Art Nouveau is an international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the decorative arts, that was most popular between 1890 and 1910. A reaction to the academic art of the 19th century, it was inspired by natural forms and structures, particularly the curved lines of plants and flowers.
Julia morgan-Her Life, Hearst Castle and Chapel of the ChimesViv S
The Presentation contains the early life of of Julia Morgan and the major projects she had during her lifetime.
it includes two major case studies:
1: Chapel of the Chimes
2: The Hearst Castle
Both have been described well in the presentation.
The graves of the early kings and others of high status with a comparison with rich graves from Sweden. A comparison of motifs in manuscripts and metalwork from Sutton Hoo.
Art Nouveau is an international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the decorative arts, that was most popular between 1890 and 1910. A reaction to the academic art of the 19th century, it was inspired by natural forms and structures, particularly the curved lines of plants and flowers.
Julia morgan-Her Life, Hearst Castle and Chapel of the ChimesViv S
The Presentation contains the early life of of Julia Morgan and the major projects she had during her lifetime.
it includes two major case studies:
1: Chapel of the Chimes
2: The Hearst Castle
Both have been described well in the presentation.
The graves of the early kings and others of high status with a comparison with rich graves from Sweden. A comparison of motifs in manuscripts and metalwork from Sutton Hoo.
The expansion of the dominion of Henry II with the foreseen breakup of that dominion through family feud. Acquisition of Ireland and homage of Wales and Scotland.
The Labour party has promised increased self-government for India without a definite timetable.The governments in Delhi and London are alarmed by the support for the Indian National Army. Leaders are put on trial but Congress leaders as whether as the public no longer view them as allies of an enemy, Japan, but as fighters for freedom from Britain. A wide scale mutiny in the Indian Navy adds doubts about the ability to use native troops to put down domestic violence. In addition Britain has large war debts including a debt to India for the use of troops outside India. Efforts to bring the Muslim League (Jinnah) and the Indian National Congress (Nehru) founder on the insistence, among other things, that the League represents all Muslims and Congress represents all Indians Britain under Viceroy Mountbatten proposes a plan that would allow for splitting India and existing provinces of India on Muslim or Hindu majority grounds. Votes lead to splitting Bengal and Punjab as well as some minor adjustments. India and Pakistan become independent.
12 The Raj -Burma campaign and Bengal famineRobert Ehrlich
The Burma campaign was almost entirely the work of the British Indian Army. The success in driving Japanese troops from Burma is attributed to the efforts of General William Slim. He used Dakota planes to support troop movements and proceeded even in the monsoon season. Different approaches to the campaign were conducted by US General 'Vinegar Joe' Stillwell and British General Orde Wingate.
9 The Raj Rowlatt, Amritsar and Non Cooperation Robert Ehrlich
The Raj continues wartime measure through the Rowlatt Act. Protests result. A peaceful gathering at Amritsar is massacred by General Dyer. Dyer is removed from his post. is treatment is brought to Parliament where he is praised by Lords but the dismissal is upheld by Commons after a speech by Churchill. Gandhi uses satyagraha in labor disputes but extends this to non-cooperation with the raj. He is arrested but soon released. Congress becomes a larger force among the Indian public.
The presentation begins with a look at the role of Indians in England. Many serve in the shipping industry as lascars and some remain in England, primarily in the Docklands section of London. Recently noted is Queen Victoria's munshi, Abdul This presentation then looks at the contribution of India to the Great War (World War I). The opinions of sepoys are known from letters transcribed by censors. The army served on the Western Front, in East Africa, Mesopotamia, the Suez and was a component at Gallipoli Some opposition to the war came from expatriates in Canada and the US. Others gave support but agitated for home rule. Gandhi supported the ambulance corps and recruiting. The war resulted in an increase in industrial produciton.
7 The Raj - Imperial Architecture -Art and NationalismRobert Ehrlich
This presentation looks at building built by the Raj and Raj-supported princes in the late 19th century. Havell makes a case for including Indian elements in public buildings while others advocate using architecture associated with imperial power in Europe. Indian painters evolve from artists who use the motifs of western art to those who look to traditional art
After a brief look at the jubilees celebrated in India the presentation looks at the proposed 1905 Bengal partition and its consequences. Partition is justified by administrative concerns but the partition map effects religious differences and a policy of divide and rule. Muslims in Bengal support the partition but the Indian National Congress opposes it.The reaction is to combine support of native industry with boycott of foreign goods. Opponents divide into moderates who support just these efforts . and extremists who advocate swaraj or self-rule. The Raj counters with the Minto-Morley reforms which give a small increase in local self-government. In 1911 the partition is repealed
6 The Raj - Indentured Indian Labor in South AfricaRobert Ehrlich
A look at the Indian diaspora in South Africa where indentured labor predominates but there are formeer indentured laborers who have small businesses and merchants or 'passenger' Indians' who have paid there own way. Gandhi goes to South Africa as lawyer for a merchant but encounters the plight of indentured labor. He develops the technique fo satyagraha to protest discrimination against Indians.
5 The Raj Political. Social and Religious Reform and WomenRobert Ehrlich
The Indian National Congress makes moderate demands for political reforms. The British make laws or attempt to make laws dealing with practices that some identify with religious traditions and others fee it is up to Indians to address. Some measures that are considered suppressive of free speech and participation in the system are. overturned. Particularly troublesome is the question whether Indians can sit on juries that try British citizens.
The rise of Indian nationalism in the late 19th century is a combination of rising Indian identity but also Hindu and Muslim identity. At Ayodha they come into conflict. A limited self-governance is offered through the 1892 Councils Act. Education is expanded particularly high education.
The use of caste by the British in terms of their remake of the army. Caste as a census. A look at caste from historic, linguistic and genetic point of view.
The changes that take place in India after the areas administered by the East India Company are assumed by the Crown. The army is restructured in an attempt to prevent future mutinies. A series of famines occurs and question arise about how to prevent or lessen their impact.
The Government of India Act of 1935 and discontent. The entrance of India into World War 2 and the resulting disaffection of the Indian National Congress, the opposition of the Indian Antional Army and the support of over 2 million volunteers. The Indian Army is crucial in East Africa and the Middle East and of great support in North Africa and Italy. A look at the summer capital of Simla.
The Indian Army after the Great War. The consequences of the swadeshi movement. Move of the capitol to New Delhi. Congress rejects the reformed government proposed by the Simon Commission. Round table conferences to try to reconcile differences. Salt Satyagraha led by Gandhi to try to obtain concessions.
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New MilitarismRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must accommodate to changing regimes in Britain. Its product create changing tastes: tea, cotton cloths and diamonds. A look at Company officials who get rich on diamonds.
5 England & India Before the Raj; Controlling Indian territoryRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must now administer the territory where it has obtained revenue rights. The Company is under increased scrutiny and a hearing is held on Clive and his vast gains. Parliament attempts to have an influence in this administration.
A governor-general, Warren Hastings is sent to lead the three divisions of presidencies.
War continues in the south with conflicts between Mysore and its neighbors. After France enters on the side of revolting American colonists, the conflict again spills over into India. A technological advance is the sue fo improved rockets by Mysore
We also look at working conditions for civilian employees in India.
4 England and India Before the Raj: From Commercial to Military PowerRobert Ehrlich
This is the time of Clive.
The decline of the Mughal Empire leads to the development of regional powers.
In the Carnatic conflicts between these powers offer opportunities for expansion of East India Company influence. In this they come into conflict with the French and European and North American Wars (Austrian Succession, Seven Years) involve an Indian theater.
In Bengal rights granted by a weak Mughal Emperor are abused. A new leader, nawab, of Bengal attempts to check these abuses. He attacks Calcutta but a counterattack at the Battle of Plassey results in a puppet nawab. He too grows weary of abuses and demands and at Buxar is defeated. The Emperor then grants the Company revenue rights in Bengal and neighboring areas.
Financial difficulties result in a British bailout with restrictions. The Company is allowed to send tea to North America with a lower tariff but it is rejected. The American Revolution results.
The use of European trained native Indian troops (sepoys) begins
13 f2015 Science and Invention in Restoration EnglandRobert Ehrlich
A overview of scientific institutions that facilitated the advances, particularly the Royal Society. Some of teh major scientists and some of the less well known scientist who contributed to their work.
The reopening of the theater after the Interregnum required new buildings, new plays and new approaches to acting. Indoor theaters with elaborate effects meant higher prices. The audience was middle class and even the court attended. Women were now on stage in prominent sexualized roles.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. Summer 2012 Living in Ostia Apartments, houses, eating, drinking, recreation
1.
2. Evolution of Housing in Ostia
• Republican Peristyle Domus (through early Empire)
• Early Insula-Trajan
• Major Phase of Insula Construction-Hadrian
• Redecoration-Antonine and Severan
• Breakup of Larger Apartments
• New Phase of Domus Construction
• Decline, Decay and Abandonment
3. Housing
Yale Open Courses
Lecture 16 Roman Architecture
Residential Architecture at Ostia:
The Insulae [00:36:57 -00:49:43]
4. Needs in Housing?
• Basic amenities (4 s’s)
• Symbol of status and honor
– Social hierarchy and relationships
– Salutatio: Client-Patron
– Convivium: Owner-friends
• Income
– Rentals of apartments and shops
– Shops found in all environments
5. Where People Lived
• Unmarried laborer or poor family
– Inn/Boarding house?
– Sublet by day or week
• Shopkeeper/ Craftsman
– Room in back of shop
– Mezzanine above shop
6. Where People Lived
• Small apartment in an insula
– Medianum apartment
• Larger apartment in an insula
• Domus – single family house
12. Small Apartments
Walls
• Yellow or white panels
• Miniature landscapes, still-lifes, isolated
animals, birds, garlands, and cupids.
• No figures
Floors
• White tesserae
• Crushed pottery or brick in mortar
• Opus spicatum in utility areas
13. House of Annius
• Commercial building
converted to a three
room and a five
apartment
14. 196
23
197
Cooking – A Double Boiler?
Elizabeth Fentress Cooking pots and cooking practice: an African bain-marie?
Papers of the British School at Rome 78 (2010), pp. 145-50
15. Cubiculo Cubiculo Latrine
Exedra
Medianum
3m
Casette-tipo: A basic medianum apartment
Trajanic period (117.3 m2=1263 ft2) III xiii 2
17. Domus delle
Muse
House
of the
Yellow
Walls
Casa delle
Ierodule
18.
19.
20. Design features
• Walls
– Architectural, polychrome backgrounds in main
rooms
• Floors
– Somewhat complex in main rooms
– Simpler geometrical patterns, white or white w. black
borders in other rooms
21. House of the Yellow Walls
[Casa delle Pareti Gialle (III,IX,12)]
32. A Look at an Insula (V. ii)
• 14 buildings
• Including presumed upper floors: 61 % private;
39% public
• Five shops, factories, storage areas
• Baths of the Philosopher
33. A Look at an Insula (V. ii)
• Two Mansions
– House of Fortuna Annonaria
– House of the Porch (Domus del Protiro)
• A smaller domus
• Two apartment buildings
36. Sanitation: Insula (V. ii)
• Public latrine by baths (10-15 seats)
• House of the Porch; House of Fortuna
Annonaria; House of the Well
– (Ground floor and upper floor)
– Rental area (ground and upper floor)
• Apartment House
– Latrine in shop; latrines on both floors of rear
apartment
48. Aurleius Helix: considered greatest pancratist of his time (218-222)
? Gaius Perelius Aurelius Alexander: head of the association of
athletes in Rome
52. Baths
• Hygiene
• Exercise
• Socializing
• Recreation
loutron alexiponon
• Art gallery Baths for driving away sorrow
53. Baths – Part of Life
Balnea, vina, Venus.
Mecum senuere per annos
Baths, wine, Venus (love) grow old with me through the years.
54. Baths
Type Financing Size Amenities Examples
Thermae Public or Entire Block Palestra Porta
major Marina,
benefactor Neptune
Forum
Balnea Speculator Within insula No palestra Seven Sages
Association Cisiari,
Philosopher
Sanctuary Buticosus
Private Within Dioscures
domus or
villa
Shelter, sustenance, sanitation, statusNote on medianum: People of a common fortune did not need magnificent vestibules, alcoves, and halls: they were not visited themselves, they visited others. Such people must be pictured in apartments and small houses. The representative rooms of the Ostianmedianum-apartments however do not concur with Vitruvius' description. This may well be due to the growing political and economical importance and therefore changing needs of freedmen in second-century Ostia, if they lived in the apartments. Residents of garden houses are considered lower-upper class by one author.Methods of analysis. Spatial – site lines movement, access control, function of decoration. In the Ostian context, the presence of one or more primary spaces in a residencecan be taken as a sign of elevated social status. If the resident held a prominent positionin Ostian society, he would likely have had various public responsibilities, some of whichhe would have fulfilled in the domestic setting. To this end, he would have requiredappropriately adorned spaces to carry out these activities. It seems logical that if we wishto discover something about the relationship between housing and social status at Ostia,we should first look to the primary spaces of the apartments
Rent - no accurate statistics survive. In Petronius 8. 4, rent is one as per night for a room in extremely unpleasant quarters. In the late Republic, an unskilled labourer might make about HS 1,OOO a year(Cic., Rosc. Com. 28). In 48 B.C., In 45 BCE Julius Caesar remitted all Roman rents up to HS 2,000 a year,all Italian rents to HS 500 a year(Suet., Caes. 38. 2; Dio 42. 5I. i). Minimum rent for decent quarters in late Republican Rome perhaps approached this second figure
Exedra garden room
Initial phase 150-50 BCE remodeled in Augustan era. Perhaps had peristyle that was removed when adjacent baths were built
Small patio house from the republican period, partly decorated with mosaics. It can be distinguished six phases. The oldest one in the years 150 to 50 BC The uncertain function of the building at this time. In the Augustan period was set up here an atrium house that could be accessed through a vestibule between two shops. Here is a mosaic with a phallus, which probably dates from the second century. In the atrium behind a impluvium is made of marble. The room is decorated with geometric mosaics. On both sides of the atrium there are small spaces (cubicula) in one of them a flight of stairs. In the back of the house there are two further rooms and a passage with a statue niche in between. This passage may have once led to a peristyle, but that was built over the terms of bizantine. At the end of the fourth century, the level of the floor was raised by one meter (this change is now removed). In the house there was an altar with a dedication to Jupiter, which the House gave the (modern) name.
Thin tiles in herringbone pattern
Cocciopesto or opussigninum(a mixture of crushed pottery or brick, lime, and pozzolana, a volcanic product)
It is a residential and commercial building of Hadrian's time. On the façade there are three Tonplaketten found with the inscription: OMNIA FELICIA ANNI (translated: the business of Annius is going well). The facade of the building had balconies, which are partly preserved. The building seems initially to have been mainly used for commercial purposes. Later, many doors were walled up to create housing. Inside, there are some well-preserved wall paintings.
Cooking pots and cooking practice: an African bain-marie?1by Elizabeth FentressPapers of the British School at Rome 78 (2010), pp. 145-50Put three common types together to make a double-boiler
Insula XII & XIII - CasetteTipo (III,XII,1-2 & III,XIII,1-2)The Standard Houses are the oldest medianum apartments in Ostia, from the early Trajanic period (opus mixtum). On the ground floor four apartments can be recognized, in two blocks completely surrounded by streets. Only the streets to the north, east and between the two blocks were paved with basalt blocks. In the center of each set of apartments was an external, wooden staircase, leading to further apartments on the first floor. The medianum is flanked by two representative rooms. On one long side are two small rooms, presumably bedrooms. On the opposite side is the facade, presumably pierced by windows, that have not been preserved however. Each apartment had a kitchen and a latrine, marked L on the plan. Three of the four apartments have a door leading to the medianum. The medianum of the north-east apartment is the only one facing north-west. The south-east apartment has a door leading to a corridor next to the latrine.There are a few scant remains of paintings and black-and-white mosaics.
House of Paintings room 10
Water supply and building heightStevens has confirmed the suggestion that the central apartments were four storeys high (c. 17.70 metres or 60 Roman feet). She concludes that the upper floors of these apartments were supplied with water. According to her rectangular recesses contained terracotta pipes for drainage and lead pipes for the supply of water. The latter recesses are 30 cm. deep and contain a sediment resulting from leaking water. The recesses for drainage are smaller, and contain no sediment. Buildings 17-20 have significantly more recesses than 13-16. In the former complex lead pipes were installed in the corridor between apartments 17-18 and 19-20, and in the east wall of the staircases to the west of the corridor. Stevens suggests that toilets were a standard facility on the third floor. Buildings 17-20 may have had fountains on the upper floors. In most of the buildings of the perimeter there was no private water supply. The inhabitants of these buildings must have used the six basins in the garden.
There are several basic trends that can be identified among the primary spaces ofthe Group 2A apartments. Where paintings are preserved, they consistently involve anarchitectural system on a polychrome background (Figs. 21-31).354 With the exception ofthe House of the Priestesses, which includes two type-B rooms (one of which has anaedicular system of painted decoration), all of the primary spaces that include painteddecorations exhibit this decorative system.355 Only several of the medianum apartmentscontain traces of their floor mosaics. Those that are largely preserved are comparable toor noticeably more complex than the other mosaics in the residence
In rooms 7 and 8 are paintings from the Severan period. Again we find architectural motifs, but the colour scheme is totally different. In room 8 are also depictions of a maenad, a Silenus, and of Hercules and Achelous, the chief of all river deities.
In rooms 4, 5 and 6 are paintings from the second half of the second century. Architectural motifs, small, impressionistic landscapes, and a head of Oceanus were painted on a yellow background.
Also known as house of the Priestess. The paintings on the ceilings were applied on canes tied together with ropes and attached to a wooden support with iron nails (in Italian: "camera a canna")
Deduced from drain pipes
Pompeii Note fittings
Table support – female herm; Herm; Winged childFrom apartment over mill that collapsed in earthquake.
Brazier from Pompeii. Brazier have been found at Ostia. Food cooked in dining room itself.
IPO A 169B 43 por 49,5 cm., con 3 cm. de fondo
Relieve IPO A 169A. Fuente: Squarciapino, M.F.,Piccolo corpus deimattoniscolpitiostiensi. BulletinodellaCommissioneArcheologicaComunale di Roma 76, 1956-1958 tab. V.Conjecture thatboth were originally symmetrical around a central commemorative inscription
Left – From Tunisia used for olive oil or occasionally fish sauceRight – From Libya used for olive oilOne to far right in relief is Dressel 20 from Guadalquivir valley in southern Spain (the Roman province of Baetica), between the cities of Cordoba and Seville used for olive oilOne in other relief is Its design is identified with the type known as Gauloise 4 is a container of wine produced in southern France, near the mouththe Rhone in Languedoc. We can rule out another trytype of amphora Dressel as 3024 as this type has a pivot anfóricomore elongated.A deposit (Bath of the Swimmer) contained 31% Dressel 20 from Andalusia and most of the rest from North Africa
The Bar of Fortunatowas installed in a room that was originally a passage between the Decumanus to the south and Via della Fontana to the north. A new passage between the roads was apparently created to the east of the bar. There is a wide entrance in the south wall of the bar, with a travertine threshold.On the floor is a black-and-white mosaic with a drinking vessel and the damaged inscription:[10 letters missing?] FORTVNATVS[10 letters missing?]ATERA QVOD SITISBI (chalice) BEIt is interpreted by Vaglieri as follows:[hospesinquit] FORTVNATVS[vinum e cr]ATERA QVOD SITISBI (chalice) BE"(Your host) Fortunatus (says): drink (wine from) the crater because you are thirsty" (a variant by Calza: (dicit) FORTVNATVS (vinumcr)ATERA QUOD SITIS BIBE). Ashby interprets Fortunatus as a nominative for a vocative, and takes cratera as the Greek form of the accusative, translating: "Fortunatus, drink the bowl, because you are thirsty". He does not, however, take the missing letters to the left into account.
Note shelves behind counter
he precise identification of the objects remains difficult. From left to right we may see: green olives; a turnip; eggs or peaches in a glass with water; two red cheese or watermelons or cymbals hung from a nail.
Near maritime entrance In the centre of the room is a basin with a shelf at one end, suggesting that it was a fountain. In the north corner is the bar counter with a double basin. The top of the counter has disappeared. Behind the counter are a focus (hearth) and three stepped shelves.
Aurelius Helix fought during the reign of Heliogabalus (218-222 AD) and was the greatest pancratiast of his day
To the south-east of the bar counter are two grotesque, dancing figures. One has a large phallus. In their hands are sticks. The scene is based on Egyptian examples. In front of the door to the backroom is Venus holding a mirror, accompanied by a winged amorino who is holding her girdle.
The room of the Seven SagesThe building was named after the paintings in room 5. Most of the walls of this room belong to a pre-existing building from the late-Flavian period (Domitianus). The paintings belong to the Hadrianic or early-Antonine period. The "seven Greek sages" are depicted, who all lived around 600 BC. Their names and city of origin are painted in Greek next to them: SOLÒN ATHÈNAIOS ("Solon of Athens") THALÈS MEILÈSIOS ("Thales of Milete") CHEILÒN LAKEDAIMONIOS ("Chilon of Sparta") [Bias] PRIÈNEUS ("[Bias] of Priene") (Cleobulus of Lindos, Pittacus of Mitylene, and Periander of Corinth have not been preserved).Humorous, ironic texts in Latin refer to activity in the latrine: VT BENE CACARET VENTREM PALPAVIT SOLON ("Solon rubbed his belly to defecate well") DVRVM CACANTES MONVIT VT NITANT THALES ("Thales recommended that those who defecate with difficulty should strain") VISSIRE TACITE CHILON DOCVIT SVBDOLVS ("The cunning Chilon taught how to flatulate unnoticed") [---]ENIS BIAS. Below Solon is the text: IVDICI (?) | OR(di)NA (?) and VERGILIVM LEGIS(se) PVERIS (?) Below Thales we read: VERBOSE TIBI | NEMO | DICIT DVM PRISCIANV(s) | (?) (u)TARIS XYLOSPHONGIO NOS | (? a) QVAS ("No one gives you a long lecture, Priscianus, as long as you use the sponge on a stick ...").Below the sages the heads have been preserved of people that are probably sitting on a communal latrine (plaster added later and a bench cover the lower part). We can read what they say: MVLIONE SEDES, PROPERO ("I'm making haste") AGITA TE CELERIVS | PERVENIES ("Push hard, you'll be finished more quickly") AMICE FVGIT TE PROVERBIVM | BENE CACA ET IRRIMA MEDICOS [1]. Above the sages and on the vault are paintings of a flying male figure (perhaps Pan) and of amphorae, one with the word FALERNVM, referring to high-quality Campanian wine, one with the letter M. This suggests that originally the room was a bar, that was obviously visited by well-educated people.
Part of inscription on architecture See Augustine.
Baths, wine, Venus (love) grow old with me through the years.
Visitors proceeded to the changing-rooms (apodyteria) 4, 5, 12 and 13. In the entrance of each room were two marble columns. Rooms 4 and 12 had three windows in the north wall. Between the changing-rooms is the cold bath (frigidarium), 6. It was surrounded by large marble columns. The height of the room must have been 15-17 meters. To the north and south are basins, that may have had columns on the partition-walls. They had niches in the back- and side-walls. The niches in the north basin were blocked when an apse was added in the early fourth century. Holes and imprints of lead pipes show that there was a jet of water below each niche. Rooms 7 and 8 had a large window in the north wall.The octagonal room 15 was used for sun-bathing (heliocaminus). It had relatively few artificial heating, and the largest windows. Room 16 was a sweating room (sudatorium). Along the walls are marble seats. The room seems to have been closed off with double doors. Rooms 17 and 18 were lukewarm (tepidaria). There are no basins here, because tepidaria were only transitional rooms, where people could rest and relax. Holes in the square columns of room 18 were used to fasten window-frames. Room 19 was a hot bath (caldarium), with three basins. In these basins many hairpins were found, proving that women also used the baths.Fl. Octavius VictorThe work of Fl. Octavius Victor is documented by a few inscriptions. In the frigidarium are fragments of an architrave belonging to the northern basin (another fragment is in Rome). They carry Greek inscriptions:... a hexameter and a pentameter. The baths were restored by Victor, "an eminent man in Italy because of his important duties". He is presumably the praefectusannonae, whose name is also read on another fragment from the baths, with the text [-- cura]nteFl(avio) Octavio V[ictore --].We hear of "healing baths", or "baths that drive away sorrow" (loutronalexiponon). Meiggs has drawn our attention to a few sentences in Augustine's Confessions (9,12,32). After the death of his mother Monica, in Ostia, Augustine visited baths, "because I had heard baths were called balnea from the greekbalaneion, which means driving away care from the mind". Had Augustine seen the Greek inscription in the Baths of Forum?