Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom in 1837 at age 18 after the deaths of her uncles left her first in line to the throne as the only child of the Duke of Kent. She had a secluded upbringing under the supervision of her mother. Her first Prime Minister and tutor was Lord Melbourne, who helped develop her support of the Whig party. In 1840 she married her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and had nine children. After Albert's death in 1861 she entered a long period of mourning that saw criticism of her withdrawal from public duties. Her reign saw periods of reform, the growth of the British Empire, and technological changes like her first train trip in 1842.
Victoria became Queen of England in 1837 at the age of 18 after the deaths of her three uncles left her as heir to the throne. She married Prince Albert in 1840 and had 9 children. After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria went into a deep depression and wore black for the rest of her reign. Her reign of almost 64 years was the longest in British history, during which time the British Empire expanded greatly and political power shifted away from the monarchy. Victoria died in 1901 at the age of 82.
The Victorian Age from 1830-1901 saw immense changes in England due to industrialization and the growth of cities. While industrialization created wealth for some, it also led to poor working conditions and poverty for many. Queen Victoria came to symbolize the moral values of the period such as domesticity, though there was also evidence of social problems. Literature reflected both the promise and challenges of this time of rapid transition and change in English society.
The Victorian Age saw rapid economic and territorial expansion in Britain through industrialization and colonization. Reforms extended voting rights to more classes and legalized unions, though women did not gain the right to vote until 1928. Society transformed from agricultural to industrial, increasing productivity but also child labor and poor living conditions. The British Empire greatly expanded to include India, Africa, and Oceania. Victorian values focused on morality, duty, and family, though hypocrisy was present. Scientific discoveries challenged religious beliefs, and America saw its Civil War, expansion westward, and the beginning of its own literature.
Queen Victoria reigned as Queen of the United Kingdom for 63 years from 1837 until her death in 1901, the second longest reign of any British monarch. During her reign, Britain saw immense cultural, industrial, scientific, and technological growth including expanding rail networks and the London Underground. Victoria was raised in isolation under strict rules and protocols, remaining sad and melancholic as a child.
The document provides details about the Age of Absolutism in Europe and the development of democracy in England. It describes how rulers like Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia centralized power and ruled by divine right. In England, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 increased parliamentary power and decreased royal authority. It led to the development of England's first political parties - the Whigs and Tories, which evolved into modern parties.
Elizabeth 1 & the Politics of the Elizabethan EraPatrick
Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 to 1603. She never married but was a strong Protestant ruler who supported the arts. During her reign, England had various political conflicts with Catholic Spain over religion and trade, as well as with Catholic Scotland and Ireland. Shakespeare's plays were popular during this time and performed regularly for the queen, though their relationship was professional rather than close. The character of Portia in The Merchant of Venice shares similarities with Elizabeth I as a strong female leader.
Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom in 1837 at age 18 after the deaths of her uncles left her first in line to the throne as the only child of the Duke of Kent. She had a secluded upbringing under the supervision of her mother. Her first Prime Minister and tutor was Lord Melbourne, who helped develop her support of the Whig party. In 1840 she married her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and had nine children. After Albert's death in 1861 she entered a long period of mourning that saw criticism of her withdrawal from public duties. Her reign saw periods of reform, the growth of the British Empire, and technological changes like her first train trip in 1842.
Victoria became Queen of England in 1837 at the age of 18 after the deaths of her three uncles left her as heir to the throne. She married Prince Albert in 1840 and had 9 children. After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria went into a deep depression and wore black for the rest of her reign. Her reign of almost 64 years was the longest in British history, during which time the British Empire expanded greatly and political power shifted away from the monarchy. Victoria died in 1901 at the age of 82.
The Victorian Age from 1830-1901 saw immense changes in England due to industrialization and the growth of cities. While industrialization created wealth for some, it also led to poor working conditions and poverty for many. Queen Victoria came to symbolize the moral values of the period such as domesticity, though there was also evidence of social problems. Literature reflected both the promise and challenges of this time of rapid transition and change in English society.
The Victorian Age saw rapid economic and territorial expansion in Britain through industrialization and colonization. Reforms extended voting rights to more classes and legalized unions, though women did not gain the right to vote until 1928. Society transformed from agricultural to industrial, increasing productivity but also child labor and poor living conditions. The British Empire greatly expanded to include India, Africa, and Oceania. Victorian values focused on morality, duty, and family, though hypocrisy was present. Scientific discoveries challenged religious beliefs, and America saw its Civil War, expansion westward, and the beginning of its own literature.
Queen Victoria reigned as Queen of the United Kingdom for 63 years from 1837 until her death in 1901, the second longest reign of any British monarch. During her reign, Britain saw immense cultural, industrial, scientific, and technological growth including expanding rail networks and the London Underground. Victoria was raised in isolation under strict rules and protocols, remaining sad and melancholic as a child.
The document provides details about the Age of Absolutism in Europe and the development of democracy in England. It describes how rulers like Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia centralized power and ruled by divine right. In England, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 increased parliamentary power and decreased royal authority. It led to the development of England's first political parties - the Whigs and Tories, which evolved into modern parties.
Elizabeth 1 & the Politics of the Elizabethan EraPatrick
Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 to 1603. She never married but was a strong Protestant ruler who supported the arts. During her reign, England had various political conflicts with Catholic Spain over religion and trade, as well as with Catholic Scotland and Ireland. Shakespeare's plays were popular during this time and performed regularly for the queen, though their relationship was professional rather than close. The character of Portia in The Merchant of Venice shares similarities with Elizabeth I as a strong female leader.
Queen Victoria was born in 1819 and became Queen of the United Kingdom in 1837 after the deaths of her grandfather and father. She reigned over the Victorian Era and married her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1840. Their marriage produced 9 children but also introduced the genetic disorder hemophilia into the royal family. Queen Victoria died in 1901 after a 64-year reign, the longest in British history, and was succeeded by her eldest son, King Edward VII.
Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. During her 45-year reign, she transformed England into a strong Protestant nation and established itself as a major power on the world stage through naval victories over Spain. Her defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 secured England's position as the dominant naval power and established its identity as a sovereign state. Elizabeth also presided over the English Renaissance and fostered the growth of arts and literature during her reign, with playwrights like Shakespeare producing great works. She remained beloved by the English people for restoring stability and prosperity to the nation.
Feudalism developed in medieval Europe due to instability following the fall of the Carolingian Empire. As the empire fragmented, kings were unable to defend their lands from invaders like the Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims. People turned to local lords for protection, leading to the rise of feudalism. Under feudalism, lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military service. Peasants were tied as serfs to manors, working the land in exchange for protection. Feudalism structured medieval European society around relationships of loyalty between lords and vassals and between lords and serfs.
Queen Victoria stayed privately in Hyères, France from March to April 1892. She resided at the Grand Hotel de Costebelle to escape mourning the recent deaths of family members. During her stay, Victoria took walks around Hyères and its surroundings, visiting villas, gardens, and sights. She enjoyed the warm climate and was attended by family and servants. Victoria appreciated her stay in Hyères but did not return, though her visit reinforced the town's popularity among wealthy British tourists at the time.
Queen Victoria came to the throne of England in 1837 after the death of her uncle, King William IV. She married her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1840. Together they had nine children over the next 18 years. When Albert died of typhoid fever in 1861, Victoria was devastated and wore black in mourning for the rest of her life. She was the longest reigning British monarch, on the throne from 1837 until her death in 1901.
This is a presentation I made about the victorian age , it mainly talks about the social life of the victorian era but has briefs about other points , hope you enjoy it .
-made by Shahd Hamouri from Jordan
Queen Victoria was born in 1819 and became Queen of the United Kingdom in 1837 at the age of 18 after the death of her uncle, King William IV. She reigned for 63 years until her death in 1901, during which the British Empire reached its peak size and influence. She married her cousin Prince Albert in 1840 and had nine children, establishing the royal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Britain industrialized and modernized significantly during her long reign.
Queen Victoria was born in 1819 and became Queen of the United Kingdom in 1837 at age 18 after the death of her uncle, King William IV. She married her cousin Prince Albert in 1840 and they had nine children together. Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch, ruling for over 63 years until her death in 1901 at age 81.
Sem 2 ppt 2 victorian era society_and_social_class_structureAvniDave1
The Victorian era in the UK was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 1837 to 1901. Society was strictly stratified, with an upper class that held political power and wealth, a prosperous middle class that owned businesses, and a working class that faced poor conditions and low wages. Women had less rights than men and were expected to obey male authority. Child labor was widespread due to families' financial needs. Victorian values promoted morality, duty, charity and respectability.
The Victorian Era in the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 1837 to 1901. It was a time of peace and prosperity as well as significant economic, industrial, and scientific developments. Britain transformed from a largely rural society into an urban, industrial power. Victorian society was highly stratified, with a rigid class system separating the wealthy aristocracy from the middle and working classes. Literature, art, and culture flourished during this era.
The document summarizes the history of England from the Norman conquest in 1066 through the Wars of the Roses that ended in 1485. It describes the line of Norman kings who conquered England and established feudal system, followed by the House of Plantagenet. Key events included Henry II strengthening royal power over barons and reforming justice system, conflicts with the church, signing of the Magna Carta, the emergence of Parliament, the devastation of the Black Death, and finally the War of the Roses between the Houses of Lancaster and York for the throne.
Victoria Douglas was Queen of England from 1837 until her death in 1901 at age 81, having the longest reign of any British monarch. She became queen after her three uncles who would have inherited the throne died without children. Victoria married her cousin Prince Albert in 1840 and had nine children together, though she fell into a deep depression following Albert's death in 1861 at age 42. Her reign saw Britain's power and influence grow significantly.
Queen Victoria was born in 1819 and became Queen of England at age 18 after her uncles failed to have surviving children. She had the longest reign of any British monarch, ruling for over 63 years until her death in 1901 at age of 81. Victoria married her cousin Prince Albert in 1840 and had 9 children together, though she fell into a deep depression following Albert's death in 1861. She was known for her strict parenting and long reign that saw Britain through the Victorian Era.
Victorian England from 1837 to 1901 saw rapid industrialization, population growth, and the formation of distinct social classes. The early Victorian period was marked by unemployment, poverty, and poor working conditions, while the mid-Victorian era saw more prosperity and stability. However, the late Victorian period experienced a degradation of values, economic depression, and mass emigration. Conditions for women improved through new laws and opportunities for work and education, but many still faced underemployment and poverty. Rapid urbanization led to overcrowded cities with problems of disease, crime, and child labor. Novels sought to realistically portray this complex and changing society.
Victoria was born in 1819 and became Queen of the United Kingdom in 1837 after the death of her uncle, William IV. She had a long reign until her death in 1901 and witnessed Britain's rise as an industrial and imperial power during this time. Victoria married her cousin Prince Albert in 1840 and they had nine children together. By 1897 she had reigned for 60 years, celebrating her Diamond Jubilee, making her the longest-serving British monarch in history at that point.
The Victorian Age from 1837 to 1901 in England was a period of great industrial development, innovation, and expansion of the British Empire. Key developments included the rise of steam power, advances in electricity and infrastructure like gas lighting and postal systems. The British Empire grew significantly to cover one-fifth of the Earth's surface ruled by Queen Victoria. However, this progress came at the expense of many poor workers and colonized people. Social reforms attempted to address issues like sanitation, child labor, education, and voting rights, but Victorian society remained full of contradictions between ideals of morality and scientific advancement versus widespread poverty and hypocrisy.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Victorian Era in England from 1837 to 1901. It describes the rapid industrialization and economic boom that occurred during this period. Cities and populations grew dramatically. There was significant poverty in urban areas alongside great wealth. Children often worked in dangerous conditions. The middle class expanded politically and economically, while the upper class focused on leisure. British imperial expansion occurred greatly under Queen Victoria's rule.
Social class and values in the Victorian Eraneledepauw
The Victorian Era in England was defined by Queen Victoria's long reign from 1837 to 1901 and the social values of the time. Queen Victoria married Prince Albert and had nine children, going on to become the "grandmother of Europe". Victorian society was shaped by strict social class divisions and moral views, though in reality Victorian culture also contained contradictions regarding sexuality and class boundaries.
Queen Victoria ruled from 1837 to 1901 during the Victorian era, known for strict morality and the height of the British Empire. She married Prince Albert in 1840 and had nine children. Several attempts were made on her life. During her reign, Britain gained control of India, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada as territories of the expanding empire. Upon her death, she left behind a large royal family that included future kings of England, Spain, Germany and other countries in Europe.
Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the sixth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Her forty-five years on the throne provided stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity.
Tips And Information To Make Marketing Via Email Work For Your BusinessRobert Boyer
This document provides tips for effective email marketing. It advises obtaining permission before emailing subscribers, keeping emails concise with a clear message, using buttons to grow the subscriber list exponentially, and testing subject lines to see which perform best. Marketers are also told to provide exclusive content in emails and collect both passive and active feedback to improve future marketing emails. When done properly, the document concludes, email marketing can be a shockingly effective technique.
The Victorian Period lasted from 1837 to 1901 under the reign of Queen Victoria. Some key events included Victoria becoming queen at age 18 in 1837 and marrying Prince Albert, with whom she had 9 children. Britain became the most powerful empire in the world during this time. Life for the rich and poor differed greatly, as the poor faced overcrowded cities with poor sanitation and child labor was common. Reforms to improve conditions gradually passed throughout Victoria's 64-year reign.
Queen Victoria was born in 1819 and became Queen of the United Kingdom in 1837 after the deaths of her grandfather and father. She reigned over the Victorian Era and married her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1840. Their marriage produced 9 children but also introduced the genetic disorder hemophilia into the royal family. Queen Victoria died in 1901 after a 64-year reign, the longest in British history, and was succeeded by her eldest son, King Edward VII.
Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. During her 45-year reign, she transformed England into a strong Protestant nation and established itself as a major power on the world stage through naval victories over Spain. Her defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 secured England's position as the dominant naval power and established its identity as a sovereign state. Elizabeth also presided over the English Renaissance and fostered the growth of arts and literature during her reign, with playwrights like Shakespeare producing great works. She remained beloved by the English people for restoring stability and prosperity to the nation.
Feudalism developed in medieval Europe due to instability following the fall of the Carolingian Empire. As the empire fragmented, kings were unable to defend their lands from invaders like the Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims. People turned to local lords for protection, leading to the rise of feudalism. Under feudalism, lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military service. Peasants were tied as serfs to manors, working the land in exchange for protection. Feudalism structured medieval European society around relationships of loyalty between lords and vassals and between lords and serfs.
Queen Victoria stayed privately in Hyères, France from March to April 1892. She resided at the Grand Hotel de Costebelle to escape mourning the recent deaths of family members. During her stay, Victoria took walks around Hyères and its surroundings, visiting villas, gardens, and sights. She enjoyed the warm climate and was attended by family and servants. Victoria appreciated her stay in Hyères but did not return, though her visit reinforced the town's popularity among wealthy British tourists at the time.
Queen Victoria came to the throne of England in 1837 after the death of her uncle, King William IV. She married her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1840. Together they had nine children over the next 18 years. When Albert died of typhoid fever in 1861, Victoria was devastated and wore black in mourning for the rest of her life. She was the longest reigning British monarch, on the throne from 1837 until her death in 1901.
This is a presentation I made about the victorian age , it mainly talks about the social life of the victorian era but has briefs about other points , hope you enjoy it .
-made by Shahd Hamouri from Jordan
Queen Victoria was born in 1819 and became Queen of the United Kingdom in 1837 at the age of 18 after the death of her uncle, King William IV. She reigned for 63 years until her death in 1901, during which the British Empire reached its peak size and influence. She married her cousin Prince Albert in 1840 and had nine children, establishing the royal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Britain industrialized and modernized significantly during her long reign.
Queen Victoria was born in 1819 and became Queen of the United Kingdom in 1837 at age 18 after the death of her uncle, King William IV. She married her cousin Prince Albert in 1840 and they had nine children together. Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch, ruling for over 63 years until her death in 1901 at age 81.
Sem 2 ppt 2 victorian era society_and_social_class_structureAvniDave1
The Victorian era in the UK was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 1837 to 1901. Society was strictly stratified, with an upper class that held political power and wealth, a prosperous middle class that owned businesses, and a working class that faced poor conditions and low wages. Women had less rights than men and were expected to obey male authority. Child labor was widespread due to families' financial needs. Victorian values promoted morality, duty, charity and respectability.
The Victorian Era in the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 1837 to 1901. It was a time of peace and prosperity as well as significant economic, industrial, and scientific developments. Britain transformed from a largely rural society into an urban, industrial power. Victorian society was highly stratified, with a rigid class system separating the wealthy aristocracy from the middle and working classes. Literature, art, and culture flourished during this era.
The document summarizes the history of England from the Norman conquest in 1066 through the Wars of the Roses that ended in 1485. It describes the line of Norman kings who conquered England and established feudal system, followed by the House of Plantagenet. Key events included Henry II strengthening royal power over barons and reforming justice system, conflicts with the church, signing of the Magna Carta, the emergence of Parliament, the devastation of the Black Death, and finally the War of the Roses between the Houses of Lancaster and York for the throne.
Victoria Douglas was Queen of England from 1837 until her death in 1901 at age 81, having the longest reign of any British monarch. She became queen after her three uncles who would have inherited the throne died without children. Victoria married her cousin Prince Albert in 1840 and had nine children together, though she fell into a deep depression following Albert's death in 1861 at age 42. Her reign saw Britain's power and influence grow significantly.
Queen Victoria was born in 1819 and became Queen of England at age 18 after her uncles failed to have surviving children. She had the longest reign of any British monarch, ruling for over 63 years until her death in 1901 at age of 81. Victoria married her cousin Prince Albert in 1840 and had 9 children together, though she fell into a deep depression following Albert's death in 1861. She was known for her strict parenting and long reign that saw Britain through the Victorian Era.
Victorian England from 1837 to 1901 saw rapid industrialization, population growth, and the formation of distinct social classes. The early Victorian period was marked by unemployment, poverty, and poor working conditions, while the mid-Victorian era saw more prosperity and stability. However, the late Victorian period experienced a degradation of values, economic depression, and mass emigration. Conditions for women improved through new laws and opportunities for work and education, but many still faced underemployment and poverty. Rapid urbanization led to overcrowded cities with problems of disease, crime, and child labor. Novels sought to realistically portray this complex and changing society.
Victoria was born in 1819 and became Queen of the United Kingdom in 1837 after the death of her uncle, William IV. She had a long reign until her death in 1901 and witnessed Britain's rise as an industrial and imperial power during this time. Victoria married her cousin Prince Albert in 1840 and they had nine children together. By 1897 she had reigned for 60 years, celebrating her Diamond Jubilee, making her the longest-serving British monarch in history at that point.
The Victorian Age from 1837 to 1901 in England was a period of great industrial development, innovation, and expansion of the British Empire. Key developments included the rise of steam power, advances in electricity and infrastructure like gas lighting and postal systems. The British Empire grew significantly to cover one-fifth of the Earth's surface ruled by Queen Victoria. However, this progress came at the expense of many poor workers and colonized people. Social reforms attempted to address issues like sanitation, child labor, education, and voting rights, but Victorian society remained full of contradictions between ideals of morality and scientific advancement versus widespread poverty and hypocrisy.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Victorian Era in England from 1837 to 1901. It describes the rapid industrialization and economic boom that occurred during this period. Cities and populations grew dramatically. There was significant poverty in urban areas alongside great wealth. Children often worked in dangerous conditions. The middle class expanded politically and economically, while the upper class focused on leisure. British imperial expansion occurred greatly under Queen Victoria's rule.
Social class and values in the Victorian Eraneledepauw
The Victorian Era in England was defined by Queen Victoria's long reign from 1837 to 1901 and the social values of the time. Queen Victoria married Prince Albert and had nine children, going on to become the "grandmother of Europe". Victorian society was shaped by strict social class divisions and moral views, though in reality Victorian culture also contained contradictions regarding sexuality and class boundaries.
Queen Victoria ruled from 1837 to 1901 during the Victorian era, known for strict morality and the height of the British Empire. She married Prince Albert in 1840 and had nine children. Several attempts were made on her life. During her reign, Britain gained control of India, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada as territories of the expanding empire. Upon her death, she left behind a large royal family that included future kings of England, Spain, Germany and other countries in Europe.
Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the sixth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Her forty-five years on the throne provided stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity.
Tips And Information To Make Marketing Via Email Work For Your BusinessRobert Boyer
This document provides tips for effective email marketing. It advises obtaining permission before emailing subscribers, keeping emails concise with a clear message, using buttons to grow the subscriber list exponentially, and testing subject lines to see which perform best. Marketers are also told to provide exclusive content in emails and collect both passive and active feedback to improve future marketing emails. When done properly, the document concludes, email marketing can be a shockingly effective technique.
The Victorian Period lasted from 1837 to 1901 under the reign of Queen Victoria. Some key events included Victoria becoming queen at age 18 in 1837 and marrying Prince Albert, with whom she had 9 children. Britain became the most powerful empire in the world during this time. Life for the rich and poor differed greatly, as the poor faced overcrowded cities with poor sanitation and child labor was common. Reforms to improve conditions gradually passed throughout Victoria's 64-year reign.
Queen Victoria was born in 1819 and became Queen of the United Kingdom in 1837 after the death of her uncle, King William IV. She married her cousin Prince Albert in 1840 and they had nine children together. During her 63 year reign, the British Empire reached its peak and she became a iconic symbol of the British Empire and the Victorian era. She died in 1901 and was succeeded by her son, King Edward VII.
Economic Disparity in Victorian EnglandLaura Govia
The document summarizes some of the key social changes and domestic policies that occurred in Victorian England. It describes the positive impacts of industrialization, such as increased productivity and economic growth, but also the negative consequences, such as poor working and living conditions for many. Specifically, it discusses the growth of the middle class and factories powered by steam, but also mass enclosure of land, poor public health in urban slums, long work hours in unsafe conditions, and lack of political representation for the working class. Overall, the period saw significant economic changes and disparities between the lives of the wealthy versus the working poor.
A translation unit is defined as a segment of text that the translator treats as a single cognitive unit to establish equivalence between the source and target text. The translation unit can be a single word, phrase, sentence, or larger text segment. Using larger translation units increases the chance of an idiomatic translation. The notion of a translation unit is useful for relating parts of the text to the whole and looking at accountability of passages. Key functions of a translation unit are to be a syntactic bearer, information carrier, and stylistic marker. The sentence is generally considered the key functional translation unit.
The document discusses the roles and characteristics of several important female characters in Jane Eyre. It analyzes Jane as a strong, independent protagonist who rebels against societal expectations. It also examines Bertha as Jane's foil who embodies uncontrolled passions, as well as other female characters like the cruel Blanche Ingram, kind Rivers sisters, and oppressive Mrs. Reed. Overall, the female characters represent a spectrum of Victorian womanhood and their relationships with Jane highlight her journey towards empowerment.
The document summarizes the social classes and roles in Victorian England. The three main social classes were the working class, middle class, and upper class. The working class performed physical labor and lived in poor conditions with long work hours. Reforms were introduced to improve education, working conditions, and close the gap between classes. The middle class consisted of professionals and merchants. The upper class inherited wealth and titles. Courtship and entertainment differed between classes according to strict social rules that separated the classes.
Blue whales, elephants, and polar bears are all endangered because of human activities like overhunting and environmental destruction. Hunting of these animals is now limited thanks to conservation efforts of organizations like the World Wildlife Fund. To further help animals in danger, people can support animal rights through demonstrations, push for stronger laws against overhunting, and raise awareness of threatened species through media. Protecting animals is important if we want future generations to be able to experience these creatures.
The document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origin, importance, differences between text and discourse, linguistic functions, cohesive devices, interpersonal functions, conventions of conversations, cooperative principle, and background knowledge. It discusses how discourse analysis was first employed by Zelling Harris and defines discourse analysis as the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose and unity for their users.
This document discusses discourse analysis and provides information on key concepts. It defines discourse analysis as the analysis of language beyond the sentence level, including analysis of text and conversation. It also discusses several basic ideas in discourse analysis such as text analysis, conversation analysis, cohesion, coherence, speech events, turn-taking, and the cooperative principle. The document provides examples and explanations of these concepts.
The Victorian Period and Charles DickensMonica Camino
Queen Victoria ruled England from 1837-1901 during a time of great transition and social reform known as the Victorian Era. The Reform Bills of 1832 and 1867 extended voting rights to more classes of men. The 1830s and 1840s saw unemployment, poverty, and poor working conditions, though the period from 1848-1870 brought more prosperity and optimism. The British Empire expanded under Victoria and the Victorian novel flourished with authors like Charles Dickens highlighting social issues.
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis including definitions, approaches, and how it relates to other fields. It defines discourse analysis as the study of language use beyond the sentence level, including how language functions in social and cultural contexts. Three main approaches are discussed: speech act theory which examines communicative acts, ethnography of communication which analyzes patterns of communication in cultures, and pragmatics which studies how context informs meaning. The document also explains how discourse analysis relates to other fields like sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and pragmatics through their shared interests but different data sources.
The document defines and describes various types of translation including:
- Oral and written translation which can be done consecutively or simultaneously
- Computer-assisted translation which uses computer programs to aid the human translation process
- Machine translation which uses computer programs to translate without human intervention
It also discusses different types of translation based on factors like the unit, aim, tasks/objectives, and number of translators involved. Some translation types discussed include: literal, idiomatic, committee, common language, dynamic, and thought-for-thought translations.
Victoria succeeded William IV as Queen of England in 1837 at age 18. She reigned for almost 64 years, the longest in English history. During her reign, the British Empire expanded greatly and industrialization transformed England. New technologies like railroads, factories, and steam power drove economic growth. Literature of the time reflected both optimism about progress as well as criticism of industrialization's social impacts. The growing middle class administered the expanding economy and government.
Powerpoint presentation based on Strayer's 3rd edition, Ways of the World text for High School Ap-Honors World History students. Covers the Industrial Revolution, Socialism, Capitalism, Social Unrest, Europe, Russia, United States and Latin America
Victoria succeeded William IV as Queen of England in 1837 at age 18. Her nearly 64-year reign saw great expansion of the British Empire and industrialization in England. New technologies like steam engines, railroads, and telegraphs transformed society. Scientists like Faraday and Darwin advanced knowledge. Literature from writers like Macaulay and Tennyson reflected Victorian values of progress and optimism, though some works criticized these views. The Victorian middle class expanded due to business, commerce, and the growth of cities, government, and professional jobs, though living conditions varied greatly within this class.
The document provides an overview of the Victorian era in Britain from 1820 to 1914. It summarizes that during this period, Britain had a stable government and growing economy while also controlling a large global empire. Society was highly stratified by gender and class, with men occupying the public sphere and women the private sphere. Religion was important, and science also advanced, with Darwin publishing his theory of evolution. Culturally, the theatre flourished along with authors like Dickens, and feminism began spreading among the educated classes.
Roman Britain lasted from 43 AD until the 5th century AD. The Romans invaded southeast Britain and gradually gained control through building forts, roads, and settlements. Rome greatly influenced British culture by introducing Latin, the hypocaust heating system, and other technologies. The Romans left a lasting architectural legacy still visible today in landmarks like Hadrian
The document provides a historical overview of the United Kingdom from prehistory to the 20th century. It covers major periods including the Roman period when Latin was introduced, the Germanic invasions which brought Germanic languages and new farming methods, the medieval period defined by Norman rule and the establishment of English as the dominant language, the 16th century Protestant reformation, the 17th century English Civil War and consolidation of parliamentary power, the 1707 Acts of Union forming the Kingdom of Great Britain, the 18th century British Empire and Industrial Revolution, the 19th century loss of American colonies and political/social reforms, and concludes with an overview reaching the 20th century.
Victorian Era
By Emma Christie, Rebecca Pain and Adele Craven.
Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901, during a time of immense industrial growth and social change in Britain. Key developments included the expansion of the railway system which transformed transportation, advances in medicine like the introduction of anesthesia, and massive urban growth in London which strained infrastructure until engineer Joseph Bazalgette implemented sewage systems. The Victorian era saw Britain rise to become the world's foremost industrial and imperial power through innovations in technology, business, and infrastructure development.
Victorian Era
By Emma Christie, Rebecca Pain and Adele Craven.
Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901, during a time of immense industrial growth and social change in Britain. Key developments included the expansion of the railway system which transformed transportation, advances in public health like the introduction of anesthesia and antiseptics, and massive urban growth in London which strained infrastructure until engineer Joseph Bazalgette implemented major sewage system improvements. The mid-1800s were considered Britain's "Golden Years" with rising prosperity driven by industrialization, trade, and relative peace at home and abroad.
The document provides an overview of social and cultural contexts during the Victorian period in Britain from 1837 to 1901. Some key points covered include:
- The British Empire expanded greatly under Queen Victoria's rule, making Britain the world's most powerful nation.
- The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain's economy and society, leading to overcrowded cities with poor living conditions for many workers. Child labor was also common.
- Cultural influences included Adam Smith's laissez-faire economic ideas, Darwin's theory of evolution, and John Stuart Mill's advocacy for individual liberty and women's rights.
- Victorian literature often addressed social issues and protested problems caused by industrialization. Major novelists included Dickens, the B
- England has a long history dating back thousands of years, with early settlers arriving around 8300 BC and the Romans conquering Britain in 43 AD, establishing cities like London.
- In 1066, William the Conqueror invaded and became the first Norman king of England, changing the class system and official language to French.
- Over the centuries, England transitioned through rule by the Tudors and Stuarts and saw the development of parliamentary democracy and advances in science and technology in the early 20th century.
The Victorian Era saw Britain rise to become the world's dominant industrial and naval power under Queen Victoria's long reign from 1837 to 1901. Key developments included the establishment of a professional police force, reforms to education and criminal justice, the Great Exhibition of 1851 showcasing British industry, the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny of 1857 which ended East India Company rule, and the expansion of the British Empire to its greatest extent by the late 19th century. However, poverty, child labor, disease and famine remained serious problems both in Britain and across the Empire during this period of rapid industrialization and imperial expansion.
The 19th century in Britain saw significant developments in its economy, education system, science, arts, and literature. The economy shifted towards finance and overseas investments which led Britain to seek greater political protection of its foreign investments. The education system expanded with the establishment of schools across the country to educate the population. Several scientific fields emerged and expanded, though some scientific ideas faced public criticism and ridicule. The arts flourished with various artistic movements and styles while literature was dominated by Romanticism, followed by notable authors like Dickens and Conan Doyle.
The Victorian Era saw Britain rise to become the world's dominant industrial and naval power under Queen Victoria's long reign from 1837 to 1901. Key developments included the establishment of a professional police force, reforms to education and criminal justice, and the growth of the British Empire to its largest extent due to industrialization and colonization. However, social problems like poverty, child labor, disease outbreaks, and tensions in India that led to the Indian Mutiny challenged Britain's progress and stability during this period of change.
The document provides information about life in Britain during the Victorian Era from 1837 to 1901. It discusses several key aspects of the period including the British Empire's expansion, industrialization and economic success, social reforms related to voting rights and labor laws, urbanization and problems of poverty/living conditions, and moral/family values emphasized by Victorians. It also mentions scientific/technological advances, art/literature of the time, and contradictions between prosperity versus social issues within Victorian society.
The Push Factors, Pull Factors, and Methods of Latter-day Saint Emigration in...Jay O. Porter
The document discusses the various push and pull factors that led to mass emigration of Latter-day Saint converts from 19th century England to America. It describes the poor economic conditions in industrialized England due to overpopulation and poor living standards that pushed emigrants to leave. Additionally, it outlines how the preaching of Latter-day Saint missionaries in England beginning in 1837 encouraged converts to emigrate, pulling them to gather with other church members first in Nauvoo, Illinois and later in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Between 1875 and 1914, conditions improved greatly for the poor in Britain. Two Education Acts were passed requiring all children to attend school. New "red brick" universities were established focused on science and technology. By the late 1800s, the working class had more free time and began traveling for leisure activities like holidays at the seaside. Cricket and football also grew enormously popular among the public. However, poverty remained a major problem in Britain even as reforms to improve factory conditions and child labor laws were passed in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Between 1875 and 1914, conditions improved greatly for the poor in Britain. Two Education Acts were passed requiring all children to attend school. New "red brick" universities were established focused on science and technology. By the late 1800s, the working class had more free time and began traveling for leisure activities like holidays at the seaside. Cricket and football also grew enormously popular among the public. However, poverty remained a major problem in Britain even as reforms to improve factory conditions and child labor laws were passed in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
The document discusses the period of European imperialism from the late 19th century. It explores differing perspectives on whether imperialism benefited Europeans or colonized peoples. Historians like Niall Ferguson argue that British imperialism brought order and free trade, while Marxists like Hobsbawm see clear winners and losers, with colonized groups suffering the most. The document also examines how Europeans rapidly expanded their colonial control worldwide in this period due to decisive military and technological advantages over indigenous societies.
This document provides an overview of the rise of absolutism in Europe between 1550-1800. It covers:
- The expansion of Spanish power under Charles V and Philip II, as well as Spain's Golden Age in arts and literature. However, costly wars and economic issues led to decline.
- In France, Louis XIV strengthened royal authority through expanding the bureaucracy and building the palace of Versailles. However, his religious persecutions and costly wars had negative impacts.
- In England, the Stuarts increasingly challenged Parliament's authority, leading to the English Civil War and Cromwell's rule. The Glorious Revolution established a limited monarchy under William and Mary.
- It also briefly mentions the
Similar to Victorian england - Overview of Queen Victoria impact in England (20)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Victorian Background
• Victoria's empire
In 1882 Britain was in the later stages of acquiring the largest empire the world
had ever seen. By the end of Victoria's reign, the British empire extended
over about one-fifth of the earth's surface and almost a quarter of the world's
population at least theoretically owed allegiance to the 'queen empress'.
• Industrial Revolution
Victoria came to the throne during the early, frenetic phase of the world's first
industrial revolution. Industrialisation brought with it new markets, a
consumer boom and greater prosperity for most of the propertied classes.
It also brought rapid, and sometimes chaotic change as towns and cities
expanded at a pace which precluded orderly growth.
• Politics
At the beginning of Victoria's reign, about a fifth of adult males were entitled to
vote. That proportion increased, through parliamentary reform acts passed
in 1867 and 1884, to one-third and two-thirds respectively.
No women could legally vote in parliamentary elections until almost 18 years
after Victoria's death
3.
4. Victorian Social
Hierarchy
S o c i e t y
Victorian society had high views on
morality. Victorian morality is a
distillation of the moral views of
people living at the time of Queen
Victoria's reign (1837–1901) and of
the moral climate of the United
Kingdom of the 19th century in
general, which contrasted greatly
with the morality of the previous
Georgian period. Many of these
values spread throughout the
British Empire. Today, the term
"Victorian morality" can describe
any set of values that espouse
sexual restraint, low tolerance of
crime and a strict social code of
C l a s s
The Upper Class
This was the highest social class of the Victorian England
social hierarchy. The people under this class did not work
manually. Their income normally came from the investments
made by them or from the inherited lands. Their routine work
was fulfilled by the lower class people. This class further got
sub divided in three parts as below -
Royal Class – This include people from royal family and the
spiritual lords of that time.
Middle Upper Class – This class include great officers of the
England, the baronets along with temporal lords.
Lower Upper Class – This class include country wealthy
gentleman and large scale business men who had made
their way with the immense wealth they possessed.
The Middle Class
These were the people who used to work meaning they had
jobs to do. They made their living from the salaries they got
according to the job done. This class included the following
sub-classes.
Higher Level Middle Class – These were high in terms of
salaries and social status as compared to lower middle class.
Lower Level Middle Class – These were the people who
worked on the orders of the higher level middle class people.
The Working Class
These were the group of labours which further got sub
divided in two divisions.
Skilled Class – They had unskilled labours working under
their supervision.
Unskilled Class – They were lowest category labour people.
The Under Class
This class was incorporated in England’s social system
5. Medicine
Two great discoveries in medicine were made in the
nineteenth century - anaesthesia and the antiseptic method
of surgery. Being able to put patients to sleep allowed
surgeons to remove or repair troublesome bits inside.
Antiseptics gave patients a better chance of surviving
surgery.
Unfortunately it was early days for both these discoveries
when the Crimean war was fought (1854-56).
In an attempt to improve the vile conditions for wounded
soldiers, Florence Nightingale (in the picture) laid the
foundations for nursing to become a properly trained
profession. Previously nurses had often been rather
unsavoury characters with little idea of hygiene or how to
give proper care.
The emphasis Miss Nightingale put on hygiene had great
effect on a soldier's chances of living, and established
cleanliness as essential in care of the sick.
6. Ar chi tec t u re
•The Houses of Parliament (Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin, 1840-60) replaced the building destroyed by fire in
1834. A good example of the period's confused love affair with the past, it was summed up earlier this century as
classic in inspiration, Gothic in detailing, and carried out with scrupulous adherence to the architectural detail of
the Tudor period.
•With its quiet, unassuming love for the vernacular of Kent and Sussex, and its rejection of Victorian pomposity,
Philip Webb's Red House at Bexleyheath (1859-60) is the building which started the Arts and Crafts movement. It
was originally designed for newly-weds William and Janey Morris.
•Castell Coch, near Cardiff (1872-79), is a piece of inspired lunacy by William Burges, best known for his
restoration of Cardiff Castle, an opium habit and the fact that he used to relax at home with a pet parrot perched
on the shoulder of his hooded medieval robe. This reconstruction of a 13th century chieftain's stronghold - right
down to the working portcullis - is scholarly, at least as far as the exterior is concerned. The interior is downright
weird, combining High Victorian romanticism with Burges' own eclectic drawings from ancient British history,
Moorish design and classical mythology.
•Charles Rennie Mackintosh's Glasgow School of Art (1896-99, 1907-9) proves that there were a few dissenting
voices raised against the Victorian trend to return to the past. Mackintosh was uncompromising in his rejection of
historicism, and his buildings have more in common with the vertical geometry and sinuous curves of Art
Nouveau work in France, Belgium and Austria. But his decadent approach to design met with hostility in Britain
and, a few years after the School of Art was completed in 1909, he gave up architecture.
7. During the 19th century, London became the first "world city"
1) it had a large population distributed over a very large geographical area; this
dispersion of the population to suburbs was made possible, as we shall see, by
the mechanization of transportation; the railroads were built beginning in the
1830s, the Underground was begun in 1865, and there were horse-drawn trams
by the 1880s
2) the population of a world city comes from the whole world; London attracted the
dispossessed and ambitious from the British Isles; it attracted the poor and the
politically oppressed from southern and eastern Europe; and it lured immigrants
from British possessions throughout the world, particularly India and China
3) a world city has direct industrial and commercial ties to the entire world. In
1880, the Port of London received 8,000,000 tons of goods (up from 800,000 in
about 1800). A contemporary guidebook advised: "Nothing will convey to the
stranger a better idea of the vast activity and stupendous wealth of London than a
visit to the warehouses, filled to overflowing with interminable stores of every
kind of foreign and colonial product." (Willis, World Civilizations, p. 323)
4) a world city is involved in the internal affairs of other nations. London was the
capital of Great Britain, the capital of the British Empire, and the capital of the
British Commonwealth of Nations. In addition, its naval power made England a
necessary participant in world affairs.
•Like other capital cities, London was a political and administrative centre, and it
housed thousands of civil servants who worked for expanding bureaucracies; it also
attracted ambitious political figures; it was also the financial centre, the hub of the
rail and road system, and a large marketplace for goods and services; industry tended
to be located in the suburbs; city centre housed government buildings and mercantile
activities; capital cities were also cultural centres: newspaper and book publishers
were there, as were theatres and operas, restaurants and pleasure gardens.
•Problems facing 19th century capitals like London: many were centuries old, and
their centres were clusters of old streets, churches, and palaces; social structures and
traditions were ancient; in-migration had flooded the old central districts and even
some suburbs; hence urban development in the 19 century consisted both of the
reconstruction of the ancient centres and rapid growth on the periphery;
•19th century urban dweller faced common tensions and traumas of urban living, i.e.
congestion and crime; but also new problems: long commutes or a sense of isolation
and despair.
Touris
m
8. The British Empire was the greatest empire the world has ever seen, and for more than a
century Britain was the foremost global power. It began in the 15th and 16th centuries
when global exploration sanctioned by the English and Scottish people began to establish
overseas colonies. There are many reasons why these colonies were established, but one of
the principal reasons was trade and financial benefit. Initially many colonies were
established in North America and the Caribbean, but spread to Africa and Asia. The growth
of the empire was not without opposition, notably from France and the Netherlands, and a
big loss was sustained in 1783 when thirteen American colonies broke away from British
rule. Australia and New Zealand were later added to the growing list.
The years 1815 to 1914 are referred to as Britain's imperial century, and at this time, the
Empire included over 14 million square miles of territory and 450 million people. It
included more than a quarter of the world's population and it was said that the sun never
set on the British Empire, a phrase attributed to a Scottish writer, John Wilson. With
supremacy at sea, Britain took on the role of global policeman, sometimes called the Pax
Britannica. As well as having formal control over its own colonies, with a dominant position
in world trade Britain could effectively control the economies of many countries including
China, Argentina and Siam.
The empire was vital for trade and during the reign of Queen Victoria, at the height of the
British Empire, British ports were full with ships arriving from far and wide carrying the
goods that were processed and sold making Britain a wealthy nation. The Great Exhibition
of 1851, the very first World's Fair, was a celebration of the diversity and richness of the
Empire.
9. •The British Army during the Victorian era served through a
period of great technological and social change. Queen
Victoria ascended the throne in 1837, and died in 1901. Her
long reign was marked by the steady expansion and
consolidation of the British Empire, and industrialisation and
the enactment of liberal reforms (by both Liberal and
Conservative governments) within Britain.
•The British Army began the period with few differences
from the British Army of the Napoleonic Wars that fought at
Waterloo. There were three main periods of the Army's
development during the era. From the end of the Napoleonic
Wars to the mid-1850s, the Duke of Wellington and his
successors attempted to maintain its organisation and tactics
as they had been in 1815, with only detail changes. In 1854,
the Crimean War, and the Indian Rebellion of 1857
highlighted the shortcomings of the Army, but entrenched
interests prevented major reforms from taking place. From
1868 to 1881, sweeping changes were made by Liberal
governments, giving it the broad structure it retained until
1914.
•On Victoria's death, the Army was still engaged in the
Second Anglo-Boer War, but other than expedients adopted
for that war, it was recognisably the army that would enter
the First World War. The Industrial Revolution had changed
its weapons, transport and equipment, and social changes
such as better education had prompted changes to the terms
of service and outlook of many soldiers. Nevertheless, it
retained many features inherited from the Duke of
Wellington's army, and since its prime function was to
maintain the expanding British Empire, it differed in many
ways from the conscripted armies of continental Europe.
BRITAIN AT WAR