This document describes the location, movement, origin, insertion, and nerve supply of 24 different muscles. It provides a concise overview of each muscle, including: the sternocleidomastoid which flexes the neck, pectoralis major which flexes and adducts the shoulder, and the triceps brachii which extends the elbow. The document also covers various back muscles like the trapezius, rhomboids, and latissimus dorsi as well as thigh muscles like the quadriceps and hamstrings.
Lower Limb Human Anatomy ( Muscles )
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
Muscle Testing of the Trunk
Prof. Satyen Bhattacharyya
Associate Professor: BIMLS, Bardhaman
Chief Physio: Fit O Fine
Director: Well O Fit Healthcare PVT. LTD.
Muscle Testing of the Trunk
Trunk Flexion
Rectus abdominis
Muscles contribute to Trunk Flexion Rectus abdominis
Origin:
Pubic crest and pubic symphysis
Insertion:
5, 6, 7 costal cartilages, medial inferiorcostal margin and posterior aspect of xiphoid
Action:
Trunk Flexion
Nerve supply:
Normal
Position:
Supine with hands behind neck.
Stabilization:
Stabilize legs firmly.
Desired Motion:
Patient flexes thorax on pelvis through ROM
Normal
Note:
If hip flexor muscles are weak, stabilize pelvis.
A curl up is emphasized, and flexion is possible until scapulae are raised from table.
Tests for neck flexion should precede those for trunk flexion
Good
Position:
Back lying with arms at sides.
Stabilization:
Stabilize legs firmly.
Desired Motion:
Patient flexes thorax on pelvis through range of motion.
If hip flexor muscles are weak, stabilize pelvis.
Flexion is possible until scapula are raised from table.
Fair
Position:
Supine with arms at sides.
Stabilization:
Stabilize legs firmly.
Desired Motion:
Patient flexes thorax on pelvis through partial range of motion.
Head, tips of shoulders and cranial borders of scapulae should clear table with inferior angle remaining in contact with table.
If hip flexor muscles are weak, stabilize pelvis
Poor
Position:
Supine with arms at sides
Desired Motion:
Patient flexes cervical spine.
Caudal portion of thorax is depressed, and pelvis is tilted until the lumbar area of spine is flat on table.
Palpation will help to determine smoothness of contraction
Trace & Zero
Position:
Supine
Observation:
A slight contraction may be determined by palpation over anterior abdominal wall as patient attempts to cough (also during rapid exhalation or as patient attempts to lift head).
Observe deviation of umbilicus.
Cranial movement indicates stronger contraction of upper section of muscle, and caudal movement, stronger contraction of lower section (not illustrated.)
Note
Factors Limiting Motion:
1- Tension of posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamenta flava, and interspinal and supraspinal ligaments
2- Tension of spinal extensor muscles
3-Apposition of caudal lips of vertebra bodies anteriorly with surfaces of subjacent vertebrae
4-Compression of ventral part of intervertebral fibrocartilages
5-Contact of last ribs with abdomen
Fixation:
1-Reverse action of hip flexor muscles
2-Weight of legs and pelvis
Trunk Extension
Muscles contribute to Trunk Extension Erector spinae – Spinalis
Origin:
Spinous processes
Insertion:
Spinous processes six levels above
Action:
Trunk Extension
Nerve supply:
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Muscles contribute to Trunk Extension Erector spinae – lliocostalis
Origin:
Iliac crest, sacrum, lumbar vertebrae
Insertion:
Ribs, cervical transverse processes
Action:
Trunk Extension
Nerve supply:
Dorsal ram
Lower Limb Human Anatomy ( Muscles )
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
Muscle Testing of the Trunk
Prof. Satyen Bhattacharyya
Associate Professor: BIMLS, Bardhaman
Chief Physio: Fit O Fine
Director: Well O Fit Healthcare PVT. LTD.
Muscle Testing of the Trunk
Trunk Flexion
Rectus abdominis
Muscles contribute to Trunk Flexion Rectus abdominis
Origin:
Pubic crest and pubic symphysis
Insertion:
5, 6, 7 costal cartilages, medial inferiorcostal margin and posterior aspect of xiphoid
Action:
Trunk Flexion
Nerve supply:
Normal
Position:
Supine with hands behind neck.
Stabilization:
Stabilize legs firmly.
Desired Motion:
Patient flexes thorax on pelvis through ROM
Normal
Note:
If hip flexor muscles are weak, stabilize pelvis.
A curl up is emphasized, and flexion is possible until scapulae are raised from table.
Tests for neck flexion should precede those for trunk flexion
Good
Position:
Back lying with arms at sides.
Stabilization:
Stabilize legs firmly.
Desired Motion:
Patient flexes thorax on pelvis through range of motion.
If hip flexor muscles are weak, stabilize pelvis.
Flexion is possible until scapula are raised from table.
Fair
Position:
Supine with arms at sides.
Stabilization:
Stabilize legs firmly.
Desired Motion:
Patient flexes thorax on pelvis through partial range of motion.
Head, tips of shoulders and cranial borders of scapulae should clear table with inferior angle remaining in contact with table.
If hip flexor muscles are weak, stabilize pelvis
Poor
Position:
Supine with arms at sides
Desired Motion:
Patient flexes cervical spine.
Caudal portion of thorax is depressed, and pelvis is tilted until the lumbar area of spine is flat on table.
Palpation will help to determine smoothness of contraction
Trace & Zero
Position:
Supine
Observation:
A slight contraction may be determined by palpation over anterior abdominal wall as patient attempts to cough (also during rapid exhalation or as patient attempts to lift head).
Observe deviation of umbilicus.
Cranial movement indicates stronger contraction of upper section of muscle, and caudal movement, stronger contraction of lower section (not illustrated.)
Note
Factors Limiting Motion:
1- Tension of posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamenta flava, and interspinal and supraspinal ligaments
2- Tension of spinal extensor muscles
3-Apposition of caudal lips of vertebra bodies anteriorly with surfaces of subjacent vertebrae
4-Compression of ventral part of intervertebral fibrocartilages
5-Contact of last ribs with abdomen
Fixation:
1-Reverse action of hip flexor muscles
2-Weight of legs and pelvis
Trunk Extension
Muscles contribute to Trunk Extension Erector spinae – Spinalis
Origin:
Spinous processes
Insertion:
Spinous processes six levels above
Action:
Trunk Extension
Nerve supply:
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Muscles contribute to Trunk Extension Erector spinae – lliocostalis
Origin:
Iliac crest, sacrum, lumbar vertebrae
Insertion:
Ribs, cervical transverse processes
Action:
Trunk Extension
Nerve supply:
Dorsal ram
THis PPT will give you knowledge about the principles of shoulder; articulating surface, motions, ligamentous structure and musculature structure that related to shoulder region.
My Goals::::
1-Relationship of thorax to neck .
2-relationship of thorax to upper limb.
3-relationship of thorax to breasts : pleural cavity - pleural and Lung .
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Sternocleidomastoid
Location –
• Neck
Movement –
• Head Flexion and rotation
Extra
Origin -
• Manubrium of sternum and medial
portion of clavicle.
Insertion –
• Mastoid process of temporal bone and
superior nuchal line of occipital bone.
Nerve Supply –
• Accessory Nerve (Cranial nerve XI)
3. Pectoralis Major
Location –
• Chest
Movement –
• Shoulder Flexion
• Internal Rotation
• Shoulder Adduction
Extra
Origin –
• Sternal end of clavicle, sternum, cartilage
of ribs 1-6 and aponeurosis of external
oblique muscle.
Insertion –
• Fibers converge to insert by a short
tendon into intertubercular groove of
humerus.
Nerve Supply –
• Lateral and Medial Pectoral Nerves
• Pulls rib cage upward, thus helps in climbing,
throwing, pushing and forced inspiration.
4. Pectoralis
Minor
Location –
• Chest
Movement –
• Stabilizes scapula by drawing it
inferiorly and anteriorly against
thoracic wall
Extras
Origin –
• 3rd to 5th ribs near their costal
cartilages
Insertion –
• Medial border and superior surface
of coracoid process of scapula
Nerve Supply –
• Medial pectoral nerves (C8, T1)
5. Biceps Brachii
Location-
• Anterior upper arm
Movement –
• Elbow Flexion
• Forearm Supination
Extra
• Has 2 origins (bi)
• Short head - coracoid process
• Long head – tubercle above
glenoid cavity
• Insertion
• Radial Tuberosity
• Nerve Supply
• Musculocutaneous Nerve
6. Brachialis
Location –
• Proximal to the elbow in supination.
Movement –
• Elbow flexion
Extras
Origin –
• Distal half of anterior surface of
humerus
Insertion –
• Coronoid process and tuberosity of
ulna
Nerve Supply –
• Musculocutaneous nerve (C5 and
C6) (C5, C6)
7. Brachioradialis
Location –
• Front of forearm.
Movement –
• Elbow Flexion
• Forearm Pronation
• Forearm Supination
Extras
Origin –
• Lower 2/3 of lateral
supracondylar ridge of
humerus.
Insertion –
• Styloid process of radius.
Nerve Supply –
• Radial Nerve
8. Flexor Digitorum
Superficialis
Location –
• Anterior aspect of the elbow in supination.
Movement –
• Flexes proximal phalanges at matacarpophalangeal
joints .
• Flexes middle phalanges at proximal interphalangeal
joints of medial 4 fingers.
Extras
Origin -
• Humeroulnar head: medial epicondyle of humerus,
ulnar collateral ligament, and coronoid process of
ulna; Radial head: superior half of anterior border of
radius
Insertion –
• Bodies of middle phalanges of digits 2 - 5
Nerve Supply –
• Median nerve (C7, C8 and T1) (C7, C8, T1)
9. Palmaris Longus
Location-
• Inside of forearm
Movement-
• Weak wrist flexion
• Tenses skin and fascia of palm
during hand movements.
Extra
Origin-
• Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion-
• Palmar aponeurosis, skin and fascia
of palm.
Nerve Supply-
• Median nerve
• Some people don’t have one (14%)
• Touch your pointer finger with your 5th finger
and flex your wrist to see it.
10. Pronator Teres
Location –
• Anterior aspect of the elbow in supination.
Movement –
• Forearm Pronation
• Elbow Flexion
Extras
Origin -
• Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid
process of ulna
Insertion –
• Middle of lateral surface of radius
Nerve Supply –
• Median nerve (C6 and C7) (C6, C7)
11. Trapezius
Location-
• Upper Back
Movement –
• Stabilizes, raises, retracts, and rotates
Scapula
Extra
• Origin
• Occipital bone, spines of C7-
T12
• Insertion
• Along Acromion and spine
of scapula and Lat. 1/3 of
clavicle
• Nerve Supply
• Accessory Nerve
12. Levator Scapulae
Location –
• Back of the neck.
Movement –
• Scapula Elevation.
Extras
Origin –
• Transverse processes of
C1 – C4
Insertion –
• Medial border of scapula,
superior to the spine.
Nerve Supply –
• Cervical spinal nerves
• Dorsal scapular nerve
13. Rhomboid
Minor
Location –
• Upper back
• Between scapula and spine
Movement –
• Retract scapula
• Rotate scapula to depress glenoid cavity
• Fix scapula to thoracic wall
Extra
Origin –
• Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of
C7 and T1 vertebrae.
Insertion –
• Medial border of scapula from level of
spine to inferior angle.
Nerve Supply –
• Dorsal scapular nerve ( C4 and C5)
14. Rhomboid
Major
Location –
• Back
• Between the scapula and the spine
Movement –
• Retract scapula and rotate it to depress
glenoid cavity
• Fix scapula to thoracic wall
Extras
Origin –
• Spinous processes of T2 - T5 vertebrae
Insertion –
• Medial border of scapula from level of
spine to inferior angle
Nerve Supply –
• Dorsal scapular nerve ( C4 and C5) (C4, C5)
15. Triceps Brachii
Location –
• Back of the arm
Movement –
• Elbow Extension
Extras
Origin –
• LH: Infraglenoid tubercle of
scapula
• LTH: Posterior shaft of humerus
• MH: Posterior humeral shaft
distal to radial groove.
Insertion –
• By common tendon into
olecranon process of ulna.
Nerve Supply –
• Radial Nerve
16. Latissimus
Dorsi
Location –
• Inferior back
Movement –
• Shoulder Extension
• Shoulder Adduction
• Shoulder Internal rotation
Extras
Origin -
• Spinous processes of inferior 6 thoracic
vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest,
and inferior 3 or 4 ribs
Insertion –
• Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus
Nerve Supply –
• Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, and C8) (C6, C7,
C8)
17. Supraspinatus
Location –
• Top of the shoulder
• On the scapula
Movement –
• Shoulder abduction.
Extra
Origin –
• Supraspinous fossa
Insertion –
• Superior facet of the greater tubercle
of humerus.
Nerve Supply –
• Suprascapular nerve.
• Part of the rotator cuff.
• Stabilizes the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
• Action is controversial.
18. Infraspinatus
Location –
• Scapula
• Back
Movement –
• Helps to hold head of humerus in gleniod
cavity.
• Stabilizing shoulder joint
• External rotation
Extra
Origin –
• Infraspinous fossa of scapula.
Insertion –
• Greater tubercle of humerus posterior to
insertion of supraspinatus.
Nerve Supply –
• Suprascapular
• Part of Rotator Cuff.
19. Teres Minor
Location –
• Back
• Inferior scapula
Movement –
• Shoulder External Rotation.
• Helps hold humeral head in glenoid cavity.
Extras
Origin -
• Superior part of lateral border of scapula
Insertion –
• Inferior facet on greater tuberosity of humerus
Nerve Supply –
• Axillary nerve (C5 and C6) (C5, C6)
20. Subscapularis
Location –
• Inside of the scapula
Movement –
• Shoulder Adduction
• Shoulder Internal Rotation.
Extras
Origin -
• Subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion –
• Lesser tuberosity of humerus
Nerve Supply –
• Upper and lower subscapular nerves
(C5, C6 and C7) (C5, C6, C7)
21. Teres Major
Location –
• Back
• Lower scapula
Movement –
• Shoulder adduction
• Shoulder internal rotation
Extras
Origin –
• Dorsal surface of inferior
angle of scapula.
Insertion –
• Medial lip of intertubercular
groove of humerus.
Nerve Supply –
• Subscapular nerve
22. Serratus
Anterior
Location –
• Side of the rib cage
Movement –
• Draws scapula forward and upward.
• Abducts and rotates scapula.
• Stabilizes vertebral border of scapula.
Extras
Origin -
• Superolateral surfaces of upper 8 or 9
ribs at the side of chest
Insertion –
• Vertebral border of scapula
Nerve Supply –
• Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7) (C5,
C6, C7)
23. Anterior
Deltoid
Location –
• Superior and anterior aspect of
the shoulder.
Movement –
• Shoulder Flexion
• Shoulder Internal rotation
Extras
Origin -
• Lateral third of clavicle, acromion,
and spine of scapula
Insertion –
• Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Nerve Suppley –
• Axillary nerve (C5 and C6) (C5, C6)
24. Middle Deltoid
Location-
• Top of shoulder
• Upper arm
Movement-
• Shoulder Abduction (3)
Extras
• 3 total deltoid muscles
Origin-
• Embraces insertion of the trapezius
• lateral 1/3 of clavicle
• acromion and spine of scapula
Insertion-
• Deltoid tuberosity of humerus.
Nerve Supply-
• Axillary nerve
25. Posterior
Deltoid
Location –
• Top and posterior of shoulder
Movement –
• Transverse Extension.
• Shoulder Abduction (3)
Extras
Origin –
• Lower lip of posterior border
of spine of scapula as far back
as medial end.
Insertion –
• Deltoid tuberosity of
humerus.
Nerve Supply –
• Axillary Nerve
26. Iliopsoas
Combination of 3 muscles:
1. Psoas major
2. Psoas minor
3. Iliacus
Location –
•. Abdomen
Movement –
•. Torso Flexion
•. Hip Flexion
Extras
Origin –
•. Anterior surfaces and lower borders of transverse
processes of L1 - L5 and bodies and discs of T12 - L5
Insertion –
•. Lesser trochanter
Nerve Supply –
•. Direct fibers of L1 - L3 of lumbar plexus (L1, L2, L3)
27. Sartorius
Location –
• Anterior aspect of the thigh
• Medial aspect of the knee.
Movement –
• Hip Flexion
• Hip External Rotation
• Knee Flexion.
Extras
Origin –
• Anterior superior iliac spine .
Insertion –
• Superior aspect of the medial surface of
the tibial shaft near the tibial tuberosity.
Nerve Supply –
• Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
28. Rectus Femoris
Location-
• Middle, Front Thigh
Movement –
• Knee Extension
• Hip Flexion
Extra
• Origin
• Anterior Inferior Illiac Spine
• Insertion
• Patella and Tibial Tuberosity
via Patellar Ligament
• Nerve Supply
• Femoral Nerve
29. Vastus
Lateralis
Location –
• Anterior aspect of thigh.
Movement –
• Knee Extension
Extras
Origin –
• Superior portion of intertrochanteric line, anterior
and inferior borders of greater trochanter, superior
portion of lateral lip of linea aspera, and lateral
portion of gluteal tuberosity of femur.
Insertion –
• Lateral base and border of patella; also forms the
lateral patellar retinaculum and lateral side of
quadriceps femoris tendon.
Nerve Supply –
• Muscular branches of femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
30. Vastus Medialis
Location –
• Front of thigh
Movement –
• Extends knee
• Stabilize patella
Extras
Origin –
• Linea aspera, intertrochanteric
line.
Insertion –
• As for rectus femoris
Nerve Supply –
• Femoral Nerve
• Part of the Quadriceps muscle group.
• Tear drop on the inside is called the
‘oblique.’
31. Vastus
Intermedius
Location –
• Anterior aspect of the thigh.
Movement –
• Knee Extension (4)
Extras
Origin –
• Superior 2/3 of anterior and lateral surfaces of
femur; also from lateral intermuscular septum of
thigh
Insertion –
• Lateral border of patella; also forms the deep
portion of the quadriceps tendon
Nerve Supply –
• Muscular branches of femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
32. Anterior
Tibialis
Location –
• Front of lower leg
Movement –
• Dorsiflexion of ankle.
Extra
Origin –
• Lateral condyle and upper 2/3
of tibial shaft; interosseous
membrane.
Insertion –
• By tendon into inferior surface
of medial cuneiform and first
metatarsal bone.
Nerve Supply –
• Deep fibular nerve
• Muscle associated with shin splints.
33. Gluteus
MaximusLocation –
• Butt
• Backside
Movement –
• Hip extension.
• Hip external rotation.
• Hip abduction.
Extras
Origin –
• Posterior aspect of dorsal ilium posterior to
posterior gluteal line, posterior superior iliac
crest, posterior inferior aspect of sacrum and
coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament.
Insertion –
• Primarily in fascia lata at the iliotibial band;
also into the gluteal tuberosity on posterior
femoral surface.
Nerve Supply –
• Inferior gluteal nerve
34. Gluteus
MediusLocation-
• Back side.
• Buttocks
Movement-
• Hip Abduction
• Hip internal rotation
Extras
Origin-
• Between anterior and posterior gluteal lines on lateral
surface of ilium
Insertion-
• By short tendon into lateral aspect of greater trochanter
of femur
Nerve Supply-
• Superior gluteal nerve
• Important in walking
• Muscle of limb planted on ground tilts or holds pelvis in abduction so
that pelvis on side of swinging limb does not sag.
• The foot of swinging limb can thus clear the ground.
35. Gluteus
Minimus
Location –
• Lateral aspect of the hip.
Movement –
• Hip Abduction (3)
• Hip Internal rotation.
Extras
Origin –
• Dorsal ilium between inferior and anterior
gluteal lines; also from edge of greater sciatic
notch
Insertion –
• Anterior surface of greater trochanter
Nerve Supply –
• Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1) (L4, L5, S1)
36. Gastrocnemius
Location –
• Posterior lower leg
Movement –
• Plantarflexes foot when knee
extended
• Knee flexion when ankle dorsiflexed
Extra
Origin –
• By two heads from medial and lateral
condyles of femur.
Insertion –
• Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal
tendon.
Nerve Supply –
• Tibial Nerve
37. Soleus
Location –
• Posterior aspect of the lower leg.
• Under the gastrocnemius.
Movement –
• Ankle Plantarflexion
Extras
Origin –
• Posterior aspect of fibular head, upper 1/4 - 1/3 of posterior
surface of fibula, middle 1/3 of medial border of tibial shaft,
and from posterior surface of a tendinous arch spanning the
two sites of bone origin
Insertion –
• Eventually unites with the gastrocnemius aponeurosis to
form the Achilles tendon, inserting on the middle 1/3 of the
posterior calcaneal surface
Nerve Supply –
• Tibial nerve (S1, S2) (S1, S2)
38. Semitendinosus
Location –
• Posterior aspect of the thigh.
Movement –
• Knee Flexion
• Hip Extension
• Tibia internal rotation when knee is flexed.
Extras
Origin –
• From common tendon with long head of biceps
femoris from superior medial quadrant of the
posterior portion of the ischial tuberosity
Insertion –
• Superior aspect of medial portion of tibial shaft
Nerve Supply –
• Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)
39. Semimebranosus
Location –
• Back of the thigh.
Movement –
• Knee Flexion
• Hip extension and internal rotation.
Extra
• Part of the Hamstring group.
Origin –
• Ischial tuberosity
Insertion –
• Medial condyle of tibia.
Nerve Supply –
• Sciatic nerve.
40. Biceps Femoris
Location –
• Back of the thigh.
Movement –
• Knee Flexion (3)
• Rotates the tibia laterally.
• Extends the hip joint
Extras
Origin –
• Common tendon with semitendinosus from
superior medial quadrant of the posterior
portion of the ischial tuberosity
Insertion –
• Primarily on fibular head; also on lateral
collateral ligament and lateral tibial condyle
Nerve Supply –
• Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)
41. Tensor Fasciae
Latae
Location –
• Lateral aspect of the upper leg.
Movement –
• Helps stabilize the hip and knee by putting
tension on the iliotibial band of fascia.
Extras
Origin -
• Anterior superior iliac spine, outer lip of
anterior iliac crest and fascia lata
Insertion –
• Iliotibial band
Nerve Supply –
• Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1) (L4, L5,
S1)
42. Adductor
Longus
Location –
• Inside of the thigh
Movement –
• Adduction of the hip
• Hip flexion
Extra
Origin –
• Pubic body just below the
pubic crest.
Insertion –
• Middle 1/3 of the linea
aspera
Nerve Supply –
• Obturator nerve
43. Adductor
Brevis
Location –
• Inside of thigh
Movement –
• Adducts hip.
• Flexes hip.
• Externally rotates hip.
Extras
Origin –
• Anterior surface of inferior
pubic ramus, inferior to origin
of adductor longus.
Insertion –
• Pectineal line and superior part
of medial lip of linea aspera.
Nerve Supply –
• Obturator nerve
44. Adductor
Magnus
Location –
• Medial aspect of the thigh.
Movement –
• Hip Adduction (3)
• Hip Flexion (Horizontal fibers)
• Hip Extension (Vertical fibers)
Extras
Origin –
• Inferior pubic ramus, ischial ramus, and
inferolateral area of ischial tuberosity
Insertion –
• Gluteal tuberosity of femur, medial lip of linea
aspera, medial supracondylar ridge, and adductor
tubercle
Nerve Supply –
• Posterior division of obturator nerve innervates
most of the adductor magnus; vertical or hamstring
portion innervated by tibial nerve (L2, L3, L4)
45. Gracilis
Location –
• Inside of the thigh.
Movement –
• Hip adduction, flexion, and internal
rotation.
Extras
Origin –
• Inferior ramus and body of pubis and
adjacent ischial ramus.
Insertion –
• Medial surface of tibia just inferior to
its medial condyle (Pes Anserinus).
Nerve Supply –
• Obturator nerve.
46. Pectineus
Location –
• Inside of the thigh.
Movement –
• Hip Adduction
• Hip Flexion
Extras
Origin –
• Pecten pubis and pectineal surface of the pubis
Insertion –
• Pectineal line of femur
Nerve Supply –
• Femoral nerve usually, although it may
sometimes receive additional innervation from
the obturator nerve as well (L2, L3, L4)
47. Peroneus
Longus
Location –
• Lateral, lower leg
Movement –
• Ankle Eversion.
• Ankle Plantarflexion
• Supports transverse arch
Extras
Origin –
• Head of fibula
• Upper ½ - 2/3 of lateral fibular shaft surface.
Insertion –
• Plantar posterolateral aspect of medial cuneiform.
• Lateral side of 1st metatarsal base.
Nerve Supply –
• Superficial peroneal nerve.