The document discusses acid-base balance and pH regulation in the human body. It covers: - The normal pH range of 7.35-7.45 and what constitutes acidosis and alkalosis. - The four main types of acid-base disorders: metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis. - The kidney and lung systems play key roles in pH regulation through bicarbonate reabsorption/excretion and carbon dioxide expiration. - Maintaining normal pH is essential for oxygen delivery, protein structure, and biochemical reactions in the body.

2. ACID BASE BALANCE
MAINTAINANCE AND
DIAGNOSTIC TEST, pH
BUFFER

4. • In the absence of pathological states, the pH of the
human body ranges between 7.35 to 7.45, with the
average at 7.40.
• A pH below 7.35 is an acidemia, and a pH above 7.45
is an alkalemia.
• The human body experiences four main types of acid-
based disorders:
• Metabolic acidosis,
• Metabolic alkalosis,
• Respiratory acidosis, and
• Respiratory alkalosis.
• If one of these conditions occurs, the human body
should induce a counterbalance in the form of an
opposite condition.

6. Organ System Involved in pH Balance
• Every organ system of the human body relies on pH
balance; however,
• The renal system
• The pulmonary system
• The renal system affects pH by reabsorbing bicarbonate
and excreting fixed acids. Whether due to pathology or
necessary compensation, the kidney excretes or
reabsorbs these substances which affect pH.
• The pulmonary system adjusts pH using carbon dioxide;
upon expiration, carbon dioxide is projected into the
environment. Due to carbon dioxide forming carbonic
acid in the body when combining with water, the
amount of carbon dioxide expired can cause pH to
increase or decrease.

7. Function of pH balance
• The physiological pH of the human body is
essential for many processes necessary to life
including oxygen delivery to tissues, correct
protein structure, and innumerable
biochemical reactions that rely on the normal
pH to be in equilibrium and complete.

19. Acid base imbalance
• When the levels of acid in your blood are too
high, it's called acidosis.
• When your blood is too alkaline, it is called
alkalosis.
• Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are due to
a problem with the lungs.
• Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are due to a
problem with the kidneys.

25. Treatments of respiratory acidosis
• A doctor should be seen immediately to treat
acute respiratory acidosis
• Bronchodilator medications maybe given to
correct some forms of airways obstructions
• If blood oxygen level is too low, you may
require breathing machine/ noninvasive
positive pressure ventilation
• Each cause may requires different treatment
ranging from antibiotics to a breathing
machine

26. Preventing respiratory acidosis
•Maintain healthy weight
•Take sedatives only under strict doctor
supervision
•Never combine sedatives with alcohols
•Do not smokes

34. Causes of metabolic acidosis
1) Diabetic acidosis/ Diabetic ketoacidosis:
build up of ketone bodies. This is usually
due to uncontrolled type 1 diabetes.
2) Hyperchloremic acidosis: When your body
loses too much sodium bicarbonate, often
after severe diarrhea.
3) Lactic acidosis: When too much lactic acid
is builds up. This can be due to:

35. • Prolonged exercise
• Lack of oxygen
• Certain medication
• Low blood sugar/ hypoglycemia
• Alcohol
• Seizures
• Liver failure
• Cancer
• Kidney diseases
• Poisoning from too much aspirin, methanol and
ethylene glycol

36. Treatments of metabolic acidosis
• The underlying condition behind the acidosis
must be treated. In some cases, sodium
bicarbonate is prescribed

39. Treatments of metabolic alkalosis
• Some medications (such as chloride and
potassium) can help correct chemical losses.
• Further treatment will depend on the cause,
need to monitor vital signs and create proper
plan to correct your pH imbalance.

40. Buffer system in the body
• The buffer system in the human body are
extremely efficient, and different system
works at different rates.
• It takes only seconds for the chemical buffers
in the blood to make adjustments to pH.
• The buffer system in blood plasma include
plasma proteins, phosphate, and bicarbonate
and carbonic acid buffers.

41. Protein buffer in blood plasma and cells
• Nearly all proteins can work as buffers.
• Proteins are made up of amino acids, which
contains positive charged amino groups and
negatively charged carboxyl groups.
• The charged molecules of these region binds
hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and thus
functions as buffers.

42. Hemoglobin as a buffer
• Hb is the principal protein inside of the RBC
and accounts for 1/3rd of the mass of the cell.
• During the conversion of CO2 into
bicarbonate, hydrogen ions liberated in the
reaction are buffered by hemoglobin, which
is reduced by the dissociation of oxygen.
• This buffering helps maintain normal pH.

43. Phosphate as a buffer
• Phosphate are found in blood in two forms:
sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4)
and disodium hydrogen phosphate
(Na2HPO4).
• Na2HPO4 : NaH2PO4 = 4:1
𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎2𝐻𝑃𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑎𝐻2𝑃𝑂4 + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝑁𝑎𝐻2𝑃𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑎2𝐻𝑃𝑂4 + 𝐻2𝑂

44. Bicarbonate-carbonic acid as a buffer
• Bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid are
present in the blood in a 20:1 ratio, if the
blood pH within the normal range.
𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝐻2𝐶𝑂3 + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝐻2𝐶𝑂3 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝐻𝐶𝑂3
−
+ 𝐻2𝑂