • 3] main axis flattened a]head of capitulum Ex sunflower
- 106. Banana Large bract
- 109. Main axis flatened
- 111. Cymose inflorescence:- 1] monochasial cyme Ex.-begonia 2]dichasial cyme Ex-jasmine 3]multichasial cyme Ex .-calotropis
- 116. Special inflorescence Hypanthodium Ex.-Ficus Cyathium Poinsettia Verticillaster colius ,occimum
- 121. Vertisilastor
- 129. Steps in development of microsporangia • 1. Development of anther (microsporangium) • 2. Formation of microspore (pollen grain) – microsporogenesis • 3. Pollination • 4. Development in microspore to form mature male gametophyte .
- 130. Structure of mature pollen grain
- 131. Development
- 134. • Zostera • The plant known to have the longest pollen grain till now is Zostera, with pollen grains up to 2500 µm long. • Pollen grains of pines, firs, and spruces are winged.
- 135. • The smallest pollen grain, that of the forget- me-not (Myosotis spp.), is around 6 µm (0.006 mm) in diameter. • In most water pollinated plants, the pollen grains are long and ribbon like and are protected from wetting by mucilaginous covering. Ex. Sea grass.
- 137. Development of female gametophyte
- 139. Pollination • Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma.
- 143. By water
- 144. By wind
- 145. By bird
- 146. By bats
- 147. Self pollination Autogamy Geitonogamy [pollen grains are [pollen grains of one transferred to the flower transferred Stigma of same flower] to the stigma of different flower of same plant]
- 149. Contrivances or adaptations for self - pollination • Homogamy :- anthers and stigma of the flower mature at the same time . • Cleistogamy :- these flowers are bound to be pollinated by pollens of the same flower
- 150. Contrivances or adaptations for cross pollination 1] self sterility :-[self incompatibility] When pollen of the same flower falls on the stigma of the same flower fails to grow and prevents self pollination. 2]Dichogamy :-maturation of pollen and stigma at different time . protogyny-ex.-Magnolia , aristolochia , scrophularia Protoandry –ex.-salvia ,gossipium,helianthus
- 151. 3] Herkogamy Structure of anther and style are in such manner that it prevents self pollination 4]Heterostyly Long styled flower Primula vulgaris Short styled flower
- 154. Extraordinary mode of pollination in fig [Ficus carica]COEVOLUTION [Blastophaga psenes]
- 160. Fertilization
- 162. Germination of pollen grain and growth of pollen tube
- 163. Entry of pollen tube into ovule
- 164. Routes for the entry of pollen tube
- 167. Post fertilisation structure and events • Development of endosperm • 1]free nuclear • 2]cellular • 3]helobial
- 169. Development of zygote into an embryo [till formation of seed ] • Embryogeny :- similar to both dicot and monocot . • Different stages on the basis of shape and number of cells • Then formation of epicotyl ,plumule and cotyledons. • Formation of testa.
- 171. Structure of dicot & monocot embryo
- 174. Seed • It is a mature fertilized ovule that possess an embryo ,stored food material in the cotyledons or endosperm and a protective seed coat . • Integuments --develop into seed coats. • Egg cell --grows into an embryo. • Triploid nucleus-- gives rise to endosperm.
- 175. Types of seeds 1]Endospermic [albuminous] 2]Non-endospermic [ex-albuminous]
- 177. Advantages of seed • Adaptive strategies for dispersal • Sufficient food reserves • Protection • New genetic combination • Variation
- 178. • Seed dormancy • Viability • Oldest viable seed :-lupine [Lupinus arcticus ] [excavated from Arctic Tundra –seed germinated and flowered after 10000 years of dormancy] Date palm:-[Phoenix dactylifera] 2000 yrs old viable seed. Seed dormancy can be broken by various means
- 179. Formation of fruit • True fruit • False fruit • Parthenocarpic fruit
- 182. Wall of the fruit • Pericarp – – Epicarp--- outer skin – Mesocarp ---- edible fleshy region – Endocarp ------ innermost hard region that encloses seed Epicarp/
- 183. True fruit Development from ripened ovary [exclusively from ovary] Seed develops----ovary wall matures ----floral parts wither away. Ex.mango ,coconut,cucumber,tomato,pea.
- 185. False fruit • Pulpy ,edible portion is not the wall of an ovary ,but the floral parts like receptacle. • Ex. –apple & strawberry
- 187. FALSE FRUIT
- 188. Parthenocarpic fruit • Fruit develops without fertilisation [seedless] • Naturally or artificially • Ex. Banana ,grapes ,oranges , watermelon
- 192. Kinds of fruit Simple aggregate multiple Fleshy dry Dehiscent indehiscent
- 195. Aggregate fruit
- 197. Mango tomato orange cucumber apple Types of simple fruits
- 198. dry dehiscent
- 199. गोमेटी bahoti Depend on the condition of pericarp
- 200. Apomixis [agamospermy] • Seeds are formed without fusion of gmts. • Diploid cells of ovule-forms nucellus /or megaspore develops into an embryo. • Apomict – such plant
- 201. Parthenogenesis • Special type of apomixis – • Seeds develop from unfertilised female gmt. • Seeds could be haploid or diploid.
- 202. Parthenocarpy • Development of fruit from the ovary without fertilisation • Unfertilised ovary—no ovules– no seeds in fruit – seedless fruit • Gustafon – first to discover parthenocarpy • Naturally occur in– pineapple ,grapes ,apple ,pear,banana.
- 203. Sporophytic budding and polyembryony • 1] development of embryo from sporophytic part of the plant –like cells of nucellus or integuments. 2]polyembryony –many embryos in the same seed –reported by Leewenhoek
- 204. Reasons for polyembryony • --more than one egg cell • --more than one embryo sac in ovule. • ---all the egg cells get fertilised • ---number of embryos develop simultaneously from diff. Parts of ovule like –synergids ,antipodal cells • Number of embryos develop from the tissue of nucellus and integuments. • Ex. conifers, onion, groundnut, mango lemon, orange
- 205. End of reproduction in angiosperms Prepared by :- Kalpana Wagh