This document proposes a new mixed-style architecture for reducing power in multipliers. It combines a traditional Wallace tree-based part with a bypass array-based part. Simulations show the mixed architecture offers up to a 6.5x improvement in delay-power product compared to traditional array and Wallace tree multipliers. The mixed style exploits low power benefits of bypassing in arrays and performance benefits of Wallace trees.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Remedyto the Shading Effect on Photovoltaic CellIOSR Journals
This document discusses remedies for the shading effect on photovoltaic cells. It proposes connecting bypass diodes parallel to solar cells such that when shading occurs, the reverse voltage enables the bypass diode to conduct current from the unshaded cells. This results in the current from the unshaded cells flowing through the bypass diode, showing a second local maximum on the power/voltage characteristics. The shaded cell is only loaded with power from the unshaded cells in that section. The document then provides details on sizing the components of a photovoltaic system based on load assessment, including selecting a 1.5 kVA inverter, a 24V 400Ah battery bank, and determining the required solar panel size
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MODIFIED QSERL CIRCUITVLSICS Design
The document summarizes the performance analysis of a modified quasi-static energy recovery logic (MQSERL) circuit. Some key points:
1) MQSERL aims to improve energy efficiency over previous quasi-static energy recovery logic (QSERL) circuits by reducing non-adiabatic losses. It replaces diodes with transistors to minimize voltage drop.
2) The circuit uses two complementary sinusoidal power clocks for evaluation and hold phases. During evaluation, the load capacitance is slowly charged or discharged via transistors.
3) Simulation results show the MQSERL inverter has 30% lower energy dissipation than CMOS and 20% lower than QSERL up to 20MHz and 20fF
Adiabatic Logic Based Low Power Carry Select Adder for future TechnologiesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Design of a Low Power and Area Efficient Flip Flop With Embedded Logic Moduleiosrjce
As number of modules per chip is increasing, number of transistors in a chip increases resulting in
increase in area and power dissipation. Area and power dissipation problems can be most effectively addressed
if the basic building blocks of the circuit are designed for lower power dissipation and occupy less space. FlipFlop,
which is basic building block, plays a major role in design of complex systems. From the open literature,
Semi Dynamic Flip-Flop (SDFF) and Dual Dynamic Flip-Flops (DDFF) are classic structures which are
efficient for incorporating complex logic functions. In this paper, a new low power and area efficient flip-flop
with Embedded Logic Module (ELM) is proposed. The proposed Flip-Flop reduces 50% to 60% of power
dissipation as compared to conventional flip-flops and delay up to 86% is also reduced. Serial in Parallel out
(SIPO) shift register is designed with the proposed flip-flop which exhibit low power dissipation. The
simulations are done in MENTOR GRAPHICS, Schematic editor, Generic GDK, 130nm technology.
Energy Efficient Design of Multiplexer Using Adiabatic logicIJEEE
the increasing prominence of portable systems and the need to limit the power consumption in very high density VLSI chips have led to rapid and innovative developments in low power design during the recent years. The CMOS technology provides circuits with very low static power dissipation, during the switching operation currents are generated, due to the discharge of load capacitances that cause power dissipation increasing with the clock frequency. The adiabatic technique prevents such losses, the charge does not flow from the supply voltage to the load capacitance and then to ground, but it flows back to a trapezoidal or sinusoidal supply voltage and can be reused.In this paper a low 2:1 multiplexer is designed using positive feedback adiabatic logic. The design is simulated at .12µm technology using Microwind 3.1. Simulated results shows that proposed design saves 38% energy as compare to conventional CMOS design.
This document discusses the implementation of low power integrators and differentiators using memristors. It first provides background on memristors and describes the linear ion drift model used to model memristor behavior. It then shows circuit diagrams for traditional op-amp-based integrators and differentiators and their memristor-based counterparts. Transient analyses are performed and results show the memristor-based circuits provide significantly lower power dissipation in the nano-Watt range compared to milli-Watt ranges for traditional designs. Therefore, memristors allow for more compact and reliable analog circuit implementation with reduced power consumption.
Fiber Cables Direct, Inc. sells OM1 LC to LC duplex fiber optic patch cables using Corning's 62.5/125 multimode duplex fiber with small 1.25mm LC connectors for high density networking. The company also offers media converters that convert between Fast Ethernet 100Base-TX copper and 100Base FX fiber using (2) SC fiber ports and (1) RJ45 copper port to provide flexibility in network integration. Corning invented optical fiber and continues to deliver innovative glass solutions for fiber optic cables.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Remedyto the Shading Effect on Photovoltaic CellIOSR Journals
This document discusses remedies for the shading effect on photovoltaic cells. It proposes connecting bypass diodes parallel to solar cells such that when shading occurs, the reverse voltage enables the bypass diode to conduct current from the unshaded cells. This results in the current from the unshaded cells flowing through the bypass diode, showing a second local maximum on the power/voltage characteristics. The shaded cell is only loaded with power from the unshaded cells in that section. The document then provides details on sizing the components of a photovoltaic system based on load assessment, including selecting a 1.5 kVA inverter, a 24V 400Ah battery bank, and determining the required solar panel size
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MODIFIED QSERL CIRCUITVLSICS Design
The document summarizes the performance analysis of a modified quasi-static energy recovery logic (MQSERL) circuit. Some key points:
1) MQSERL aims to improve energy efficiency over previous quasi-static energy recovery logic (QSERL) circuits by reducing non-adiabatic losses. It replaces diodes with transistors to minimize voltage drop.
2) The circuit uses two complementary sinusoidal power clocks for evaluation and hold phases. During evaluation, the load capacitance is slowly charged or discharged via transistors.
3) Simulation results show the MQSERL inverter has 30% lower energy dissipation than CMOS and 20% lower than QSERL up to 20MHz and 20fF
Adiabatic Logic Based Low Power Carry Select Adder for future TechnologiesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Design of a Low Power and Area Efficient Flip Flop With Embedded Logic Moduleiosrjce
As number of modules per chip is increasing, number of transistors in a chip increases resulting in
increase in area and power dissipation. Area and power dissipation problems can be most effectively addressed
if the basic building blocks of the circuit are designed for lower power dissipation and occupy less space. FlipFlop,
which is basic building block, plays a major role in design of complex systems. From the open literature,
Semi Dynamic Flip-Flop (SDFF) and Dual Dynamic Flip-Flops (DDFF) are classic structures which are
efficient for incorporating complex logic functions. In this paper, a new low power and area efficient flip-flop
with Embedded Logic Module (ELM) is proposed. The proposed Flip-Flop reduces 50% to 60% of power
dissipation as compared to conventional flip-flops and delay up to 86% is also reduced. Serial in Parallel out
(SIPO) shift register is designed with the proposed flip-flop which exhibit low power dissipation. The
simulations are done in MENTOR GRAPHICS, Schematic editor, Generic GDK, 130nm technology.
Energy Efficient Design of Multiplexer Using Adiabatic logicIJEEE
the increasing prominence of portable systems and the need to limit the power consumption in very high density VLSI chips have led to rapid and innovative developments in low power design during the recent years. The CMOS technology provides circuits with very low static power dissipation, during the switching operation currents are generated, due to the discharge of load capacitances that cause power dissipation increasing with the clock frequency. The adiabatic technique prevents such losses, the charge does not flow from the supply voltage to the load capacitance and then to ground, but it flows back to a trapezoidal or sinusoidal supply voltage and can be reused.In this paper a low 2:1 multiplexer is designed using positive feedback adiabatic logic. The design is simulated at .12µm technology using Microwind 3.1. Simulated results shows that proposed design saves 38% energy as compare to conventional CMOS design.
This document discusses the implementation of low power integrators and differentiators using memristors. It first provides background on memristors and describes the linear ion drift model used to model memristor behavior. It then shows circuit diagrams for traditional op-amp-based integrators and differentiators and their memristor-based counterparts. Transient analyses are performed and results show the memristor-based circuits provide significantly lower power dissipation in the nano-Watt range compared to milli-Watt ranges for traditional designs. Therefore, memristors allow for more compact and reliable analog circuit implementation with reduced power consumption.
Fiber Cables Direct, Inc. sells OM1 LC to LC duplex fiber optic patch cables using Corning's 62.5/125 multimode duplex fiber with small 1.25mm LC connectors for high density networking. The company also offers media converters that convert between Fast Ethernet 100Base-TX copper and 100Base FX fiber using (2) SC fiber ports and (1) RJ45 copper port to provide flexibility in network integration. Corning invented optical fiber and continues to deliver innovative glass solutions for fiber optic cables.
VOLTAGE STACKING FOR SIMPLIFYING POWER MANAGEMENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITSVLSICS Design
Multiple power domains on a single integrated circuit (IC) are becoming more common due to the increasing complexity of systems on chips (SoCs) as process nodes continue to get smaller. Supplying the correct voltage to each domain requires the use of multiple voltage converters that occupy substantial space either on-chip or off-chip and introduce additional power loss in the conversions. In this paper, an asynchronous paradigm called Multi-Threshold NULL Convention Logic (MTNCL) is used to create a “stacked” architecture that reduces the number of converters needed and thereby mitigating the aforementioned problems. In this architecture, the MTNCL circuits are stacked between a multiple of VDD and GND, where simple control mechanisms alleviate the induced dynamic range fluctuation problem. The GLOBALFOUNDRIES 32nm Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) CMOS process is used to evaluate and analyze the theoretical effects of parasitic extracted physical implementations in stacking different circuits running different workloads. These results show that the “stacked” architecture introduce negligible overhead compared to the operation of the individual circuits while substantially alleviating the need for voltage converters, which in turn reduces the overall power consumption of the system.
The low power has been the main concern for the VLSI industry with the technology scaling in CMOS process from 130 nm to 22nm. The presentation here gives a brief idea about the several low power VLSI techniques being used in VLSI circuits to reduce the power and delay. for any query feel free to visit us at: http://www.siliconmentor.com/
M.TECH IEEE.Technical seminar paper for Vlsi design and embedded systems.Suchitra goudar
The document proposes designs for ternary logic gates based on single power supply voltage for CMOS technology. It describes the design of a simple ternary inverter (STI), negative ternary inverter (NTI), and positive ternary inverter (PTI) using only enhancement-type MOSFETs. Transistor widths and lengths are optimized to achieve the desired voltage transfer characteristics. Basic ternary logic gates including a ternary NAND (TNAND) and ternary NOR (TNOR) are also designed using a similar single-transistor approach. The proposed gate designs aim to reduce transistor count and power consumption compared to prior ternary logic designs.
New Hybrid Structure Based on Improved Switched Inductor Z-Source and Paralle...IJPEDS-IAES
This document describes a new hybrid inverter topology for renewable energy systems. The topology combines an improved switched inductor Z-source impedance network with multiple parallel inverters sharing a common DC input voltage.
The improved switched inductor Z-source network significantly increases the voltage boost ability compared to traditional Z-source and switched inductor Z-source networks. Connecting multiple inverters in parallel increases the power capacity and reliability of the system by dividing the output current load among the inverters.
Simulation results validated the performance of the proposed topology in MATLAB/Simulink. The topology enables a wide adjustable output voltage for applications like solar and fuel cells that require high voltage boost capabilities.
Adiabatic describe the thermodynamic processes in which there is no energy exchange with the environment, and therefore very less dissipated energy loss. These circuits are low power circuits which use reversible logic to conserve energy. Adiabatic logic works with the concept of switching activities which reduces the power by giving stored energy back to the supply. The main design changes are focused on power clock which plays the vital role in the principle of operation. This has been used because many adiabaticcircuits use a combined power supply and clock, or a power clock (Four Phase).To achieve this, the power supply of adiabatic logic circuits have used time varying voltage charging signal, in contrast to traditional non-adiabatic systems that have generally used constant voltage charging from a fixed-voltage power supply. Thereby the circuit topology and operation of the circuit has been changed so that the source current of CMOS transistor change its direction and goes back to the supply(Recovery) when the power clock falls from VDD to zero. Power efficient blocks can be designed by using adiabatic logic which can be used in combinational and sequential circuits. The simulation of the designs is done using a backend tool called MENTOR GRAPHICS in 130nm technology
1. The document discusses a novel multistring inverter topology for distributed energy resources (DERs) based DC/AC conversion systems.
2. A high step-up converter is introduced as a front-end stage to improve conversion efficiency and stabilize the output DC voltage of various DERs, such as photovoltaics, for use with a simplified multilevel inverter.
3. The proposed inverter topology uses fewer switches than conventional designs to achieve multiple voltage levels, reducing cost, component counts, losses, and improving reliability.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed, modeled, and characterized an integrated cascode cell for compact Ku-band power amplifiers.
The integrated cascode cell was designed to decrease the size of individual power cells while maintaining performance. It combines two transistors in a cascode configuration, effectively doubling the output power and gain compared to a single transistor. Modeling of the cell was performed using a distributed approach.
Measurements showed good agreement with the model. Using the new integrated cascode cells, the researcher was able to design a 2W Ku-band power amplifier MMIC that occupied 40% less area than previous designs using single transistors, demonstrating the effectiveness of the integrated cascode cell topology.
The document describes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to control an interline power flow controller (IPFC) installed on a power transmission system. An IPFC uses voltage source converters to inject active and reactive power into transmission lines, allowing control of power flows. The document presents a MATLAB/Simulink model of an IPFC on a 4-bus system. Optimal parameters for the IPFC (magnitude and angle of injected voltages) are determined using PSO to minimize transmission line losses. Simulations apply this method to the IEEE 30-bus test system. PSO helps find optimal IPFC settings to efficiently control power flows in the multi-line transmission system.
Epcos Capacitors Dealers In India-System controls switchgearsystemcontrols
The System controls switchgear company has been providing top quality electrical equipment. Particularly successful in improving power quality across all industry segments and in utilities. System controls switchgear are one of leading Abb Low Voltage Switchgears, Abb Mcb,Epcos Power Capacitor, Alstom Protection Relays, Micom Relay Alstom, Legrand Low Voltage Switchgear, C&S MCB dealers in Delhi India.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dual-Active-Bridge Converter for Bi-Directional PV Micro Inverter Application...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed dual-mode control scheme for a dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter used in bi-directional photovoltaic micro inverters with integrated battery storage. The DAB topology provides bidirectional power flow but suffers from low efficiency at low power levels. The proposed design modifies the DAB by adding a switch to operate as a two-transistor flyback converter at low power for improved efficiency. It also dynamically adjusts the DC link voltage for optimal performance when operating in DAB mode. Experimental results on a 100W prototype showed up to 8% increased efficiency at low power levels with the dual-mode control scheme.
High Step-Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy Sy...IJRES Journal
In this project, A novel high step-up converter, which is suitable for renewable energy system, is proposed.Through a voltage multiplier module composed of switched capacitors and coupled inductors, a conventional interleaved boost converter obtains high step-up gain without operating at extreme duty ratio.The configuration of the proposed converter not only reduces the current stress but also constrains the input current ripple, which decreases the conduction losses and lengthens the lifetime of the input source. In addition, due to the lossless passive clamp performance, leakage energy is recycled to the output terminal. Hence, large voltage spikes across the main switches are alleviated, and the efficiency is improved.
1) The document presents a control strategy for a grid-interfacing inverter connected to renewable energy sources to improve power quality at the distribution level grid connection point.
2) By controlling the inverter, it can act as both a power converter to inject renewable power into the grid and as an active power filter to compensate for current unbalance, load harmonics, reactive power demand, and neutral current without additional hardware costs.
3) The control strategy aims to maximize utilization of the inverter rating and allows the inverter and nonlinear/unbalanced load at the point of common coupling to appear as a balanced linear load to the grid, maintaining power quality standards.
Design and Analysis of Multi Vt and Variable Vt based Pipelined Adder for Lo...VLSICS Design
Majority of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications require arithmetic blocks such as multipliers and adders for hardware realization of complex algorithms. Power consumption of arithmetic blocks need to be minimized by use of low power techniques. In this paper, an experimental setup is developed to identify the sources of power dissipation and remedies that can be adopted to minimize power dissipation in arithmetic blocks. Use of low power techniques such as Multi Vt, variable Vt, pipelining, geometry scaling and use of appropriate load capacitance have been used to reduce power dissipation. A 4-bit pipelined adder is designed and the power dissipation is reduced to 4.17µW from 9.6µW. The designed pipelined adder can be used for DSP applications.
.
The document summarizes strategies for targeting a specific audience for a soap opera television show. It discusses using recognizable branding, fashion, locations, and storylines that the target 16-24 year old audience can relate to. Character names, fonts, and marketing content are taken from the E4 style guide to appeal to regular viewers of that channel.
Ppc proceso 12-15-1015213_211001023_4785060Camilo Yepes
Este documento presenta el proyecto de pliego de condiciones para el concurso de méritos No. 001 de 2012 de CORPOTIC. El objetivo es contratar una interventoría para realizar el seguimiento administrativo, técnico, financiero, contable y jurídico del convenio del Tercer Plan Bianual celebrado entre el Fondo de TIC, CORPOTIC y Colombia Telecomunicaciones. Se describe el proceso de selección, los requisitos, la metodología de evaluación y las condiciones generales del contrato.
The document provides guidance for cashiers and supervisors at money services businesses on reporting suspicious transactions. It outlines procedures for cashiers to report suspicious activity to supervisors and the types of information supervisors should collect and provide to the compliance department to file a Suspicious Activity Report if needed. It also summarizes requirements for money transmitters to verify customer identities and record transactions over $3,000.
CNBS aspiration to facilitate their operation by streamlining their working processes lead them to search for a complete solution which would implement a high level of security, decrease risk levels and optimize the entire process of handling signatures and signatories in order to achieve improved efficiency. In addition it was also searching for a way to decrease manpower and other overhead expense. Their challenge was to find a system that would communicate with their existing systems, with minimum integration efforts. Before CNBS adopted xyzmo SIGNificant’s solution, all of the banks and financial institutions under its supervision were sending their reports manually signed by bank supervisors to the CNBS as hard- copies in a manual process. This process was inefficient as it was time and effort consuming and created a bottle neck of approximately three days on average each time.
The document discusses internet safety and provides advice for using the internet responsibly. It introduces concepts like web 2.0, social networking, and how future employers may check people's online profiles. The document recommends using Firefox as a web browser and installing parental control or accountability software to monitor internet usage.
DNS servers convert web addresses to IP addresses and vice versa. A DNS zone is a contiguous portion of the DNS namespace containing domains and subdomains. Resource records within zonal databases contain address mappings. Using multiple DNS servers improves performance and availability through load balancing and redundancy. Threats to DNS servers include flooding, request hijacking, and traffic interception. Security measures involve restricting dynamic updates, network interfaces, and zone transfers.
VOLTAGE STACKING FOR SIMPLIFYING POWER MANAGEMENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITSVLSICS Design
Multiple power domains on a single integrated circuit (IC) are becoming more common due to the increasing complexity of systems on chips (SoCs) as process nodes continue to get smaller. Supplying the correct voltage to each domain requires the use of multiple voltage converters that occupy substantial space either on-chip or off-chip and introduce additional power loss in the conversions. In this paper, an asynchronous paradigm called Multi-Threshold NULL Convention Logic (MTNCL) is used to create a “stacked” architecture that reduces the number of converters needed and thereby mitigating the aforementioned problems. In this architecture, the MTNCL circuits are stacked between a multiple of VDD and GND, where simple control mechanisms alleviate the induced dynamic range fluctuation problem. The GLOBALFOUNDRIES 32nm Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) CMOS process is used to evaluate and analyze the theoretical effects of parasitic extracted physical implementations in stacking different circuits running different workloads. These results show that the “stacked” architecture introduce negligible overhead compared to the operation of the individual circuits while substantially alleviating the need for voltage converters, which in turn reduces the overall power consumption of the system.
The low power has been the main concern for the VLSI industry with the technology scaling in CMOS process from 130 nm to 22nm. The presentation here gives a brief idea about the several low power VLSI techniques being used in VLSI circuits to reduce the power and delay. for any query feel free to visit us at: http://www.siliconmentor.com/
M.TECH IEEE.Technical seminar paper for Vlsi design and embedded systems.Suchitra goudar
The document proposes designs for ternary logic gates based on single power supply voltage for CMOS technology. It describes the design of a simple ternary inverter (STI), negative ternary inverter (NTI), and positive ternary inverter (PTI) using only enhancement-type MOSFETs. Transistor widths and lengths are optimized to achieve the desired voltage transfer characteristics. Basic ternary logic gates including a ternary NAND (TNAND) and ternary NOR (TNOR) are also designed using a similar single-transistor approach. The proposed gate designs aim to reduce transistor count and power consumption compared to prior ternary logic designs.
New Hybrid Structure Based on Improved Switched Inductor Z-Source and Paralle...IJPEDS-IAES
This document describes a new hybrid inverter topology for renewable energy systems. The topology combines an improved switched inductor Z-source impedance network with multiple parallel inverters sharing a common DC input voltage.
The improved switched inductor Z-source network significantly increases the voltage boost ability compared to traditional Z-source and switched inductor Z-source networks. Connecting multiple inverters in parallel increases the power capacity and reliability of the system by dividing the output current load among the inverters.
Simulation results validated the performance of the proposed topology in MATLAB/Simulink. The topology enables a wide adjustable output voltage for applications like solar and fuel cells that require high voltage boost capabilities.
Adiabatic describe the thermodynamic processes in which there is no energy exchange with the environment, and therefore very less dissipated energy loss. These circuits are low power circuits which use reversible logic to conserve energy. Adiabatic logic works with the concept of switching activities which reduces the power by giving stored energy back to the supply. The main design changes are focused on power clock which plays the vital role in the principle of operation. This has been used because many adiabaticcircuits use a combined power supply and clock, or a power clock (Four Phase).To achieve this, the power supply of adiabatic logic circuits have used time varying voltage charging signal, in contrast to traditional non-adiabatic systems that have generally used constant voltage charging from a fixed-voltage power supply. Thereby the circuit topology and operation of the circuit has been changed so that the source current of CMOS transistor change its direction and goes back to the supply(Recovery) when the power clock falls from VDD to zero. Power efficient blocks can be designed by using adiabatic logic which can be used in combinational and sequential circuits. The simulation of the designs is done using a backend tool called MENTOR GRAPHICS in 130nm technology
1. The document discusses a novel multistring inverter topology for distributed energy resources (DERs) based DC/AC conversion systems.
2. A high step-up converter is introduced as a front-end stage to improve conversion efficiency and stabilize the output DC voltage of various DERs, such as photovoltaics, for use with a simplified multilevel inverter.
3. The proposed inverter topology uses fewer switches than conventional designs to achieve multiple voltage levels, reducing cost, component counts, losses, and improving reliability.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed, modeled, and characterized an integrated cascode cell for compact Ku-band power amplifiers.
The integrated cascode cell was designed to decrease the size of individual power cells while maintaining performance. It combines two transistors in a cascode configuration, effectively doubling the output power and gain compared to a single transistor. Modeling of the cell was performed using a distributed approach.
Measurements showed good agreement with the model. Using the new integrated cascode cells, the researcher was able to design a 2W Ku-band power amplifier MMIC that occupied 40% less area than previous designs using single transistors, demonstrating the effectiveness of the integrated cascode cell topology.
The document describes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to control an interline power flow controller (IPFC) installed on a power transmission system. An IPFC uses voltage source converters to inject active and reactive power into transmission lines, allowing control of power flows. The document presents a MATLAB/Simulink model of an IPFC on a 4-bus system. Optimal parameters for the IPFC (magnitude and angle of injected voltages) are determined using PSO to minimize transmission line losses. Simulations apply this method to the IEEE 30-bus test system. PSO helps find optimal IPFC settings to efficiently control power flows in the multi-line transmission system.
Epcos Capacitors Dealers In India-System controls switchgearsystemcontrols
The System controls switchgear company has been providing top quality electrical equipment. Particularly successful in improving power quality across all industry segments and in utilities. System controls switchgear are one of leading Abb Low Voltage Switchgears, Abb Mcb,Epcos Power Capacitor, Alstom Protection Relays, Micom Relay Alstom, Legrand Low Voltage Switchgear, C&S MCB dealers in Delhi India.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dual-Active-Bridge Converter for Bi-Directional PV Micro Inverter Application...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed dual-mode control scheme for a dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter used in bi-directional photovoltaic micro inverters with integrated battery storage. The DAB topology provides bidirectional power flow but suffers from low efficiency at low power levels. The proposed design modifies the DAB by adding a switch to operate as a two-transistor flyback converter at low power for improved efficiency. It also dynamically adjusts the DC link voltage for optimal performance when operating in DAB mode. Experimental results on a 100W prototype showed up to 8% increased efficiency at low power levels with the dual-mode control scheme.
High Step-Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy Sy...IJRES Journal
In this project, A novel high step-up converter, which is suitable for renewable energy system, is proposed.Through a voltage multiplier module composed of switched capacitors and coupled inductors, a conventional interleaved boost converter obtains high step-up gain without operating at extreme duty ratio.The configuration of the proposed converter not only reduces the current stress but also constrains the input current ripple, which decreases the conduction losses and lengthens the lifetime of the input source. In addition, due to the lossless passive clamp performance, leakage energy is recycled to the output terminal. Hence, large voltage spikes across the main switches are alleviated, and the efficiency is improved.
1) The document presents a control strategy for a grid-interfacing inverter connected to renewable energy sources to improve power quality at the distribution level grid connection point.
2) By controlling the inverter, it can act as both a power converter to inject renewable power into the grid and as an active power filter to compensate for current unbalance, load harmonics, reactive power demand, and neutral current without additional hardware costs.
3) The control strategy aims to maximize utilization of the inverter rating and allows the inverter and nonlinear/unbalanced load at the point of common coupling to appear as a balanced linear load to the grid, maintaining power quality standards.
Design and Analysis of Multi Vt and Variable Vt based Pipelined Adder for Lo...VLSICS Design
Majority of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications require arithmetic blocks such as multipliers and adders for hardware realization of complex algorithms. Power consumption of arithmetic blocks need to be minimized by use of low power techniques. In this paper, an experimental setup is developed to identify the sources of power dissipation and remedies that can be adopted to minimize power dissipation in arithmetic blocks. Use of low power techniques such as Multi Vt, variable Vt, pipelining, geometry scaling and use of appropriate load capacitance have been used to reduce power dissipation. A 4-bit pipelined adder is designed and the power dissipation is reduced to 4.17µW from 9.6µW. The designed pipelined adder can be used for DSP applications.
.
The document summarizes strategies for targeting a specific audience for a soap opera television show. It discusses using recognizable branding, fashion, locations, and storylines that the target 16-24 year old audience can relate to. Character names, fonts, and marketing content are taken from the E4 style guide to appeal to regular viewers of that channel.
Ppc proceso 12-15-1015213_211001023_4785060Camilo Yepes
Este documento presenta el proyecto de pliego de condiciones para el concurso de méritos No. 001 de 2012 de CORPOTIC. El objetivo es contratar una interventoría para realizar el seguimiento administrativo, técnico, financiero, contable y jurídico del convenio del Tercer Plan Bianual celebrado entre el Fondo de TIC, CORPOTIC y Colombia Telecomunicaciones. Se describe el proceso de selección, los requisitos, la metodología de evaluación y las condiciones generales del contrato.
The document provides guidance for cashiers and supervisors at money services businesses on reporting suspicious transactions. It outlines procedures for cashiers to report suspicious activity to supervisors and the types of information supervisors should collect and provide to the compliance department to file a Suspicious Activity Report if needed. It also summarizes requirements for money transmitters to verify customer identities and record transactions over $3,000.
CNBS aspiration to facilitate their operation by streamlining their working processes lead them to search for a complete solution which would implement a high level of security, decrease risk levels and optimize the entire process of handling signatures and signatories in order to achieve improved efficiency. In addition it was also searching for a way to decrease manpower and other overhead expense. Their challenge was to find a system that would communicate with their existing systems, with minimum integration efforts. Before CNBS adopted xyzmo SIGNificant’s solution, all of the banks and financial institutions under its supervision were sending their reports manually signed by bank supervisors to the CNBS as hard- copies in a manual process. This process was inefficient as it was time and effort consuming and created a bottle neck of approximately three days on average each time.
The document discusses internet safety and provides advice for using the internet responsibly. It introduces concepts like web 2.0, social networking, and how future employers may check people's online profiles. The document recommends using Firefox as a web browser and installing parental control or accountability software to monitor internet usage.
DNS servers convert web addresses to IP addresses and vice versa. A DNS zone is a contiguous portion of the DNS namespace containing domains and subdomains. Resource records within zonal databases contain address mappings. Using multiple DNS servers improves performance and availability through load balancing and redundancy. Threats to DNS servers include flooding, request hijacking, and traffic interception. Security measures involve restricting dynamic updates, network interfaces, and zone transfers.
Optimized Design of an Alu Block Using Power Gating TechniqueIJERA Editor
Power is the limiting factor in traditional CMOS scaling and must be dealt with aggressively. With the scaling
of technology and the need for high performance and more functionality, power dissipation becomes a major
bottleneck for a system design. Power gating of functional units has been proved to be an effective technique to
reduce power consumption. This paper describe about to design of an ALU block with sleep mode to reduce the
power consumption of the circuit. Local sleep transistors are used to achieve sleep mode. During sleep mode
one functional unit is working and another functional unit is in idle state. i.e., it disconnects the idle logic
blocks from the power supply. Architecture and functionality of the ALU implemented on FPGA and is tested
using DSCH tool. Power analysis is carried out using MICROWIND tool.
The paper presents a low Power consumption plays a vital role in the present day VLSI technology. Power consumption of an electronic device can be reduced by adopt changed design styles. Multipliers play a most important role in high concert systems. This project focus on a novel energy efficient technique called adiabatic logic which is based on energy renewal principle and power is compared by designing a multiplier. CMOS technology plays a main role in designing low power consuming devices, compared to different logic family CMOS has less power dissipation. Adiabatic logic method is assumed to be an attractive solution for low power electronic applications. By using Adiabatic techniques energy dissipation in PMOS network can be minimized and selection of energy stored at load capacitance can be recycled instead of dissipated as heat. Tanner EDA tools are used for simulation.
Implementation of Area Effective Carry Select AddersKumar Goud
Abstract: In the design of Integrated circuit area occupancy plays a vital role because of increasing the necessity of portable systems. Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is a fast adder used in data processing processors for performing fast arithmetic functions. From the structure of the CSLA, the scope is reducing the area of CSLA based on the efficient gate-level modification. In this paper 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit and 128 bit Regular Linear CSLA, Modified Linear CSLA, Regular Square-root CSLA (SQRT CSLA) and Modified SQRT CSLA architectures have been developed and compared. However, the Regular CSLA is still area-consuming due to the dual Ripple-Carry Adder (RCA) structure. For reducing area, the CSLA can be implemented by using a single RCA and an add-one circuit instead of using dual RCA. Comparing the Regular Linear CSLA with Regular SQRT CSLA, the Regular SQRT CSLA has reduced area as well as comparing the Modified Linear CSLA with Modified SQRT CSLA; the Modified SQRT CSLA has reduced area. The results and analysis show that the Modified Linear CSLA and Modified SQRT CSLA provide better outcomes than the Regular Linear CSLA and Regular SQRT CSLA respectively. This project was aimed for implementing high performance optimized FPGA architecture. Modelsim 10.0c is used for simulating the CSLA and synthesized using Xilinx PlanAhead13.4. Then the implementation is done in Virtex5 FPGA Kit.
Keywords: Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), efficient, Carry Select Adder (CSLA), Square-root CSLA (SQRTCSLA).
Performance Analysis of a Low-Power High-Speed Hybrid 1-Bit Full Adder Circui...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed hybrid 1-bit full adder circuit designed using different CMOS technologies. Full adders are important building blocks for arithmetic circuits. Existing full adder designs have limitations like high power consumption, voltage degradation, and slow speed. The proposed hybrid design addresses these issues. It uses a combination of logic styles for the sum generation and carry generation circuits. The sum circuit uses an improved XNOR module to reduce power and overcome switching delays at low voltages. The carry generation circuit uses transmission gates to reduce the carry propagation delay. The proposed hybrid full adder circuit was simulated using Cadence at 180nm, 90nm, and 45nm process technologies. Simulation results showed improvements in power, delay, and transistor count compared
Low Power VLSI Design of Modified Booth Multiplieridescitation
Low power VLSI circuits became very vital criteria
for designing the energy efficient electronic designs for prime
performance and compact devices. Multipliers play a very
important role for planning energy economical processors that
decides the potency of the processor. To scale back the facility
consumption of multiplier factor booth coding methodology
is being employed to rearrange the input bits. The operation
of the booth decoder is to rearrange the given booth equivalent.
Booth decoder can increase the range of zeros in variety. Hence
the switching activity are going to be reduced that further
reduces the power consumption of the design. The input bit
constant determines the switching activity part that’s once
the input constant is zero corresponding rows or column of
the adder ought to be deactivated. When multiplicand contains
a lot of number of zeros the higher power reduction will takes
place. therefore in booth multiplier factor high power
reductions are going to be achieved.
IRJET- Review on Various Topologis used for Decoupling of Fluctuating Power i...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various topologies used for decoupling fluctuating power in single-phase AC circuits. It discusses how active power decoupling techniques can help mitigate issues caused by power fluctuations, such as distorted power factor correction and reduced maximum power point tracking efficiency in applications like solar inverters. Specifically, it analyzes a symmetrical half-bridge circuit topology that uses minimal passive components to absorb power surges. The document also reviews several past studies on active power decoupling methods, capacitive energy storage approaches, and the benefits of film capacitors over electrolytic capacitors for power decoupling applications.
The document discusses the design of an energy efficient carry save adder using asynchronous adiabatic logic. It first discusses existing work on using double pass transistor logic with asynchronous adiabatic logic to design an energy efficient full adder cell. It then proposes using a carry save adder which can add 3 n-bit numbers using only 2 numbers of additions, reducing delay and improving performance. The document discusses the design of a static energy recovery full adder cell and use of double pass transistor logic to avoid signal degradation. It also provides background on asynchronous adiabatic logic which aims to reduce power dissipation by reusing stored energy.
This document discusses the design of an energy efficient full adder cell using double pass transistor asynchronous adiabatic logic (DPTAAL). It first provides background on asynchronous circuits and adiabatic logic for low power applications. It then describes an existing DPTAAL full adder cell design and proposes a new design that uses a carry save adder to reduce addition of 3 numbers to 2 numbers. The document concludes that the new asynchronous adiabatic full adder cell design consumes less energy than conventional logic designs for frequencies from 100-200MHz, confirming its feasibility for low power applications.
Static power optimization using dual sub threshold supply voltages in digital...VLSICS Design
Power dissipation in high performance systems requi
res more expensive packaging. In this situation, lo
w
power VLSI design has assumed great importance as a
n active and rapidly developing field. As the densi
ty
and operating speed of CMOS VLSI chip increases, st
atic power dissipation becomes more significant. Th
is
is due to the leakage current when the transistor i
s off this is threshold voltage dependent. This can
be
observed in the combinational and sequential circui
ts. Static power reduction techniques are achieved
by
means of operating the transistor either in Cut-off
or in Saturation region completely and avoiding th
e
clock in unnecessary circuits. In this work, “Dual
sub-threshold voltage supply” technique is used to
operate the transistor under off state or either in
on state by applying some voltage at the gate of t
he MOS
transistor. This static power reduction technique i
s to digital circuits, so that the power dissipatio
n is
reduced and the performance of the circuit is incre
ased. The designed circuits can be simulated by usi
ng
Mentor Graphics Backend Tool
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a new integrated inverse class E power amplifier circuit and its prototype implementation. Key points:
- The circuit removes the need for an RF choke and places the DC blocking capacitor at the output, allowing full integration.
- A prototype chip implemented in GaAs delivers 11.5 mW output power at 895 MHz with 39% efficiency from a 0.9V supply.
- Measurements show over 10mW output and above 32% efficiency across 850-925 MHz, demonstrating the circuit's wideband capability.
Design and Analysis of Sequential Circuit for Leakage Power Reduction using S...ijsrd.com
The rapid growth in semiconductor device industry has led to the development of high Performance potable systems with improve reliability. In such applications, it is extremely important to minimize current consumption due to the limited availability of battery Power. Consequently, power dissipation is becoming recognized as a top priority issue for VLSI circuit design. Leakage power makes up to 50% of the total power consumption in today's high performance microprocessors. Therefore leakage power reduction becomes the key to a low power design. Leakage power dissipation is the power dissipated by the circuit when it is in Sleep mode or standby mode. A significant portion of the total power consumption in high performance digital circuits in deep submicron regime is mainly due to leakage power. Leakage is the only Source. of power consumption in an idle circuit. Therefore it is important to reduce leakage power in portable system.
A Low Power Row and Column Compression for High-Performance Multiplication on...ijsrd.com
Digital system design in a remarkable and emerging field now days. Users are using digital devices for almost each and everything in daily life like calculator for calculation, Digital cameras for photo shot and video recording, Mobiles for communication, Computer to connect all over the world etc. In fact, increasing demand for manageable digital electronics products for computing and communication, as well as for other applications, has necessitated longer battery life, lower weight, high speed and lower power consumption. However, the two design criteria are often in conflict by improving one particular aspect of the design constrains the other. The demand for high speed processing has been increasing as a result of expanding computer and signal processing applications. In majority of digital signal processing (DSP) applications, multiplication and accumulation are the most critical operations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
VOLTAGE STACKING FOR SIMPLIFYING POWER MANAGEMENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITSVLSICS Design
Multiple power domains on a single integrated circuit (IC) are becoming more common due to the increasing complexity of systems on chips (SoCs) as process nodes continue to get smaller. Supplying the correct voltage to each domain requires the use of multiple voltage converters that occupy substantial
space either on-chip or off-chip and introduce additional power loss in the conversions. In this paper, an asynchronous paradigm called Multi-Threshold NULL Convention Logic (MTNCL) is used to create a “stacked” architecture that reduces the number of converters needed and thereby mitigating the
aforementioned problems. In this architecture, the MTNCL circuits are stacked between a multiple of VDD and GND, where simple control mechanisms alleviate the induced dynamic range fluctuation problem. The GLOBALFOUNDRIES 32nm Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) CMOS process is used to evaluate and analyze the theoretical effects of parasitic extracted physical implementations in stacking different circuits running
different workloads. These results show that the “stacked” architecture introduce negligible overhead compared to the operation of the individual circuits while substantially alleviating the need for voltage converters, which in turn reduces the overall power consumption of the system.
VOLTAGE STACKING FOR SIMPLIFYING POWER MANAGEMENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITSVLSICS Design
Multiple power domains on a single integrated circuit (IC) are becoming more common due to the increasing complexity of systems on chips (SoCs) as process nodes continue to get smaller. Supplying the correct voltage to each domain requires the use of multiple voltage converters that occupy substantial
space either on-chip or off-chip and introduce additional power loss in the conversions. In this paper, an asynchronous paradigm called Multi-Threshold NULL Convention Logic (MTNCL) is used to create a “stacked” architecture that reduces the number of converters needed and thereby mitigating the
aforementioned problems. In this architecture, the MTNCL circuits are stacked between a multiple of VDD
and GND, where simple control mechanisms alleviate the induced dynamic range fluctuation problem. The GLOBALFOUNDRIES 32nm Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) CMOS process is used to evaluate and analyze the theoretical effects of parasitic extracted physical implementations in stacking different circuits running different workloads. These results show that the “stacked” architecture introduce negligible overhead
compared to the operation of the individual circuits while substantially alleviating the need for voltage converters, which in turn reduces the overall power consumption of the system.
SURVEY ON POWER OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR LOW POWER VLSI CIRCUIT IN DEEP SU...VLSICS Design
CMOS technology is the key element in the development of VLSI systems since it consumes less power. Power optimization has become an overridden concern in deep submicron CMOS technologies. Due to shrink in the size of device, reduction in power consumption and over all power management on the chip are the key challenges. For many designs power optimization is important in order to reduce package cost and to extend battery life. In power optimization leakage also plays a very important role because it has significant fraction in the total power dissipation of VLSI circuits. This paper aims to elaborate the developments and advancements in the area of power optimization of CMOS circuits in deep submicron region. This survey will be useful for the designer for selecting a suitable technique depending upon the
requirement.
SURVEY ON POWER OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR LOW POWER VLSI CIRCUIT IN DEEP SU...VLSICS Design
CMOS technology is the key element in the development of VLSI systems since it consumes less power. Power optimization has become an overridden concern in deep submicron CMOS technologies. Due to shrink in the size of device, reduction in power consumption and over all power management on the chip are the key challenges. For many designs power optimization is important in order to reduce package cost and to extend battery life. In power optimization leakage also plays a very important role because it has significant fraction in the total power dissipation of VLSI circuits. This paper aims to elaborate the developments and advancements in the area of power optimization of CMOS circuits in deep submicron region. This survey will be useful for the designer for selecting a suitable technique depending upon the requirement.
SURVEY ON POWER OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR LOW POWER VLSI CIRCUIT IN DEEP SU...VLSICS Design
CMOS technology is the key element in the development of VLSI systems since it consumes less power.
Power optimization has become an overridden concern in deep submicron CMOS technologies. Due to
shrink in the size of device, reduction in power consumption and over all power management on the chip
are the key challenges. For many designs power optimization is important in order to reduce package cost
and to extend battery life. In power optimization leakage also plays a very important role because it has
significant fraction in the total power dissipation of VLSI circuits. This paper aims to elaborate the
developments and advancements in the area of power optimization of CMOS circuits in deep submicron
region. This survey
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
The document presents a novel DC-DC converter architecture for photovoltaic applications that uses distributed micro-converters to enforce voltage ratios across strings of PV cells, mitigating power loss from shading and mismatch effects. The converters are based on a resonant switched-capacitor design and integrate directly into PV module junction boxes, balancing power flow at the sub-module level with over 99% conversion efficiency and less than 0.1% insertion loss. The proposed architecture extends the balancing function to multiple series-connected PV modules through a dual-core cable and connector.
Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturizationEditor IJARCET
We are living in the technological era, were we preferred to have the portable devices rather than unmovable devices. We are isolating our self rom the wires and we are becoming the habitual of wireless world what makes the device portable? I guess physical dimensions (mechanical) of that particular device, but along with this the electrical dimension is of the device is also of great importance. Reducing the physical dimension of the antenna would result in the small antenna but not electrically small antenna. We have different definition for the electrically small antenna but the one which is most appropriate is, where k is the wave number and is equal to and a is the radius of the imaginary sphere circumscribing the maximum dimension of the antenna. As the present day electronic devices progress to diminish in size, technocrats have become increasingly concentrated on electrically small antenna (ESA) designs to reduce the size of the antenna in the overall electronics system. Researchers in many fields, including RF and Microwave, biomedical technology and national intelligence, can benefit from electrically small antennas as long as the performance of the designed ESA meets the system requirement.
This document provides a comparative study of two-way finite automata and Turing machines. Some key points:
- Two-way finite automata are similar to read-only Turing machines in that they have a finite tape that can be read in both directions, but cannot write to the tape.
- Turing machines have an infinite tape that can be read from and written to, allowing them to recognize recursively enumerable languages.
- Both models are examined in their ability to accept the regular language L={anbm|m,n>0}.
- The time complexity of a two-way finite automaton for this language is O(n2) due to making two passes over the
This document analyzes and compares the performance of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) simulation. Simulations were conducted using NS-2, SUMO, and MOVE simulators for a grid map scenario with varying numbers of nodes. The results show that AODV performed better than DSDV in terms of throughput and packet delivery fraction, while DSDV had lower end-to-end delays. However, neither protocol was found to be fully suitable for the highly dynamic VANET environment. The document concludes that further work is needed to develop improved routing protocols optimized for VANETs.
This document discusses the digital circuit layout problem and approaches to solving it using graph partitioning techniques. It begins by introducing the digital circuit layout problem and how it has become more complex with increasing circuit sizes. It then discusses how the problem can be decomposed into subproblems using graph partitioning to assign geometric coordinates to circuit components. The document reviews several traditional approaches to solve the problem, such as the Kernighan-Lin algorithm, and discusses their limitations for larger circuit sizes. It also discusses more recent approaches using evolutionary algorithms and concludes by analyzing the contributions of various approaches.
This document summarizes various data mining techniques that have been used for intrusion detection systems. It first describes the architecture of a data mining-based IDS, including sensors to collect data, detectors to evaluate the data using detection models, a data warehouse for storage, and a model generator. It then discusses supervised and unsupervised learning approaches that have been applied, including neural networks, support vector machines, K-means clustering, and self-organizing maps. Finally, it reviews several related works applying these techniques and compares their results, finding that combinations of approaches can improve detection rates while reducing false alarms.
This document provides an overview of speech recognition systems and recent progress in the field. It discusses different types of speech recognition including isolated word, connected word, continuous speech, and spontaneous speech. Various techniques used in speech recognition are also summarized, such as simulated evolutionary computation, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, Kalman filters, and Hidden Markov Models. The document reviews several papers published between 2004-2012 that studied speech recognition methods including using dynamic spectral subband centroids, Kalman filters, biomimetic computing techniques, noise estimation, and modulation filtering. It concludes that Hidden Markov Models combined with MFCC features provide good recognition results for large vocabulary, speaker-independent, continuous speech recognition.
This document discusses integrating two assembly lines, Line A and Line B, based on lean line design concepts to reduce space and operators. It analyzes the current state of the lines using tools like takt time analysis and MTM/UAS studies. Improvements are identified to eliminate waste, including methods improvements, workplace rearrangement, ergonomic changes, and outsourcing. Paper kaizen is conducted and work elements are retimed. The goal is to integrate the lines to better utilize space and manpower while meeting manufacturing standards.
This document summarizes research on the exposure of microwaves from cellular networks. It describes how microwaves interact with biological systems and discusses measurement techniques and safety standards regarding microwave exposure. While some studies have alleged health hazards from microwaves, independent reviews by health organizations have found no evidence that exposure to microwaves below international safety limits causes harm. The document concludes that with precautions like limiting exposure time and using phones with lower SAR ratings, microwaves from cell phones pose minimal health risks.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the effect of feature reduction in sentiment analysis of online reviews. It uses principle component analysis to reduce the number of features (product attributes) from a dataset of 500 camera reviews labeled as positive or negative. Two models are developed - one using the original set of 95 product attributes, and one using the reduced set. Support vector machines and naive Bayes classifiers are applied to both models and their performance is evaluated to determine if classification accuracy can be maintained while using fewer features. The results show it is possible to achieve similar accuracy levels with less features, improving computational efficiency.
This document provides a review of multispectral palm image fusion techniques. It begins with an introduction to biometrics and palm print identification. Different palm print images capture different spectral information about the palm. The document then reviews several pixel-level fusion methods for combining multispectral palm images, finding that Curvelet transform performs best at preserving discriminative patterns. It also discusses hardware for capturing multispectral palm images and the process of region of interest extraction and localization. Common fusion methods like wavelet transform and Curvelet transform are also summarized.
This document describes a vehicle theft detection system that uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The system involves embedding an RFID chip in each vehicle that continuously transmits a unique identification signal. When a vehicle is stolen, the owner reports it to the police, who upload the vehicle's information to a central database. Police vehicles are equipped with RFID receivers. If a stolen vehicle passes within range of a receiver, the receiver detects the vehicle's ID signal and displays its details on a tablet. This allows police to quickly identify and recover stolen vehicles. The system aims to make it difficult for thieves to hide a vehicle's identity and allows vehicles to be tracked globally wherever the detection system is implemented.
This document discusses and compares two techniques for image denoising using wavelet transforms: Dual-Tree Complex DWT and Double-Density Dual-Tree Complex DWT. Both techniques decompose an image corrupted by noise using filter banks, apply thresholding to the wavelet coefficients, and reconstruct the image. The Double-Density Dual-Tree Complex DWT yields better denoising results than the Dual-Tree Complex DWT as it produces more directional wavelets and is less sensitive to shifts and noise variance. Experimental results on test images demonstrate that the Double-Density method achieves higher peak signal-to-noise ratios, especially at higher noise levels.
This document compares the k-means and grid density clustering algorithms. It summarizes that grid density clustering determines dense grids based on the densities of neighboring grids, and is able to handle different shaped clusters in multi-density environments. The grid density algorithm does not require distance computation and is not dependent on the number of clusters being known in advance like k-means. The document concludes that grid density clustering is better than k-means clustering as it can handle noise and outliers, find arbitrary shaped clusters, and has lower time complexity.
This document proposes a method for detecting, localizing, and extracting text from videos with complex backgrounds. It involves three main steps:
1. Text detection uses corner metric and Laplacian filtering techniques independently to detect text regions. Corner metric identifies regions with high curvature, while Laplacian filtering highlights intensity discontinuities. The results are combined through multiplication to reduce noise.
2. Text localization then determines the accurate boundaries of detected text strings.
3. Text binarization filters background pixels to extract text pixels for recognition. Thresholding techniques are used to convert localized text regions to binary images.
The method exploits different text properties to detect text using corner metric and Laplacian filtering. Combining the results improves
This document describes the design and implementation of a low power 16-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using clock gating techniques. A variable block length carry skip adder is used in the arithmetic unit to reduce power consumption and improve performance. The ALU uses a clock gating circuit to selectively clock only the active arithmetic or logic unit, reducing dynamic power dissipation from unnecessary clock charging/discharging. The ALU was simulated in VHDL and synthesized for a Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA, achieving a maximum frequency of 65.19MHz at 1.98mW power dissipation, demonstrating improved performance over a conventional ALU design.
This document describes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GA) to tune the parameters of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. PSO and GA are used to minimize the objective function by adjusting the PID parameters to achieve optimal step response with minimal overshoot, settling time, and rise time. The results show that PSO provides high-quality solutions within a shorter calculation time than other stochastic methods.
This document discusses implementing trust negotiations in multisession transactions. It proposes a framework that supports voluntary and unexpected interruptions, allowing negotiating parties to complete negotiations despite temporary unavailability of resources. The Trust-x protocol addresses issues related to validity, temporary loss of data, and extended unavailability of one negotiator. It allows a peer to suspend an ongoing negotiation and resume it with another authenticated peer. Negotiation portions and intermediate states can be safely and privately passed among peers to guarantee stability for continued suspended negotiations. An ontology is also proposed to provide formal specification of concepts and relationships, which is essential in complex web service environments for sharing credential information needed to establish trust.
This document discusses and compares various nature-inspired optimization algorithms for resolving the mixed pixel problem in remote sensing imagery, including Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). It provides an overview of each algorithm, explaining key concepts like migration and mutation in BBO. The document aims to prove that BBO is the best algorithm for resolving the mixed pixel problem by comparing it to other evolutionary algorithms. It also includes figures illustrating concepts like the species model and habitat in BBO.
This document discusses principal component analysis (PCA) for face recognition. It begins with an introduction to face recognition and PCA. PCA works by calculating eigenvectors from a set of face images, which represent the principal components that account for the most variance in the image data. These eigenvectors are called "eigenfaces" and can be used to reconstruct the face images. The document then discusses how the system is implemented, including preparing a face database, normalizing the training images, calculating the eigenfaces/principal components, projecting the face images into this reduced space, and recognizing faces by calculating distances between projected test images and training images.
This document summarizes research on using wireless sensor networks to detect mobile targets. It discusses two optimization problems: 1) maximizing the exposure of the least exposed path within a sensor budget, and 2) minimizing sensor installation costs while ensuring all paths have exposure above a threshold. It proposes using tabu search heuristics to provide near-optimal solutions. The research also addresses extending the models to consider wireless connectivity, heterogeneous sensors, and intrusion detection using a game theory approach. Experimental results show the proposed mobile replica detection scheme can rapidly detect replicas with no false positives or negatives.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
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- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 days
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1. Techniques for Reducing Power in Multipliers
V.Alekhya#1, B.Srinivas*2
Department of ECE, MVGR College Of Engineering
Vizianagaram, AP, India
1
alekhya.479@gmail.com
2
srinivas.b@mvgrce.edu.in
Abstract— In this work, a new topology was proposed to necessity for the design and implementation of efficient
optimize the power dissipation of Multipliers. Low power power-aware devices.
digital Multiplier Design based on bypassing technique
mainly used to reduce the switching power dissipation. There are two main choices for the design of a
While this technique offers great dynamic power savings multiplier. The first is the Wallace tree form, which has
mainly in array multipliers, due to their regular
the advantage of a logarithmic circuit delay, and the
interconnection scheme, it misses the reduced area and
high speed advantages of tree multipliers. Therefore, second is the array multiplier form, like the Carry-Save
mixed style architecture, using a traditional tree based array, where the delay is linear. On the other hand the
part, combined with a bypass, array based part, is array multiplier has a regular structure, which leads to a
proposed. Prototyping of all these multiplier dense layout making it ideal for fabrication.
Architectures has been carried out on Spartan3E FPGA.
By Evaluating the performance of these Multiplier The Wallace tree has irregular structure, occupies more
architectures using Xilinx ISE tool suite , it has been area on the wafer, and needs greater wiring for cell
found that while the bypass technique offers the interconnections. This point is crucial for present and
minimum dynamic power consumption, the mixed
emerging IC technologies, where interconnection plays
architecture offers a delay*power product improvement ,
compared to all other architectures. a predominant role. This factor makes the Wallace tree
inappropriate for low power applications.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this paper, we present a technique to minimize
Low power issues have become an important factor in power dissipation in digital multipliers, starting from
modern VLSI design. The limited power capacity dynamic power and concentrating on the switching
systems had given rise to more power aware designs by activity. There have been proposed a lot of techniques
designers. Now-a-days, power has become a crucial to reduce the switching activity of a logic circuit. In the
factor than area or speed. However, different sequential world one of the most successful is clock
implementation technologies present different power gating, where an enable signal inhibits the clock,
isolating a large block of the circuit. This technique
optimization opportunities. In technologies above 0.1
eliminates activity and thus, power consumption. For
m, dynamic power is the dominant contribution to the example, in, clock gating is applied in pipelined array
total power dissipated while in smaller technologies; multipliers with significant power gains. In pure
leakage power is gaining more importance. combinational circuits the main effort of research has
been to rearrange the tree of gates in a more profitable
Dynamic power dissipation is the result of charging the scheme, or to insert clock gated registers which provide
load capacitances in a circuit. It is given by equation the desired isolation.
where is the
The contribution of this paper is the evaluation of a
output capacitance, the supply voltage, E(sw)
technique similar to clock gating. To isolate parts of a
(called switching activity) is the average number of circuit, transmission gates are used as low delay and
transitions and the clock frequency. area overhead bypass switches. An array multiplier
with bypass transmission gates can offer power
Leakage power dissipation is divided in two major reductions of more than 50%. Similar bypass ideas
parts, the sub-threshold leakage and the gate-oxide with different isolating components have also been
leakage. The sub-threshold leakage is caused by short reported in the past, in. However, our contribution
channel effects and low threshold voltage (Vth), while moves one step further and proposes a mixed
the gate-oxide leakage is exponentially increasing with architecture, to address both dynamic power dissipation
decreasing oxide thickness. and performance, by doing half of the multiplication
through an array structure, with bypass transmission
In the past, different architectural optimizations have gates, and the other half through a Wallace tree. This
been applied in order to minimize dynamic power mixed architecture offers a delay*power product
dissipation in arithmetic circuits, and especially in improvement ranging from 1.2x to 6.5x, compared to
digital multipliers. Multipliers are very important all other architectures.
devices in DSP applications, like for example FIR
filters, leading to excessive power consumption. Minimization of the switching activity in a digital
Consequently, the design of low power multipliers is a circuit can be performed by isolating and blocking
units producing non-valuable partial results, in order to
2. save power. To perform isolation, transmission gates
can be used, as ideal switches with small power
consumption, propagation delay similar to the inverter,
and small area. Isolation by transmission gates can be
applied to any kind of logic circuit. However in this
paper we are considering digital multipliers, starting
with the canonical and widely used Carry-Save array
topology.
II. Basic Architectures
A. Carry Save Array Multiplier
Figure2(b). FAB Cell
The Carry-Save array multiplier is a straightforward
implementation of vector multiplication. It is preferred Each FA* cell performs the multiplication
in some implementations because of its canonical using an AND gate and then adds the result with the
interconnect topology. It consists of a partial product incoming carry bits, to produce an output sum and an
reduction tree, which is used to calculate partial output carry. All FA* cells are appropriately connected
products in Carry-Save redundant form, and a final (sums and carries) as shown in figure 1, to perform the
chain adder to transform the redundant form in normal multiplication. The final adder shown in figure 1 is
binary form. A 4x4 Carry-Save multiplier is shown in used to merge the sums and carries from the last row of
figure 1. the array, since in every row the carry bits are not
immediately added but rather propagated to the row
below.
We can see that when is 0 then the corresponding
diagonal cells are functioning unnecessarily. In all
these cells the partial products and the carry
inputs are zero for and this
chain does not contribute to the formation of the
product. Consequently, the sum output of the above
cell can bypass this unimportant diagonal with the use
of transmission gates. To achieve all of the above we
can replace the FA* cell with the cell in figure 2(b)
Figure1. A 4x4 Carry-Save multiplier (called the FAB cell).
The functionality of the Carry-Save array multiplier is B. CSA with Bypassing Technique
as follows: We assume that
The transmission gates in the FAB cell lock the inputs
and are unsigned numbers. of the full adder to prevent any transitions. When
The bits are fed into an array of FA* cells (figure 2(a)). , and a multiplexer propagates the sum input to
the sum output. When , the sum output of the
full adder is passed. The carry input does not generate
any new value since the initial diagonal carry input is
always 0. So, no transmission gate is used to block it. If
, to fix any erroneous carry generated from
previous computations, an AND gate is used before the
final adder to make the final diagonal carry output 0.
The whole structure of the modified multiplier is
presented in figure 3.
Figure2(a). FA* cell
3. D. Mixed Architectures
The mixed architecture is nothing but the combination
of Wallace tree and Array structure. The great timing
advantage of the Wallace tree along with the great
power advantage of the bypass scheme can be
combined in a mixed architecture. The figure for mixed
architecture is shown in figure 5.
In general, array multipliers offers dynamic power
saving but it fails to give a reduced area and fast speed
advantages because of their regular interconnection
pattern. So, tree multipliers are introduced to achieve
reduced area and fast speed, to achieve both delay and
power advantages it is better to use a different
architecture that is having two parts one is tree based
part and other is bypass architecture. The modified
Figure3. 4 x 4 Carry Save Array Multiplier with bypass technique offers minimum dynamic power
Bypass compared to normal carry save array multiplier. The
tree based part of the mixed architecture has enough
C. Wallace Tree Multiplier timing slack to be implemented using high threshold
voltage components.
Wallace tree is an efficient hardware implementation of
a digital circuit that multiplies two integers. Two 8 bit values can be multiplied by splitting each
one of them in two 4 bit parts.
Figure4. Wallace Tree
The Wallace tree has three steps:
1. Multiply (that is - AND) each bit of one of the
arguments, by each bit of the other, yielding
results.
2. Reduce the number of partial products to two
by layers of full and half adders.
3. Group the wires in two numbers, and add
them with a conventional adder. Figure5. A 16 bit multiplication split in parts
The benefit of the Wallace tree is that there are only If the first 8 bit value is (A,B) and the second is (C,D),
reduction layers, and each layer has four 8 bit products are generated, ,
propagation delay. As making the partial products is
, and . These
and the final addition is , the
four partial products shifted and added together
multiplication is only , not much slower generate the final 16 bit multiplication.
than addition (however, much more expensive in the
gate count). Naively adding partial products with The key point behind operand splitting is to use
regular adders would require time. different multiplier architectures for each partial
multiplication. In the example of figure 5,
and are performed in
4. Wallace multipliers while the others in a bypass
architecture. So, from and Functional Simulations of all the multipliers is carried
out using Xilinx Simulator, Isim.
performance is gained while from and
power is gained. If half of one or both IV. Conclusion
operands usually contain more 0s than 1s, this specific
half should be passed through the bypass multiplier for In this work, we have implemented Multipliers for Low
greater power improvements. For example, the power Applications. For power optimization, two basic
architecture of figure 5 gives better results when algorithms, namely Wallace Tree and Array Multiplier,
contains on average more 0s than 1s. are combined to exploit the low power and High
Performance gains from the individual architectures.
III. Performance Evaluation This topology, called as mixed style Multiplier was
implemented on Spartan 3E FPGA and it was observed
The Performance Evaluation of Bypass Multipliers that the power dissipation and the critical path delay
Was performed for the resolution of 4x4 using Xilinx are fairly lower than the normal multiplier. Power
tool suite. When compared to other architectures, such Measurements were performed using Xilinx “Xpower
as Wallace and normal multipliers, it is power efficient. Analyzer “, for various test cases like counter type and
The test cases that were used for this purpose are random patterns. It is possible to extend the resolution
generated in a random fashion. By combining 4x4 of the mixed style multiplier, without affecting the
Wallace tree and bypass multipliers, mixed style performance. Also, this design can be implemented by
multiplier was implemented with a resolution of 8x8. using standard cell libraries designed for low power,
The Performance of this topology was compared with with ASIC Development Kit, for improving the
all other multipliers in various aspects. Mainly from the performance relatively.
performance point of view, it was observed they
provide low switching power dissipation with a slight V. References
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Figure6. Functional Simulation of Mixed style
Multiplier