The development of religion in the British Isles, particularly Wales and Ireland and the Irish influence. Identifying Saxon cemeteries from burial goods.
3 S2014 Lollards and Religion in Early 15th Century EnglandRobert Ehrlich
The ideas of Wyclif spread to the Lollards in England. A series of measures are put into place by Archbishop Arundel and Henry IV. Heretics are burnt. Sir John Oldcastle, former associate of Prince Hal in the Glendower campaign is arrested and executed. Chantry chapels and indulgences are ways of dealing with religious ideas of Purgatory in the afterlife and penance in this life.
Paul Duffy. The Sacred and the Profane - preliminary results of archaeologica...Realsmartmedia
Slides used by Paul Duffy during his paper (The Sacred and the Profane - preliminary results of archaeological excavations at 30 & 32-36, Thomas Street) at Dublin City Council's medieval symposium on The Abbey of St Thomas the Martyr, 14 October, 2017.
Listen to the podcast of the paper at http://historyhub.ie/thomasabbey
Tadhg O'Keeffe. St Thomas’ Abbey and the chronology of Early English Gothic i...Realsmartmedia
Slides used by Tadhg O'Keeffe during his paper (St Thomas’ Abbey and the chronology of Early English Gothic in Ireland) at Dublin City Council's medieval symposium on The Abbey of St Thomas the Martyr, 14 October, 2017.
Listen to the podcast of the paper at http://historyhub.ie/thomasabbey
Ilaria Di Gregorio, Campli archaeological museumpaolo coen
Ilaria Di Gregorio's project work, made for Visual Arts Management's Course at the University of Teramo, run by prof. Paolo Coen. The project work focuses on the National Archaeological Museum of Campli, in Abruzzo, Italy.
Anglicanism and the Western Christian Tradition (c) Anglican Centre in Rome 0...Daysbrook
First Part of the Presentation based on Displays at the 2002 Exhibition at the Vatican Museum and Norwich Cathedral, charting the communion of origins and shared history of the Church of England and the Latin Catholic Church, their life together in contemporary Britain and their hopes for full communion.
Roger Stalley. The Augustinians and their architecture.Realsmartmedia
Slides used by Roger Stalley during his paper (The Augustinians and their architecture) at Dublin City Council's medieval symposium on The Abbey of St Thomas the Martyr, 14 October, 2017.
Listen to the podcast of the paper at http://historyhub.ie/thomasabbey
3 S2014 Lollards and Religion in Early 15th Century EnglandRobert Ehrlich
The ideas of Wyclif spread to the Lollards in England. A series of measures are put into place by Archbishop Arundel and Henry IV. Heretics are burnt. Sir John Oldcastle, former associate of Prince Hal in the Glendower campaign is arrested and executed. Chantry chapels and indulgences are ways of dealing with religious ideas of Purgatory in the afterlife and penance in this life.
Paul Duffy. The Sacred and the Profane - preliminary results of archaeologica...Realsmartmedia
Slides used by Paul Duffy during his paper (The Sacred and the Profane - preliminary results of archaeological excavations at 30 & 32-36, Thomas Street) at Dublin City Council's medieval symposium on The Abbey of St Thomas the Martyr, 14 October, 2017.
Listen to the podcast of the paper at http://historyhub.ie/thomasabbey
Tadhg O'Keeffe. St Thomas’ Abbey and the chronology of Early English Gothic i...Realsmartmedia
Slides used by Tadhg O'Keeffe during his paper (St Thomas’ Abbey and the chronology of Early English Gothic in Ireland) at Dublin City Council's medieval symposium on The Abbey of St Thomas the Martyr, 14 October, 2017.
Listen to the podcast of the paper at http://historyhub.ie/thomasabbey
Ilaria Di Gregorio, Campli archaeological museumpaolo coen
Ilaria Di Gregorio's project work, made for Visual Arts Management's Course at the University of Teramo, run by prof. Paolo Coen. The project work focuses on the National Archaeological Museum of Campli, in Abruzzo, Italy.
Anglicanism and the Western Christian Tradition (c) Anglican Centre in Rome 0...Daysbrook
First Part of the Presentation based on Displays at the 2002 Exhibition at the Vatican Museum and Norwich Cathedral, charting the communion of origins and shared history of the Church of England and the Latin Catholic Church, their life together in contemporary Britain and their hopes for full communion.
Roger Stalley. The Augustinians and their architecture.Realsmartmedia
Slides used by Roger Stalley during his paper (The Augustinians and their architecture) at Dublin City Council's medieval symposium on The Abbey of St Thomas the Martyr, 14 October, 2017.
Listen to the podcast of the paper at http://historyhub.ie/thomasabbey
Basic information about the Roman Empire and the invasion in Britain. I did this job for a presentation at the University. This aimed to explain history to primary school children.
Exploring the arrival of Christianity in Ireland and understanding why the land of saints and scholars degenerated into the ignorance of the Dark Ages.
Pre-Modern European Migrations the Vikings and Muslims Part 2 - By Dr. Lizabe...UNM Continuing Education
Much of the history of pre-modern European society was shaped by the migration of various groups of peoples into and across the European landscape. The Celts moved from their homeland in Central Europe and settled throughout much of Western Europe, bringing their language and culture with them. The Romans were yet another migrant group, and undoubtedly one of the most culturally impactful groups because they enforced their political, legal, and religious customs in the territories they settled. Similarly, the German-speaking tribes who moved into Roman territory as the Roman Empire fell; the Vikings, who emerged from Scandinavia in the late 8th century CE and settled throughout much of Western Europe; and Muslim peoples, who emerged from the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-7th century CE and settled in Spain and Sicily, had a significant influence on the formation of early European culture. We'll examine all of these groups and their impact on the history and culture of Western Europe in the pre-modern period.
Experience the Home of Celtic Warrior Queen Medb (Maeve), Battle Goddess Morrigan, the Tain Cattle Raid of Cooley, and seat of Gaelic Royalty – this is the Land of Irish Legends for over 5,000 years!
The graves of the early kings and others of high status with a comparison with rich graves from Sweden. A comparison of motifs in manuscripts and metalwork from Sutton Hoo.
The Labour party has promised increased self-government for India without a definite timetable.The governments in Delhi and London are alarmed by the support for the Indian National Army. Leaders are put on trial but Congress leaders as whether as the public no longer view them as allies of an enemy, Japan, but as fighters for freedom from Britain. A wide scale mutiny in the Indian Navy adds doubts about the ability to use native troops to put down domestic violence. In addition Britain has large war debts including a debt to India for the use of troops outside India. Efforts to bring the Muslim League (Jinnah) and the Indian National Congress (Nehru) founder on the insistence, among other things, that the League represents all Muslims and Congress represents all Indians Britain under Viceroy Mountbatten proposes a plan that would allow for splitting India and existing provinces of India on Muslim or Hindu majority grounds. Votes lead to splitting Bengal and Punjab as well as some minor adjustments. India and Pakistan become independent.
12 The Raj -Burma campaign and Bengal famineRobert Ehrlich
The Burma campaign was almost entirely the work of the British Indian Army. The success in driving Japanese troops from Burma is attributed to the efforts of General William Slim. He used Dakota planes to support troop movements and proceeded even in the monsoon season. Different approaches to the campaign were conducted by US General 'Vinegar Joe' Stillwell and British General Orde Wingate.
9 The Raj Rowlatt, Amritsar and Non Cooperation Robert Ehrlich
The Raj continues wartime measure through the Rowlatt Act. Protests result. A peaceful gathering at Amritsar is massacred by General Dyer. Dyer is removed from his post. is treatment is brought to Parliament where he is praised by Lords but the dismissal is upheld by Commons after a speech by Churchill. Gandhi uses satyagraha in labor disputes but extends this to non-cooperation with the raj. He is arrested but soon released. Congress becomes a larger force among the Indian public.
The presentation begins with a look at the role of Indians in England. Many serve in the shipping industry as lascars and some remain in England, primarily in the Docklands section of London. Recently noted is Queen Victoria's munshi, Abdul This presentation then looks at the contribution of India to the Great War (World War I). The opinions of sepoys are known from letters transcribed by censors. The army served on the Western Front, in East Africa, Mesopotamia, the Suez and was a component at Gallipoli Some opposition to the war came from expatriates in Canada and the US. Others gave support but agitated for home rule. Gandhi supported the ambulance corps and recruiting. The war resulted in an increase in industrial produciton.
7 The Raj - Imperial Architecture -Art and NationalismRobert Ehrlich
This presentation looks at building built by the Raj and Raj-supported princes in the late 19th century. Havell makes a case for including Indian elements in public buildings while others advocate using architecture associated with imperial power in Europe. Indian painters evolve from artists who use the motifs of western art to those who look to traditional art
After a brief look at the jubilees celebrated in India the presentation looks at the proposed 1905 Bengal partition and its consequences. Partition is justified by administrative concerns but the partition map effects religious differences and a policy of divide and rule. Muslims in Bengal support the partition but the Indian National Congress opposes it.The reaction is to combine support of native industry with boycott of foreign goods. Opponents divide into moderates who support just these efforts . and extremists who advocate swaraj or self-rule. The Raj counters with the Minto-Morley reforms which give a small increase in local self-government. In 1911 the partition is repealed
6 The Raj - Indentured Indian Labor in South AfricaRobert Ehrlich
A look at the Indian diaspora in South Africa where indentured labor predominates but there are formeer indentured laborers who have small businesses and merchants or 'passenger' Indians' who have paid there own way. Gandhi goes to South Africa as lawyer for a merchant but encounters the plight of indentured labor. He develops the technique fo satyagraha to protest discrimination against Indians.
5 The Raj Political. Social and Religious Reform and WomenRobert Ehrlich
The Indian National Congress makes moderate demands for political reforms. The British make laws or attempt to make laws dealing with practices that some identify with religious traditions and others fee it is up to Indians to address. Some measures that are considered suppressive of free speech and participation in the system are. overturned. Particularly troublesome is the question whether Indians can sit on juries that try British citizens.
The rise of Indian nationalism in the late 19th century is a combination of rising Indian identity but also Hindu and Muslim identity. At Ayodha they come into conflict. A limited self-governance is offered through the 1892 Councils Act. Education is expanded particularly high education.
The use of caste by the British in terms of their remake of the army. Caste as a census. A look at caste from historic, linguistic and genetic point of view.
The changes that take place in India after the areas administered by the East India Company are assumed by the Crown. The army is restructured in an attempt to prevent future mutinies. A series of famines occurs and question arise about how to prevent or lessen their impact.
The Government of India Act of 1935 and discontent. The entrance of India into World War 2 and the resulting disaffection of the Indian National Congress, the opposition of the Indian Antional Army and the support of over 2 million volunteers. The Indian Army is crucial in East Africa and the Middle East and of great support in North Africa and Italy. A look at the summer capital of Simla.
The Indian Army after the Great War. The consequences of the swadeshi movement. Move of the capitol to New Delhi. Congress rejects the reformed government proposed by the Simon Commission. Round table conferences to try to reconcile differences. Salt Satyagraha led by Gandhi to try to obtain concessions.
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New MilitarismRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must accommodate to changing regimes in Britain. Its product create changing tastes: tea, cotton cloths and diamonds. A look at Company officials who get rich on diamonds.
5 England & India Before the Raj; Controlling Indian territoryRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must now administer the territory where it has obtained revenue rights. The Company is under increased scrutiny and a hearing is held on Clive and his vast gains. Parliament attempts to have an influence in this administration.
A governor-general, Warren Hastings is sent to lead the three divisions of presidencies.
War continues in the south with conflicts between Mysore and its neighbors. After France enters on the side of revolting American colonists, the conflict again spills over into India. A technological advance is the sue fo improved rockets by Mysore
We also look at working conditions for civilian employees in India.
4 England and India Before the Raj: From Commercial to Military PowerRobert Ehrlich
This is the time of Clive.
The decline of the Mughal Empire leads to the development of regional powers.
In the Carnatic conflicts between these powers offer opportunities for expansion of East India Company influence. In this they come into conflict with the French and European and North American Wars (Austrian Succession, Seven Years) involve an Indian theater.
In Bengal rights granted by a weak Mughal Emperor are abused. A new leader, nawab, of Bengal attempts to check these abuses. He attacks Calcutta but a counterattack at the Battle of Plassey results in a puppet nawab. He too grows weary of abuses and demands and at Buxar is defeated. The Emperor then grants the Company revenue rights in Bengal and neighboring areas.
Financial difficulties result in a British bailout with restrictions. The Company is allowed to send tea to North America with a lower tariff but it is rejected. The American Revolution results.
The use of European trained native Indian troops (sepoys) begins
13 f2015 Science and Invention in Restoration EnglandRobert Ehrlich
A overview of scientific institutions that facilitated the advances, particularly the Royal Society. Some of teh major scientists and some of the less well known scientist who contributed to their work.
The reopening of the theater after the Interregnum required new buildings, new plays and new approaches to acting. Indoor theaters with elaborate effects meant higher prices. The audience was middle class and even the court attended. Women were now on stage in prominent sexualized roles.
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
Discover various methods for clearing negative entities from your space and spirit, including energy clearing techniques, spiritual rituals, and professional assistance. Gain practical knowledge on how to implement these techniques to restore peace and harmony. For more information visit here: https://www.reikihealingdistance.com/negative-entity-removal/
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
Why is this So? ~ Do Seek to KNOW (English & Chinese).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma teaching of Kamma-Vipaka (Intentional Actions-Ripening Effects).
A Presentation for developing morality, concentration and wisdom and to spur us to practice the Dhamma diligently.
The texts are in English and Chinese.
2 Peter 3: Because some scriptures are hard to understand and some will force them to say things God never intended, Peter warns us to take care.
https://youtu.be/nV4kGHFsEHw
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
Adding mindfulness practice to daily routines can help increase awareness and presence.
Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
3. F2012 Culture in Post Roman Britain religion, dress
1. Cultures of Post-Roman Britain
Roman, British, Irish, ‘Anglo-Saxon’
Housing
Language
Religion
Dress
Burial
2. Literacy
• Latin church generally discouraged vernacular
• Byzantine church encouraged vernacular
• Irish traditions
– Fosterage
– Learned class
– Aristocratic children in monastic schools
– Early use of vernacular
• Anglo-Saxon macho opposition to learning?
• Alfred
3. Education – Ogham and Roman
Inchmarnock ~750
adeptus sanctum praemium, ‘having reached the holy
reward’.
7. Pelagianism in Britain
• Pelagianism, a belief labeled a heresy,
denied original sin
• In 429 British bishops invite Germanus and
Lupus to Britain to debate with Pelagians
• Germanus returns in 445 (military or
religious purpose?)
8. Ireland I - St. Palladius
• Perhaps the Palladius who recommended
the mission of St. Germanus
• Sent to Ireland in 431 to preach to
Christians in Ireland
10. Ireland II - St. Patrick
• Confessions
• Letter to Coroticus
11. Disciples of St. Patrick
• Irish monasticism
– Based on desert monasticism of St. Antony of
Egypt
– Move to isolated places – outside the
kingdoms
– Voluntary exile – Scotland; western Britain
12. Disciples and Successors of St. Patrick
• St. Kentigern (Mungo) –Strathclyde (d.
612)
• St. Columba - Iona
13. Scotland - St. Ninian (Uinniau)
• Disciple of St. Martin of Tours?
• Apostle to southern Picts c. 400
• Monastery at Whithorn (Candida Casa)
18. St. Columba
• Born in Donegal c. 521 (Colum Cille)
• Active in Dal Riata (Irish Scotland)
• Founded Iona c. 560
• Iona becomes the nucleus for
Christianity in Northumbria
21. Penitentials
• Codification of penalties
• Perhaps based on secular law
• Possibility of repeat offenses
• Finnian of Clonard (c. 550) → Columbanus
• Gildas
22. Irish Church – Continental Influence
• Columbanus – Return to Continent
• Monasticism
• Manuscript production
23. Columbanus
• Born Ireland c, 540
• 583 Annegray
• 590 Luxeuil
• 610 Exiled
• 613 St. Gall, Switz.
• 614 Bobbio, Italy
• 615 Death
24. Christianity in Wales
• Samson 485-565 Welsh born; missionary to
Brittany
• St Brynach – Nevern (6th cent.)
• David, 520-588 Patron Saint
Llan
Burial enclosure Cemetery w. church
Church Town w. church
27. Evidence for Saxon Development
• Increasingly elaborate sets of grave goods
• Concentration of grave goods
• Adoption of Saxon culture by native
Britons
32. 1. 2. 3.
Fastening a penannular brooch
1. With the ring of the pin upside down, push the pin of the
brooch through the fabric, picking up a couple of layers.
2. Flip the ring portion of the brooch over, so that the open ends
are aligned with the end of the pin.
3. Bring the end of the pin through the gap and above the
terminals, then rotate the ring until the end of the pin moves
past the terminals,
39. Saxon Advent - Summary
• Peoples from a number of areas
– Differences in local culture in England
– Not always distinguishable
– Includes, besides Anglo-Saxons, Frisians and
Franks
– Styles adopted by natives?
• Exposure to Roman culture, literacy,
Christianity
• Continued contact with the Continent
The contrasting low density and physical separation of ecclesiastical and secular sites in Cornwall possibly indicate a more hierarchical power structure. The wider dispersal of authority manifest in the high density of ecclesiastical sites and nominally Christian settlement in early medieval Ireland may have led to a more thoroughly Christianised and confident society. Thus
S7ome scholars have argued from the exclusively monastic provenance of the early manuscripts of indi- genous learning that the filid and brehon contented themselves with their traditional oral methods, and thattheirworkswerewritten down by converted members of the class, who combined the profession osfmonkand poet or judge.28On theotherhand,the early literature and laws were clearly influencedby Latin grammar,butscarcelyat all by Christianityt ;heir authors were educated,yettolerantof pagan traditiontso an extent which must have been be- yond even themostsecularizedIrish clericonastery.We do, ofcourse,knowofliteratelaymenbeforeAlfred.Apartfromthefamouscasesoftheseventh-centurkyings,SigebertofEastAngliaandAldfrithofNorthumbriae,ducatedrespectivelyin Gaul and Ireland,wehear,asinIreland,ofnoblemen'sonsentrustedtem- porarilytomonasteriesat Ripon and York.40But thatthesewereexceptionalcases is stronglyarguedbyAlfred'sown experienceBreton in roman system 790; earliest Irish in glosses in 8th century; Some time after the arrival of Augustine’s mission, perhaps in 602 or 603, Æthelberht issued a set of laws, in ninety sections.[33][40] These laws are considered the earliest surviving code composed in any of the Germanic countries,[21] and almost certainly were one of the very first documents written down in Anglo-Saxon, as literacy would have arrived in England with Augustine’s mission.
The inscription reads: TE DOMINVM / LAVDAMVS / LATINVS / ANNORVM / XXXV ET / FILIA SVA / ANNIV / ICSINUM / FECERVNT / NEPVS / BARROVA / DIThis translates as: We praise you, the Lord! Latinus, descendant of Barravados, aged 35, and his daughter, aged 4, made a sign here. About LatinusLatinus is the first Christian in Scotland whose name we know, and his stone is clear evidence of the existence of a group of Christians at Whithorn as early as AD 450. They lived on the edge of what had been the Roman empire, which had collapsed and withdrawn from the other side of the Solway Firth only a generation or so earlier. By this time Christianity was one of the official religions of the empire. The fifth century missionary St Patrick also came from Romano-British stock, possibly the son of a Christianised Roman soldier or official. Although well-known as the patron saint of Ireland, he was born and raised in the Cumbria/Galloway area. The stone as a symbolThe memorial is Romano-British in style and Latinus has a Roman name, although his ancestor has a local Celtic name. There are traces of the Christian ‘chi-rho’ symbol above the lettering, which might be the ‘sign’ referred to in the inscription. This symbol is carved in the early, six-armed Constantinian form, indicating the stone’s early date and its close connections to the Roman world. This stone was later reused as a building block in the medieval cathedral, and was rediscovered around 1890.
They were erected around AD 500 to mark the graves of priests serving a Christian community close to Kirkmadrine. The oldest stone is a massive slab of local sandstone. At its head is a carving of a "Chi-Rho". Below is a Latin inscription commemorating two of Kirkmadrine's first bishops, Viventius and Mavorius. The second stone is inscribed Florentius, another of Kirkmadrine's priests. The third stone is simply inscribed INITIVM ET FINIS - "The Beginning and the End"
'rich' areas appear to have a smaller proportion of weapon burials than the 'poorer’ regions.the maximum of the absolute weapon burial frequencies, late in the first half of the sixth century, falls into Myres’ phase IV, the post-Badon phase of "reaction and British recovery” (Myres 1969, 64) for which far fewer battles are recorded than for the phases before and afterSpears occur in most weaponburials, shields in slightly less than half of them, swords in only oneout of ten. Seax, axe and arrow are all well below 10% each. Thesefigures contrast with the frequencies of weapon types in Frankishand Alamannic graves (Table 3) where swords accompanied betweena quarter and half of all weapon burials (Steuer 1968). Moresignificantly, they also differ from the frequencies of weapon types incontemporary Saxon inhumations in Northern Germany (Table 3)where seaxes and arrows were found with about half of all burials,but shields with only one fifth of them
Evidence from grave
ound/Acquired PorthDafarch (all objects) (Europe,UnitedKingdom,Wales,Gwynedd,Anglesey,PorthDafarch) 5th CLeaded bronze penannular brooch. Cast hoop, round in cross-section with decorative ribbing alternating between closely packed lines and more widely spaced sections. Small flat terminals each have a plain rounded lozenge with knobs at the corners, the whole derived from a simplified and stylised animal snout with ears, the mouth swallowing the hoop. The pinhead is a barrel-moulded rectangle wrapped around the hoop, with a decorative x by the join. The shank is dished, either by design or through wear. Dimensions Width: 69 millimetres (hoop) Length: 15.3 millimetres (term) Length: 77 millimetres (pin) Curator's comments Youngs 1989a This is a simple zoomorphic brooch of a type ancestral to the large ornate form, such as that from Ballinderry 2 (National Museums of Ireland, Dublin no. E6:422). The proportionally large diameter of the thin hoop and the short length of the pin are early features. The marked curvature of the pin is seen on a number of contemporary brooches and may be deliberate. Brooches of this type have been found in Wales and the west of England in Saxon graves and in the north of Britain as well as in Ireland (Savory 1956, Fowler 1963, 101-5, Longley, D. 1975. ‘Hanging-Bowls, Penannular Brooches and the Anglo-Saxon Connection’, BAR, BS 22, Oxford, 8-9). Some of the British brooches have simple enamel inlay on small terminals, but the zoomorphic form was developed and widely produced in sixth- and seventh-century Ireland (for example, National Museums of Ireland no. 1945:311, Kilkea Castle Collection). It is possible that this brooch along with similar examples was made in the west midlands. Date given as 5th-6th century AD.
Equal-arm brooch, copper alloy with non-ferrous coating. Relief-cast with S-scrolls within arms, animal heads projecting from bars and bow and an egg motif along bow. Faintly beaded outer borders around upper and lower arms. Decorating the longer arm is a pair of double S-scrolls with spiky offshoots and pellets; on the lower arm is a pair of S-scrolls with leaf-shaped terminal and spiky offshoot and pellets. An animal head with neck, ear, and open mouth projects from each arm, and another head which is simpler and thicker, from each side of the bow. The bow is decorated with a row of ring-and-dot punchmarks at each end (three at the bottom and four on the top), and an egg motif in the middle with three vertical bars at the top. Two lateral and integral copper alloy lugs with remains of iron pin, spring and axis bar with a copper alloy applied pin catch, which could be a mend. Dimensions Length: 5.7 centimetres Height: 3.2 centimetres
Anglo-Frisian, AD 450-500 From Undley Common near Lakenheath, Suffolk, EnglandInscribed with the oldest Anglo-Saxon runesThis early and unique bracteate was a stray find made by a farmer in Suffolk. The figural images were adapted from a Late Roman Urbs Roma coin of a type issued by Constantine the Great between AD 330 and 335. The coins have a helmeted head of the emperor on the obverse and Romulus and Remus being suckled by a wolf on the reverse, which the maker of this bracteate has conflated. Such coins were widely circulated and the artist must have copied an heirloom.Above the two images is a double spiral followed by a runic inscription that can be transcribed as 'gæ go gæ – mægæmedu'. Recent research proposes that the these may be read as 'howling she-wolf' (a reference to the wolf image) and 'reward to a relative'. The runes are Anglo-Frisian and it is likely that the bracteate was made in Schleswig-Holstein or southern Scandinavia and brought to England by an Anglian settler. Short runic inscriptions such as this are typical of the use and extent of writing in the pre-literate Germanic societies. In early Anglo-Saxon England, even after the introduction of the Roman alphabet, runes continued to be used on a popular level for magical and amuletic inscriptions, as well as for sophisticated riddles.M. Axboe, 'The Scandinavian gold bracteates', ActaArchaeologica, 52 (1982)J. Hines and B. Odemstedt, 'The Undleybracteate and its runic inscription', StudienzurSachsenforschungen, 6 (1987), pp. 73-94S.E. West, 'Gold bracteate from Undley, Suffolk', FrühmittelalterlicheStudien, 17 (1983)