This document provides a summary of channel structures and access capabilities for the 3G mobile communication system as specified by 3GPP. It defines various channel types including traffic channels, control channels, and packet data traffic channels. It describes the purpose and characteristics of different channel types and specifies the channel configurations and access capabilities of the base station. The document is intended to standardize the radio interface protocols between the mobile station and base station system.
The document describes the physical layer of WCDMA FDD mode, including:
1. An overview of the WCDMA physical layer specifications and documents.
2. Descriptions of transport channels (dedicated, common), physical channels, and the mapping between them.
3. Details on specific aspects of the physical layer such as spreading/modulation, multiplexing/channel coding, measurements, and procedures.
1. The PBCH is a downlink physical channel that broadcasts essential initial access parameters like system bandwidth. It occupies 72 subcarriers in the first 4 OFDM symbols of the second slot of every 10ms radio frame. The PBCH carries a 14-bit MIB that is coded at a low rate and mapped to center subcarriers.
2. The PCFICH indicates the number of OFDM symbols used for the PDCCH. It occupies 16 resource elements in the first symbol of each 1ms subframe. The PCFICH carries the CFI value which is coded to use the full 32 bits.
3. The PDCCH carries downlink control information like resource allocations using QPSK.
This document summarizes the various interfaces in a GSM network and their functions. It describes:
- The MS-BTS interface (Um interface) and its layers and protocols.
- The BTS-BSC interface (Abis interface) and its layers.
- The BSC-MSC interface (A interface) and its protocols for administration and control of radio resources.
- Other interfaces like MSC-VLR (B), MSC-HLR (C), VLR-HLR (D), MSC-MSC (E), MSC-EIR (F), VLR-VLR (G), HLR-AUC (H), and BSC-TR
The document discusses GPRS network architecture and processes. It describes how a mobile station (MS) attaches to and detaches from the GPRS network by communicating with the SGSN and HLR. It also describes how a temporary block flow (TBF) is established to enable data transfer between the MS and network. Additionally, it outlines how a packet data protocol (PDP) context is activated and deactivated to manage the subscriber's data session.
Signalling protocols in GSM networks include the Message Transfer Part (MTP) protocol stack and the Signalling System 7 (SS7) protocol stack. MTP has three levels that handle transport, routing, and error correction. Above MTP are protocols like SCCP and TCAP that establish connections and transport messages between applications. SS7 protocols include INAP, MAP, ISUP, and TUP that are used in different network elements for call setup and routing.
1) GSM uses paired radio frequency channels between 890-915 MHz for mobile to base station communication and 935-960 MHz for base station to mobile communication, with a 45 MHz gap between the pairs. Each channel is spaced at 200 KHz.
2) A GSM time slot is 577 microseconds long, with a burst of data transmission lasting 546.5 microseconds during each slot. This provides a data rate of approximately 33.8 kbps per time slot.
3) GSM defines different types of logical channels, including traffic channels (TCH) to carry user voice and data, and control channels like broadcast control channel (BCCH), paging channel (PCH), and dedicated
GSM uses a combination of FDMA and TDMA to divide up radio resources on the air interface. It defines physical channels based on frequency and timeslot, and logical channels to carry different types of data and signaling information. Logical channels include traffic channels to carry user data and various signaling channels like broadcast, common, and dedicated control channels which are used to enable network operations like cell broadcasts, paging, call setup, and handovers. Key physical channel structures include TDMA frames, multiframes, superframes, and hyperframes which are used for synchronization between base stations and mobile stations.
This article summarizes the main concepts of HSPA Evolution as standardized in 3GPP Releases 7 and 8, which aim to improve the performance of WCDMA mobile broadband systems. Key concepts discussed include higher-order modulation and MIMO to increase peak data rates to 42Mbps downlink and 11Mbps uplink. Protocol optimizations through features like continuous packet connectivity and enhanced CELL_FACH lower latency and improve capacity and battery life. Future releases may incorporate multicarrier operation and more advanced techniques to boost performance further.
The document describes the physical layer of WCDMA FDD mode, including:
1. An overview of the WCDMA physical layer specifications and documents.
2. Descriptions of transport channels (dedicated, common), physical channels, and the mapping between them.
3. Details on specific aspects of the physical layer such as spreading/modulation, multiplexing/channel coding, measurements, and procedures.
1. The PBCH is a downlink physical channel that broadcasts essential initial access parameters like system bandwidth. It occupies 72 subcarriers in the first 4 OFDM symbols of the second slot of every 10ms radio frame. The PBCH carries a 14-bit MIB that is coded at a low rate and mapped to center subcarriers.
2. The PCFICH indicates the number of OFDM symbols used for the PDCCH. It occupies 16 resource elements in the first symbol of each 1ms subframe. The PCFICH carries the CFI value which is coded to use the full 32 bits.
3. The PDCCH carries downlink control information like resource allocations using QPSK.
This document summarizes the various interfaces in a GSM network and their functions. It describes:
- The MS-BTS interface (Um interface) and its layers and protocols.
- The BTS-BSC interface (Abis interface) and its layers.
- The BSC-MSC interface (A interface) and its protocols for administration and control of radio resources.
- Other interfaces like MSC-VLR (B), MSC-HLR (C), VLR-HLR (D), MSC-MSC (E), MSC-EIR (F), VLR-VLR (G), HLR-AUC (H), and BSC-TR
The document discusses GPRS network architecture and processes. It describes how a mobile station (MS) attaches to and detaches from the GPRS network by communicating with the SGSN and HLR. It also describes how a temporary block flow (TBF) is established to enable data transfer between the MS and network. Additionally, it outlines how a packet data protocol (PDP) context is activated and deactivated to manage the subscriber's data session.
Signalling protocols in GSM networks include the Message Transfer Part (MTP) protocol stack and the Signalling System 7 (SS7) protocol stack. MTP has three levels that handle transport, routing, and error correction. Above MTP are protocols like SCCP and TCAP that establish connections and transport messages between applications. SS7 protocols include INAP, MAP, ISUP, and TUP that are used in different network elements for call setup and routing.
1) GSM uses paired radio frequency channels between 890-915 MHz for mobile to base station communication and 935-960 MHz for base station to mobile communication, with a 45 MHz gap between the pairs. Each channel is spaced at 200 KHz.
2) A GSM time slot is 577 microseconds long, with a burst of data transmission lasting 546.5 microseconds during each slot. This provides a data rate of approximately 33.8 kbps per time slot.
3) GSM defines different types of logical channels, including traffic channels (TCH) to carry user voice and data, and control channels like broadcast control channel (BCCH), paging channel (PCH), and dedicated
GSM uses a combination of FDMA and TDMA to divide up radio resources on the air interface. It defines physical channels based on frequency and timeslot, and logical channels to carry different types of data and signaling information. Logical channels include traffic channels to carry user data and various signaling channels like broadcast, common, and dedicated control channels which are used to enable network operations like cell broadcasts, paging, call setup, and handovers. Key physical channel structures include TDMA frames, multiframes, superframes, and hyperframes which are used for synchronization between base stations and mobile stations.
This article summarizes the main concepts of HSPA Evolution as standardized in 3GPP Releases 7 and 8, which aim to improve the performance of WCDMA mobile broadband systems. Key concepts discussed include higher-order modulation and MIMO to increase peak data rates to 42Mbps downlink and 11Mbps uplink. Protocol optimizations through features like continuous packet connectivity and enhanced CELL_FACH lower latency and improve capacity and battery life. Future releases may incorporate multicarrier operation and more advanced techniques to boost performance further.
6 Weeks Industrial Training In Telecom In ChandigarhArcadian Learning
GSM combines frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) to allow multiple stations to access the same radio channel. The bandwidth is divided into 124 channels of 200 kHz each that are shared between up to eight mobile stations by assigning transmission slots. TDMA frames are 4.615 ms long and each frame is divided into 8 time slots of 577 μs. Uplink and downlink frames are offset by three time slots to avoid collisions. Logical channels include traffic channels, broadcast channels, common control channels, and dedicated control channels for functions like paging, synchronization, authentication and call setup. GSM uses pulse code modulation and RPE-LPC speech coding at 13 kbps to compress
The document describes the GSM signaling protocol architecture, which includes protocols for radio resource management, mobility management, connection management, and the mobile application part (MAP). It focuses on the radio resource management layer, which handles radio channel configuration and handovers between cells and base stations. It also describes the control channels used for signaling between mobiles and base stations, and the mobility management layer, which handles location updates as subscribers move between different areas. Finally, it provides details on the BSS application part (BSSAP), which includes the direct transfer application part (DTAP) and BSS management application part (BSSMAP) to transfer messages between network components.
The document describes the protocol architecture of GSM, which is a digital cellular communications system that provides digital transmission, ISDN compatibility, and worldwide roaming. It discusses the nomenclature, protocol stack, and interfaces in GSM. The protocol stack consists of physical, data link, and networking layers. The physical layer handles radio transmission, while the data link layer provides error-free transmission using LAPD and LAPDm protocols. The networking layer implements mobility management, call control, and short message service using various signaling messages and protocols.
Hi.....
Add 4G parameters in tems window||
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmKi0O9dWpQ&t=3s
Training of 2G+3G+4G ON TEMS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2Ly5n4S8Xs
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This document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer. Key points include:
- LTE uses OFDM on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink to provide peak data rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink.
- OFDM divides the available bandwidth into multiple narrow subcarriers to combat multipath interference and eliminate inter-symbol interference.
- The document discusses technologies like OFDMA, MIMO, and the LTE frame structure in depth.
- The physical layer supports scalable bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz and multiple antenna configurations on uplink and downlink.
-
This document discusses several factors that impact GPRS data speeds, including:
1) The number of available timeslots impacts bandwidth capacity, with each timeslot providing 14.4kbps and more timeslots allowing for higher speeds.
2) A phone's multislot class determines how many uplink and downlink timeslots it can use simultaneously, ranging from class 1 with 1 slot to class 29 with all 8 slots.
3) Interference from other GPRS users can degrade speeds, especially for coding schemes with less error protection.
This document describes the different channel types in GSM networks. It outlines the traffic channel which carries user data at either 22.8 Kbps or 11.4 Kbps. It also describes the various control channels including the broadcast channel (BCH) which transmits system information, the common control channel (CCCH) used for paging and access requests, and the dedicated control channel (DCCH) used for call setup and handovers. Each channel type serves a specific purpose in either carrying user data or transmitting control signaling in the uplink and downlink directions.
The document discusses LTE system signaling procedures. It begins with objectives of understanding LTE architecture, elementary procedures of interfaces like S1, X2 and Uu, and procedures for service setup, release and handover. It then covers topics like system architecture, bearer service architecture, elementary procedures on Uu including connection establishment and release, and procedures on S1 and X2 interfaces. The document aims to help readers understand LTE signaling flows and procedures.
This document discusses the GSM slot structure and multiple access scheme. It explains that GSM uses a combination of TDMA and FDMA, dividing carriers by frequency and then dividing time using TDMA. Each GSM slot lasts 0.577ms and 8 slots are grouped into a 4.615ms TDMA frame. There are different types of frames and bursts used to carry various data and provide synchronization. The document then describes the structure and purpose of normal, synchronization, frequency correction, and random access bursts.
This document provides an introduction to High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology. HSDPA offers higher data rates of up to 14 Mbps for 3G networks. The document describes the motivation for HSDPA, its introduction phases, challenges, and impacts on network infrastructure. Key aspects of HSDPA include new physical channels, time multiplexing of shared channels, adaptive modulation and coding to improve throughput, and changes to medium access protocols.
The document discusses NTT DOCOMO's launch of HSUPA services in June 2009, which enable uplink data speeds of up to 5.7 Mbit/s. This high-speed uplink transmission scheme is called Enhanced Uplink (EUL) and allows mobile users to more quickly send high-quality images, videos, and conduct other uplink activities. NTT DOCOMO has developed several mobile terminals that support HSUPA/EUL including the L-05A USB card, L-06A handset, and L-07A ExpressCard terminal.
WCDMA uses an OSI model with 7 layers. The lower 3 layers - physical, data link, and network layers - are most important for WCDMA. The physical layer uses different physical channels to transmit data over the air interface. Logical channels define how data is transferred, transport channels define how data is transmitted, and physical channels carry payload data and define signal characteristics. There are three types of channels - logical, transport, and physical - that work together to transmit various types of control and traffic data between the UE and base station.
This document discusses solutions for implementing interactivity in mobile multimedia systems. It outlines the importance of interactivity for mobile applications and services. Some key challenges are large round-trip delays due to retransmissions. Solutions proposed include hybrid-ARQ at the Node B to reduce delays, shorter transmission time intervals, Node B controlled scheduling to adapt faster to channel conditions, and adaptive modulation and coding. These solutions aim to improve system capacity, throughput, and reduce delays to better support interactive applications on mobile devices.
1. Several parameters were changed at the BSC and cell level to improve GPRS/EGPRS download throughput for the TTSL Orissa project, including enabling BVC flow control, supporting signaling and extended uplink TBFs, increasing timer values, and adjusting cell reselection hysteresis levels.
2. UPPB-DSP congestion auditing formulas were provided to check GPRS/EGPRS congestion rates based on resource and Abis congestion counters.
3. Testing concluded that adjusting PDTCH configurations and increasing the number of PDTCHs from 2 to 3 improved EGPRS download throughput.
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. Key aspects of RF optimization covered include preparing for optimization by collecting data, analyzing problems related to coverage, signal quality and handover success rate, and adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and neighboring cell configurations. Common issues addressed are weak coverage, coverage holes, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between cells. Optimization methods and specific cases are presented to resolve different problems.
BTS functions include modulation, channel coding, interleaving, encryption, frequency hopping, frame formatting, and signal strength measurements. The CGI uniquely identifies a cell using LAI and CI. The FCCH carries frequency synchronization information. The SCH carries timing synchronization and BSIC information. The BCCH broadcasts cell information like LAI and CI. The PCH pages mobiles for calls/SMS. The RACH is used by mobiles to request resources. The AGCH sends resource grants in response to RACH requests. The SDCCH is used for location updates, call setup, and SMS. The SACCH carries signal strength measurements and timing/power control information. The FACCH can replace bursts on the SDC
This document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA protocols and call flows. It describes the protocol stacks and architectures of these mobile communication standards. Key topics covered include physical layer protocols, MAC, RLC, RRC, SNDCP, GTP, MAP, mobility management, call establishment flows and channel types. The document also lists references for further information.
There are three categories of channels in 3G LTE - physical, transport, and logical channels. Physical channels carry user data and control messages over the transmission medium. Transport channels offer information transfer between the physical layer and higher layers. Logical channels provide services to the MAC layer and carry different types of control and traffic data.
The document describes the evolution of 3G mobile systems with the introduction of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). HSDPA will enhance 3G by offering higher data rates in the downlink direction through the use of new physical channels, adaptive modulation, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request, and fast packet scheduling controlled by the Node B. The introduction of HSDPA will occur in phases, with the first phase introducing basic HSDPA functionality and the second phase enhancing it further through the use of technologies like MIMO. HSDPA aims to improve spectral efficiency and support high-speed data services for mobile users.
Este documento presenta información sobre la unidad de básquetbol, incluyendo enlaces a videos y actividades sobre los fundamentos del deporte, como dribbling, pases, tiros y defensa. También describe el objetivo general de conocer las normas y practicar un juego pre-deportivo de colaboración, así como un informe grupal en PowerPoint sobre la historia, reglamento y sistemas de juego del básquetbol.
6 Weeks Industrial Training In Telecom In ChandigarhArcadian Learning
GSM combines frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) to allow multiple stations to access the same radio channel. The bandwidth is divided into 124 channels of 200 kHz each that are shared between up to eight mobile stations by assigning transmission slots. TDMA frames are 4.615 ms long and each frame is divided into 8 time slots of 577 μs. Uplink and downlink frames are offset by three time slots to avoid collisions. Logical channels include traffic channels, broadcast channels, common control channels, and dedicated control channels for functions like paging, synchronization, authentication and call setup. GSM uses pulse code modulation and RPE-LPC speech coding at 13 kbps to compress
The document describes the GSM signaling protocol architecture, which includes protocols for radio resource management, mobility management, connection management, and the mobile application part (MAP). It focuses on the radio resource management layer, which handles radio channel configuration and handovers between cells and base stations. It also describes the control channels used for signaling between mobiles and base stations, and the mobility management layer, which handles location updates as subscribers move between different areas. Finally, it provides details on the BSS application part (BSSAP), which includes the direct transfer application part (DTAP) and BSS management application part (BSSMAP) to transfer messages between network components.
The document describes the protocol architecture of GSM, which is a digital cellular communications system that provides digital transmission, ISDN compatibility, and worldwide roaming. It discusses the nomenclature, protocol stack, and interfaces in GSM. The protocol stack consists of physical, data link, and networking layers. The physical layer handles radio transmission, while the data link layer provides error-free transmission using LAPD and LAPDm protocols. The networking layer implements mobility management, call control, and short message service using various signaling messages and protocols.
Hi.....
Add 4G parameters in tems window||
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmKi0O9dWpQ&t=3s
Training of 2G+3G+4G ON TEMS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2Ly5n4S8Xs
Like subscribe and share
This document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer. Key points include:
- LTE uses OFDM on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink to provide peak data rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink.
- OFDM divides the available bandwidth into multiple narrow subcarriers to combat multipath interference and eliminate inter-symbol interference.
- The document discusses technologies like OFDMA, MIMO, and the LTE frame structure in depth.
- The physical layer supports scalable bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz and multiple antenna configurations on uplink and downlink.
-
This document discusses several factors that impact GPRS data speeds, including:
1) The number of available timeslots impacts bandwidth capacity, with each timeslot providing 14.4kbps and more timeslots allowing for higher speeds.
2) A phone's multislot class determines how many uplink and downlink timeslots it can use simultaneously, ranging from class 1 with 1 slot to class 29 with all 8 slots.
3) Interference from other GPRS users can degrade speeds, especially for coding schemes with less error protection.
This document describes the different channel types in GSM networks. It outlines the traffic channel which carries user data at either 22.8 Kbps or 11.4 Kbps. It also describes the various control channels including the broadcast channel (BCH) which transmits system information, the common control channel (CCCH) used for paging and access requests, and the dedicated control channel (DCCH) used for call setup and handovers. Each channel type serves a specific purpose in either carrying user data or transmitting control signaling in the uplink and downlink directions.
The document discusses LTE system signaling procedures. It begins with objectives of understanding LTE architecture, elementary procedures of interfaces like S1, X2 and Uu, and procedures for service setup, release and handover. It then covers topics like system architecture, bearer service architecture, elementary procedures on Uu including connection establishment and release, and procedures on S1 and X2 interfaces. The document aims to help readers understand LTE signaling flows and procedures.
This document discusses the GSM slot structure and multiple access scheme. It explains that GSM uses a combination of TDMA and FDMA, dividing carriers by frequency and then dividing time using TDMA. Each GSM slot lasts 0.577ms and 8 slots are grouped into a 4.615ms TDMA frame. There are different types of frames and bursts used to carry various data and provide synchronization. The document then describes the structure and purpose of normal, synchronization, frequency correction, and random access bursts.
This document provides an introduction to High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology. HSDPA offers higher data rates of up to 14 Mbps for 3G networks. The document describes the motivation for HSDPA, its introduction phases, challenges, and impacts on network infrastructure. Key aspects of HSDPA include new physical channels, time multiplexing of shared channels, adaptive modulation and coding to improve throughput, and changes to medium access protocols.
The document discusses NTT DOCOMO's launch of HSUPA services in June 2009, which enable uplink data speeds of up to 5.7 Mbit/s. This high-speed uplink transmission scheme is called Enhanced Uplink (EUL) and allows mobile users to more quickly send high-quality images, videos, and conduct other uplink activities. NTT DOCOMO has developed several mobile terminals that support HSUPA/EUL including the L-05A USB card, L-06A handset, and L-07A ExpressCard terminal.
WCDMA uses an OSI model with 7 layers. The lower 3 layers - physical, data link, and network layers - are most important for WCDMA. The physical layer uses different physical channels to transmit data over the air interface. Logical channels define how data is transferred, transport channels define how data is transmitted, and physical channels carry payload data and define signal characteristics. There are three types of channels - logical, transport, and physical - that work together to transmit various types of control and traffic data between the UE and base station.
This document discusses solutions for implementing interactivity in mobile multimedia systems. It outlines the importance of interactivity for mobile applications and services. Some key challenges are large round-trip delays due to retransmissions. Solutions proposed include hybrid-ARQ at the Node B to reduce delays, shorter transmission time intervals, Node B controlled scheduling to adapt faster to channel conditions, and adaptive modulation and coding. These solutions aim to improve system capacity, throughput, and reduce delays to better support interactive applications on mobile devices.
1. Several parameters were changed at the BSC and cell level to improve GPRS/EGPRS download throughput for the TTSL Orissa project, including enabling BVC flow control, supporting signaling and extended uplink TBFs, increasing timer values, and adjusting cell reselection hysteresis levels.
2. UPPB-DSP congestion auditing formulas were provided to check GPRS/EGPRS congestion rates based on resource and Abis congestion counters.
3. Testing concluded that adjusting PDTCH configurations and increasing the number of PDTCHs from 2 to 3 improved EGPRS download throughput.
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. Key aspects of RF optimization covered include preparing for optimization by collecting data, analyzing problems related to coverage, signal quality and handover success rate, and adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and neighboring cell configurations. Common issues addressed are weak coverage, coverage holes, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between cells. Optimization methods and specific cases are presented to resolve different problems.
BTS functions include modulation, channel coding, interleaving, encryption, frequency hopping, frame formatting, and signal strength measurements. The CGI uniquely identifies a cell using LAI and CI. The FCCH carries frequency synchronization information. The SCH carries timing synchronization and BSIC information. The BCCH broadcasts cell information like LAI and CI. The PCH pages mobiles for calls/SMS. The RACH is used by mobiles to request resources. The AGCH sends resource grants in response to RACH requests. The SDCCH is used for location updates, call setup, and SMS. The SACCH carries signal strength measurements and timing/power control information. The FACCH can replace bursts on the SDC
This document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA protocols and call flows. It describes the protocol stacks and architectures of these mobile communication standards. Key topics covered include physical layer protocols, MAC, RLC, RRC, SNDCP, GTP, MAP, mobility management, call establishment flows and channel types. The document also lists references for further information.
There are three categories of channels in 3G LTE - physical, transport, and logical channels. Physical channels carry user data and control messages over the transmission medium. Transport channels offer information transfer between the physical layer and higher layers. Logical channels provide services to the MAC layer and carry different types of control and traffic data.
The document describes the evolution of 3G mobile systems with the introduction of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). HSDPA will enhance 3G by offering higher data rates in the downlink direction through the use of new physical channels, adaptive modulation, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request, and fast packet scheduling controlled by the Node B. The introduction of HSDPA will occur in phases, with the first phase introducing basic HSDPA functionality and the second phase enhancing it further through the use of technologies like MIMO. HSDPA aims to improve spectral efficiency and support high-speed data services for mobile users.
Este documento presenta información sobre la unidad de básquetbol, incluyendo enlaces a videos y actividades sobre los fundamentos del deporte, como dribbling, pases, tiros y defensa. También describe el objetivo general de conocer las normas y practicar un juego pre-deportivo de colaboración, así como un informe grupal en PowerPoint sobre la historia, reglamento y sistemas de juego del básquetbol.
Project Just Because is a local organization that focuses on gathering and distributing toiletry items to families in need in nearby communities. The organization collects donations of toiletry items which are then distributed equally among local families to help them during difficult times, and people can donate or learn more by visiting the Project Just Because website.
Axis Technology is a consulting firm that specializes in identifying sensitive data across mainframe and distributed systems through extensive assessment processes and tools. They create an inventory of sensitive data locations and develop an implementation roadmap to address exposures in a phased approach. Sensitive data includes customer information like names, addresses and financial details as well as employee data. Regulations from various government entities and industries require companies to properly manage and protect sensitive information.
El documento define el ciberacoso o ciberbullying como el uso de medios tecnológicos como Internet y teléfonos móviles para acosar psicológicamente a otros. Explica que puede causar estrés postraumático, dificultades para relacionarse, estados depresivos y pérdida de confianza. Recomienda establecer protocolos de apoyo, ignorar las provocaciones, pedir ayuda si te molestan y no compartir información personal o hacer en línea lo que no harías en persona.
El gobierno otorga garantías para facilitar la normalización de las actividades académicas y la instalación de mesas de diálogo, incluyendo la incorporación de acuerdos en proyectos de ley, debates públicos transparentes, y esfuerzos para reprogramar calendarios escolares. También reitera su voluntad de avanzar en el diálogo sobre temas de educación como la reforma constitucional, desmunicipalización, fortalecimiento de la educación técnica y universidades estatales, y recursos para subvenciones escolares.
Tres estudiantes de la Universidad de Ibagué planean iniciar un negocio de producción y comercialización de mermelada de mango, aprovechando la abundante oferta de mango en el departamento de Tolima. Los estudiantes necesitan presentar un flujo de caja proyectado para determinar la viabilidad del proyecto y gestionar recursos. La información recolectada incluye gastos preoperativos de $11 millones, inversión en activos fijos de $75 millones, costos variables y fijos proyectados a cinco años,
Dale Walker is seeking a full-time managerial position where he can utilize his leadership, planning, and communication skills. He has a Bachelor's of Science in Business Administration with a 3.4 GPA and is a commercial pilot with over 300 flight hours. His professional experience includes positions in medical billing, screen printing, shipping management, and retail customer service management.
El documento presenta un resumen de los elementos fundamentales de los cuentos maravillosos. Explica que estos cuentos relatan historias irreales donde los personajes viven momentos mágicos en medio de bosques, castillos y lagos junto con criaturas fantásticas. Describe que los animales hablan y tienen poderes mágicos, y que los personajes viven aventuras asombrosas.
This document discusses transcoding and transcoder-free operations in GSM and UMTS networks. Transcoding refers to converting between different encoding schemes and introduces distortions and delays. Tandem-free operation (TFO) and transcoder-free operation (TrFO) aim to transmit voice without transcoding. TFO operates in GSM networks by transmitting compressed voice over 64 kbps links, while TrFO operates in packet-based UMTS networks without transcoders. TrFO overcomes some TFO limitations and improves voice quality and network capacity. The interworking of TFO and TrFO in mixed GSM/UMTS networks requires further consideration.
Performance evaluation of bandwidth optimization algorithm (boa) in atm networkEditor Jacotech
domains: none of them are suitable, alone, for the wide range of traffic services expected in ATM-based networks. Therefore, some integration of these basic schemes should be considered. In this paper, we propose a new traffic control algorithm, called the Bandwidth optimization Algorithm (BOA). BOA is a multi-level control algorithm that attempts to optimally manage network resources and perform traffic control among a wide range of traffic services in ATM-based networks. The basic objective of BOA is to meet the quality of service requirements for different traffic sources, while making the best possible use of network bandwidth. In addition. BOA attempts to minimize network congestion in a preventive way.
Sharing session huawei network optimization january 2015 ver3Arwan Priatna
This document discusses 2G/3G network optimization. It begins with an introduction to 3G WCDMA and outlines the structure and principles of 2G/3G networks, including the evolution from 2G to 3G. It then describes various 2G/3G radio network optimization tools and methodologies, as well as presenting some case studies of 2G/3G neighboring cell analysis.
The document discusses the evolution of 3GPP's Long Term Evolution (LTE) radio technology and System Architecture Evolution (SAE). It describes the initial feasibility study in 2004 to develop a high-data-rate, low-latency packet-optimized radio access technology. Key requirements were identified for peak data rates, latency, capacity, throughput, spectrum efficiency, mobility, and more. Radio interface options were evaluated, leading to the selection of OFDM for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink. The evolved UTRAN architecture was defined consisting of eNBs interconnected by the X2 interface.
Digital broadcast systems have increasingly been deployed for various services such as
Digital Video Broadcasting (i.e. DVB-S, DVB-T, etc.) and Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB). Classical
digital broadcast systems were designed with fixed modulation techniques, which had to guarantee
reliable communication even with very hostile channel environment. Video Broadcasting is playing a
key role in communication areas. In this paper DVB-T (terrestrial based digital video broadcasting) based
OFDM is analyzed in terms of various parameters for 2K mode.
Keywords:- Digital video broadcasting, DVB-T, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM
UMTS provides higher data rates than previous mobile networks, enabling new services like video telephony and quick data downloads. A killer application is likely to be quick access to location-based information via the internet. At launch, most traffic will be voice using circuit-switched connections, but over time data traffic on packet-switched connections will increase. UMTS defines bearer services to negotiate the quality of service parameters needed by different applications, including four main classes (conversational, streaming, interactive, background) depending on delay sensitivity. The conversational class supports real-time applications like voice and video calls.
Capacity utilization and admission control in the downlinkof WMAX marwaeng
This document discusses admission control in the downlink of mobile WiMAX networks. It identifies eight different traffic types that could be randomly deployed in the coverage area of a base station or relay station. These include real-time and non-real-time, constant bit rate and variable bit rate applications like gaming, web browsing, video conferencing, streaming media, VoIP, and instant messaging. The document proposes dividing the total bandwidth capacity between constant bit rate and variable bit rate traffics. It simulates admitting different traffics based on their signal to noise ratio, bit rate, and available bandwidth. The results showed the proposed admission policy utilizes capacity more efficiently than conventional policies.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS IN WIMAXIJCSEA Journal
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks were expected to be the main Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) technology that provided several services such as data, voice, and video services including different classes of Quality of Services (QoS), which in turn were defined by IEEE 802.16 standard. Scheduling in WiMAX became one of the most challenging issues, since it was responsible for distributing available resources of the network among all users; this leaded to the demand of constructing and designing high efficient scheduling algorithms in order to improve the network utilization, to increase the network throughput, and to minimize the end-to-end delay. In this study, we presenedt a simulation study to measure the performance of several scheduling algorithms in WiMAX, which were Strict Priority algorithm, Round-Robin (RR), Weighted Round Robin (WRR), Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ), Self-Clocked Fair (SCF), and Diff-Serv Algorithm.
- Release 14 of 3GPP has added new features to enable improved delivery of television services over mobile networks using 3GPP's eMBMS standard. This includes greater broadcast range, support for free-to-air services, and the ability to transmit digital video signals in their native format.
- Key enhancements include a standardized interface for content providers, radio improvements for extended broadcast coverage, and new capabilities for mobile operators to support broadcasters and offer free or subscription-based television services.
- The new features allow both mobile and stationary devices to access television services over eMBMS broadcast and unicast connections, with benefits like higher quality HD/UHD content delivery and more interactive viewing experiences.
- Release 14 of 3GPP has added new features to enable improved delivery of television services over mobile networks using standardized interfaces. This includes greater broadcast range, support for free-to-air services, and transparent delivery of digital video signals.
- Enhancements allow for improved support of TV services on both mobile devices and stationary TV sets using eMBMS broadcast and unicast connections. Key updates include standardized interfaces for media delivery/control and radio improvements for better broadcast coverage.
- Additional capabilities in Release 14 allow mobile network operators to offer more support to broadcasters and content providers in delivering traditional and newer high definition TV services.
Study on Performance of Simulation Analysis on Multimedia NetworkIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that simulated voice communication over wired networks using the NS-2 network simulator. The study modeled VoIP traffic between nodes using the SCTP protocol and added background traffic to evaluate its effects. Key findings from the simulation included:
1) Average latency was 0.98 seconds and 98 packets were dropped, indicating degraded performance when background traffic was added.
2) Average jitter (packet delay variation) was calculated to be 0.006 seconds, showing instability in the network with changing traffic patterns.
3) A graph of latency over time demonstrated increased delays and bottlenecks as background traffic overloaded network links.
The document discusses the GSM protocol stack and frame formatting. It describes the different layers of the protocol stack including the physical layer which handles radio transmission, the data link layer which provides error-free transmission, and the networking layer which is responsible for communication between network resources and mobility. It also discusses the signaling system 7 (SS7) standard and various application protocols used in GSM like BSSAP, BSSMAP, DTAP, ISUP, MAP, and TCAP. Furthermore, it explains the concepts of physical and logical channels in GSM and how logical channels can be mapped to physical channels.
The document is a tutorial on Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology. It provides an introduction and overview of LTE, including the architecture and components of LTE networks. It describes the LTE radio interface in detail, covering the protocol layers, channels, scheduling, and physical layer specifications. It also discusses the Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) standard for delivering broadcast and multicast content in LTE networks.
Filters are required in wireless communication systems for multiple reasons:
1) At the transmitting end, filters are needed to limit the bandwidth of the transmitted signal and prevent interference with other frequency bands. Without filters, a wide range of frequencies would be transmitted.
2) At the receiving end, filters are required to select the desired incoming signal and reject signals from other transmitters using nearby frequencies. Without filters, the receiver would not be able to distinguish different signals.
3) If no filters are used at all, the system would be unable to isolate different frequency bands and signals would interfere with each other, degrading performance and preventing reliable communication from taking place. Filters are necessary to allow multiple access techniques like FDMA
INVESTIGATION OF UTRA FDD DATA AND CONTROL CHANNELS IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE ...ijngnjournal
In this paper, the main aim is to design and simulate UTRA FDD control channel in the presence of noise and wireless channel by using FDD library/Matlab box set that can be used to design and implement some
systems. Moreover, a test and verification of the library is achieved with different channel models such as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), fading and moving channel models. FDD library are employed to design whole transmitter and receiver. Then we had tested AWGN channel and some other channel models.
Also we illustrated what are control channels DCCH and the other one as understanding the whole system. Moreover, the standards have been covered as well as implemented the whole transmit and receive chain plus the generation of DPCH, DPCCH channel. we had tested the performance against the AWGN noise.
Then we have studied different channel models that are defined in the standard, used the few of them like the fading channel and moving channel. We have tried to compare the performance in terms of Monte Carlo simulation by producing the BER curves. We have also change some channel parameters like phase, number of multipaths and we have tried to see the performance of the model in the presence of actual channel model.
Lectures On Wireless Communication By Professor Dr Arshad Abbas Khan ProfArshadAbbas
This lecture provides an overview of modern wireless communication systems, focusing on the evolution from 1st to 3rd generation cellular standards. It describes the development of 2G technologies like GSM, CDMA, and TDMA, which enabled digital cellular networks. It then discusses 2.5G upgrades like GPRS, EDGE, and IS-95B that enhanced 2G systems for higher-speed data. Finally, it introduces 3G networks that provide multi-megabit connections for advanced applications like high-speed Internet access. The lecture examines the technology changes and migration paths between each generation of cellular standards.
This document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer. Key points include:
- LTE uses OFDM on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink to provide peak data rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink.
- OFDM divides the available bandwidth into multiple narrow subcarriers to combat multipath interference and eliminate inter-symbol interference.
- The document discusses technologies like OFDMA, MIMO, and the LTE frame structure in depth.
- The physical layer supports scalable bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz and multiple antenna configurations on uplink and downlink.
-
This document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer. Key points:
- LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for the downlink and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for the uplink. It also employs Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transmission.
- OFDM divides the available spectrum into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, eliminating inter-symbol interference caused by multipath propagation. This allows higher data rates and resiliency to radio propagation conditions.
- The LTE physical layer supports scalable bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz and peak data rates up to 100 Mb
The document provides details on WCDMA, including:
- WCDMA has two modes - FDD and TDD, characterized by duplex method. The chip rate is 3.84 Mcps.
- Spreading factors range from 256 to 4 in the uplink and from 512 to 4 in the downlink, allowing variable symbol rates. OVSF codes are used for channelization and Gold codes are used for cell/user separation.
- Modulation is QPSK. Carrier spacing can vary from 4.2 to 5.4 MHz. Larger spacing is used between operators to avoid interference.
The document is a presentation about professional registration with the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). It covers:
- The benefits of IET membership and different membership grades.
- The four categories of professional registration (CEng, IEng, EngTech, ICTTech) and their requirements.
- How to demonstrate competence, including underpinning knowledge, skills, and experience.
- Tools like Career Manager that can help plan professional development and record continuing professional development (CPD).
- The application process, including developing competence, applying online, and undergoing peer review including an interview.
This document provides instructions for IET members on how to prepare a professional registration application using the Career Manager online tool. It outlines the 13 step process for completing the registration checklist, uploading supporting documents, adding areas of expertise, having the application verified by supporters, and ultimately submitting it for review. The document also provides tips and links to additional guidance resources throughout the application process.
This document provides guidance for applicants applying for UK-SPEC professional registration. It outlines the application requirements and fees, describes the information needed in each section of the application form, and provides tips on presenting work experience and responsibilities. Supporting documents like education certificates, an accountability diagram, and a development action plan must be included. The application will be assessed against UK-SPEC competence statements and may require an interview.
This document provides performance counters for a 3900 Series Base Station (eNodeB). It includes counters related to radio network measurements, transport network measurements, and hardware platform measurements. The counters are organized into object types, function subsets, and individual counters. For each counter, the document provides details on its ID, name, description, measurement point, related features, and original release. The performance counters can be used to monitor key performance indicators of the base station such as setup success rates for various radio resource control procedures.
This document proposes key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring radio access network (RAN) performance on a RNC. It defines KPIs in areas such as coverage, accessibility, retainability, mobility, service integrity, availability and traffic. Templates are provided for each KPI, specifying the name, description, measurement scope, calculation formula and associated counters. A total of 38 KPIs are defined and classified into the different performance areas.
This document is a 3GPP technical specification that outlines requirements for supporting radio resource management in UMTS FDD networks. It discusses requirements for various idle mode and connected mode mobility tasks, including cell selection, cell reselection, soft handover, hard handover, inter-RAT handover between UMTS FDD and TDD or GSM networks, and cell reselection in CELL_FACH state. It provides requirements for parameters like active set dimensions, handover delays, interruption times, and cell reselection delays. The document also lists definitions, abbreviations, references, and copyright information.
This document describes the 3GPP TS 25.331 technical specification for radio resource control (RRC) protocol. It defines the RRC protocol and RRC operation of user equipment (UE) and UTRAN in UTRA networks. The document provides specifications for RRC functions, services, states and procedures, including the broadcast of system information, RRC connection establishment, and different RRC modes like URA_PCH, CELL_PCH and CELL_DCH.
- The document discusses techniques for detecting wireless LAN MAC address spoofing by attackers. It describes how attackers can spoof MAC addresses to obscure their identity, bypass access controls, or impersonate authorized users.
- The author identifies two methods for detecting spoofing - checking if the MAC address prefix is registered with IEEE, and analyzing patterns in random MAC addresses generated by tools like Wellenreiter that aim to obscure the attacker's presence. Analyzing MAC address changes in traffic can help identify spoofing attacks.
The document is a lesson on UMTS network introduction from Lucent Technologies. It is proprietary and intended for use pursuant to company instruction. The document contains diagrams and descriptions of UMTS network components such as Node B, RNC, MSC and core network elements. It also includes questions related to the UMTS network topics discussed.
HSPA+ enhances mobile broadband capabilities by doubling the data capacity of HSPA and more than doubling the voice capacity of WCDMA. HSPA+ Release 7 (R7) provides peak downlink data rates of 28 Mbps, while Release 8 (R8) introduces multicarrier capability to double user data rates to 42 Mbps. HSPA+ improves the user experience with lower latency and extended talk time. It also offers a cost-effective upgrade path for operators by leveraging existing HSPA infrastructure and enabling both voice and high-speed data services on the same carrier.
This document analyzes frequency coordination between UMTS900 and GSM900 systems operating at 900 MHz. It summarizes lab tests conducted on commercial UMTS900 and GSM900 equipment to measure interference levels and assess the impact of mutual interference. The limiting factor is found to be interference from GSM mobile stations to UMTS Node B receivers. With a frequency offset of 2.2 MHz or more, satisfactory system performance can be achieved even when as little as 4.2 MHz of GSM spectrum is cleared for UMTS use.
1. Circuit-Switched (CS) Voice Services over HSPA (CSoHS) was introduced to improve voice capacity and utilize improvements from HSPA's shared packet transport, while retaining existing CS core networks.
2. The document discusses the implementation of CSoHS and analyzes its performance via simulations. CSoHS provides significantly higher capacity than CS voice under similar conditions and voice quality.
3. CSoHS carries voice traffic over new HSPA radio channels for higher capacity like VoIP, but unlike VoIP does not carry voice over an IP backbone, requiring only minor changes to the radio access network and user equipment.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
Acuity is an innovative learning app designed to transform the way you engage with knowledge. Powered by AI technology, Acuity takes complex topics and distills them into concise, interactive summaries that are easy to read & understand. Whether you're exploring the depths of quantum mechanics or seeking insight into historical events, Acuity provides the key information you need without the burden of lengthy texts.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Deep Dive: AI-Powered Marketing to Get More Leads and Customers with HyperGro...
3GPP 0403 802
1. 3GPP TS 04.03 V8.0.2 (2002-05)
Technical Specification
3rd Generation Partnership Project;
Technical Specification Group GSM/EDGE Radio Access
Network;
Mobile Station - Base Station System (MS - BSS) interface;
Channel structures and access capabilities
(Release 1999)
The present document has been developed within the 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP TM
) and may be further elaborated for the purposes of 3GPP.
The present document has not been subject to any approval process by the 3GPP Organisational Partners and shall not be implemented.
This Specification is provided for future development work within 3GPP only. The Organisational Partners accept no liability for any use of this
Specification.
Specifications and reports for implementation of the 3GPP TM
system should be obtained via the 3GPP Organisational Partners' Publications Offices.
3. Contents
Contents....................................................................................................................................................3
Foreword...................................................................................................................................................3
1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................4
2 General definitions.................................................................................................................................4
3 Channel types and their use: Traffic channels and user channels...........................................................5
3a Channel types and their use: Packet data traffic channels.....................................................................6
4 Channel types and their use: Control channels.......................................................................................6
5 BS access capability...............................................................................................................................8
6 Channel configurations..........................................................................................................................9
Foreword
This Technical Specification has been produced by the 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
The present document specifies or references procedures used on the Base Station System (BSS) to Serving GPRS
Support Node (SGSN) interface for control of GSM packet data services within the digital cellular telecommunications
system (Phase 2+).
The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within the TSG and may change following formal
TSG approval. Should the TSG modify the contents of the present document, it will be re-released by the TSG with an
identifying change of release date and an increase in version number as follows:
Version x.y.z
where:
x the first digit:
1 presented to TSG for information;
2 presented to TSG for approval;
3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control.
y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections,
updates, etc.
z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document.
3GPP
3GPP TS 04.03 V8.0.2 (2002-05)3Release 1999
4. 1 Scope
The present document defines limited sets of channel types, access capabilities and channel configurations at reference
point Um (radio interface).
1.1 References
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present
document.
• References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including
a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same
Release as the present document.
[1] 3GPP TS 01.04: "Abbreviations and acronyms".
[2] 3GPP TS 02.60: "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description; Stage 1".
[3] 3GPP TS 04.60: "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Mobile Station (MS) - Base Station
System (BSS) interface; Radio Link Control / Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) protocol".
[4] 3GPP TS 05.02: "Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path".
1.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations used in the present document are listed in 3GPP TS 01.04.
2 General definitions
A channel represents a specified portion of the information-carrying capacity of an interface.
Channels are classified by channel types, which have common characteristics. Channel types appearing on the radio
interface are specified in clauses 3 and 4.
At a given time, the complete interface between a Base Station and the set of Mobile Stations in relation corresponds to
some interface structure. The interface structure may change in time. The number of possible different such interface
structures can be large. The BS access capability is a description of all the possible interface structures of the considered
BS. BS access capabilities are specified in clause 5.
At a given moment, the channel configuration of a Mobile Station is the interface structure this Mobile Station actually
uses to transmit information to or receive information from the Base Station. The channel configuration may change in
time. A limited number of channel configurations are identified, and are specified in clause 6.
A Mobile Station access capability is the description of the set of its possible channel configurations. MS access
capabilities are specified in clause 7.
3GPP
3GPP TS 04.03 V8.0.2 (2002-05)4Release 1999
5. 3 Channel types and their use: Traffic channels and
user channels
3.1 User channels
User channels are intended to carry a wide variety of user information streams. A distinguishing characteristic is that
user channels do not carry signalling information for Connection Management (CM), Mobility Management (MM) or
Radio Resource (RR) management. This signalling information is carried over other types of channels, namely the
control channels.
User channels may be used to provide access to the PLMN and the networks it permits access to.
Different types of user channels are distinguished by their rates.
3.2 Bm Channel
A Bm channel is a bi-directional or uni-directional user channel able to carry:
- a 13 kbit/s rate bit stream with an error structure and a transmission delay compatible with some grade of
service, intended to carry voice encoded according to Technical Specifications in 3GPP TS 06-series; or
- a bit stream at a rate of 14,5 kbit/s, 12 kbit/s, 6 kbit/s or 3,6 kbit/s, with an error structure and a transmission
delay adapted to a wider range of services, including data transmission; or other kinds of bit stream adapted to a
wider range of services (for further study).
User information streams are carried on the Bm channel on a dedicated, alternate (within one call or as separate calls),
or simultaneous basis, consistent with the Bm channel carrying capability. The following are samples of user
information streams:
i) voice encoded at 13 kbit/s according to Technical Specifications in 3GPP TS 06-series; and
ii) data information corresponding to circuit switching user classes of services at bit rates compatible with the
channel capability.
A Bi-directional Bm Channel uses the radio resources referred to as TCH/F. Bi-directional downlink Bm Channel uses
the radio resources referred to as TCH/FD. The Uni-directional Bm Channel is only defined in downlink direction.
Traffic channels (TCH) are fixed physical gross rate channels, accompanied with timing (see 3GPP TS 05.02).
3.3 Lm Channels
A Lm channel is a user channel with a carrying capability lower than a Bm channel.
A Lm channel is a user channel able to carry:
- some bit stream to be defined with an error structure and a transmission delay compatible with some grade of
service, intended to carry voice encoded according to a method to be defined;
- a bit stream at a rate of 6 kbit/s or 3,6 kbit/s, with an error structure and a transmission delay adapted to a wider
range of services, including data transmission; or
- other kinds of bit stream adapted to a wider range of services (for further study).
User information streams are carried on a Lm channel on a dedicated, alternate (within one call or as separate calls), or
simultaneous basis, consistent with the TCH/H channel carrying capability. The following are samples of user
information streams:
i) voice encoded at some rate according to a method to be specified in the future; and
ii) data information corresponding to circuit switching user classes of services at bit rates compatible with the
channel capability.
3GPP
3GPP TS 04.03 V8.0.2 (2002-05)5Release 1999
6. A Lm Channel uses the radio resources referred to as TCH/H. Traffic channels (TCH) are fixed physical gross rate
channels, accompanied with timing (see 3GPP TS 05.02).
3a Channel types and their use: Packet data traffic
channels
Packet data traffic channels are used to carry a wide variety of information streams, including user information and
signalling information for, e.g. Session Management (SM) and Mobility Management (MM) in packet mode. A
distinguishing characteristic is that a packet data traffic channel allows a plurality of information streams, associated
with different users, to be multiplexed in a pre-emptive and dynamic fashion. Signalling functions between the MS and
the BSS are carried out over other types of channels, namely the control channels.
Uni-directional information streams are carried on the packet data traffic channel on an alternate, or simultaneous basis,
consistent with the packet data traffic channel carrying capability. The packet data traffic channel uses the radio
resources referred to as PDTCH (see 3GPP TS 05.02).
4 Channel types and their use: Control channels
NOTE: The term "Dm channel" may be used to refer to the controls channels used by a Mobile Station at a given
moment, independently of their type. (The term "Dm channel" in conjunction with the packet control
channels shall be avoided.)
Control channels are used to provide all active Mobile Stations with a continuous frame oriented means of
communication across the MS-BS interface.
A Mobile Station Channel Configuration contains one or more control channels. These control channels may change in
time, with the channel configuration. Access management signalling functions are used to insure the continuity when a
change in the control channels occurs.
Control channels are classified by control channel types, which have common characteristics. These control channel
types are specified in clause 4.1.
The control channels are primarily intended to carry signalling information for Connection management (CM), Mobility
Management (MM) and Radio Resource (RR) management.
In addition to signalling information control channels may also be used to carry other data, including those relating to
Short Message Services.
4.1 Control channel types
4.1.1 Broadcast Control Channel
A broadcast control channel is a point-to-multipoint uni-directional control channel, from the fixed sub-system to the
Mobile Stations. Broadcast control channels are physically sub-divided into the broadcast control channel (BCCH) ,
packet broadcast control channel (PBCCH), and Compact packet broadcast control channel (CPBCCH).
BCCH, PBCCH, and CPBCCH are intended to broadcast a variety of information to MSs, including information
necessary for MS to register in the system (e.g. synchronization data).
BCCH, PBCCH, and CPBCCH use a protocol specified in Technical Specifications in 3GPP TS 04-Series.
4.1.2 Common Control Channel
A common control channel is a point-to-multipoint bi-directional control channel. Common control channels are
physically sub-divided into the common control channel (CCCH), the packet common control channel (PCCCH), and
the Compact packet common control channel (CPCCCH).
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7. CCCH, PCCCH, and CPCCCH are primarily intended to carry signalling information necessary for access management
functions (e.g., allocation of dedicated channels or radio resource on a packet data traffic channel). The CCCH can be
used for other signalling purposes.
CCCH, PCCCH, and CPCCCH use a layered protocol according to Technical Specifications in 3GPP TS 04-Series. In
particular the multipoint to point management is achieved through random access techniques.
The following terms may be used when the context requires it:
- The RACH (Random Access Channel) is the uplink (MS to network) part of the CCCH.
- The PRACH (Packet Random Access Channel) is the uplink part of the PCCCH.
- The CPRACH (Compact Packet Random Access Channel) is the uplink part of the CPCCCH.
- The AGCH (Access Grant Channel) is the part of the downlink (network to MS) part of the CCCH reserved for
assignment messages.
- The PAGCH (Packet Access Grant Channel) is the part of the downlink part of the PCCCH used for assignment
messages.
- The CPAGCH (Compact Packet Access Grant Channel) is the part of the downlink part of the CPCCCH used
for assignment messages.
- The NCH (Notification Channel) is the part of the downlink part of the CCCH reserved for voice group and/or
voice broadcast calls notification messages.
- The PNCH (Packet Notification Channel) is the part of the downlink part of the PCCCH reserved for GPRS
PTM-M, voice group and/or voice broadcast calls notification messages.
- The CPNCH (Compact Packet Notification Channel) is the part of the downlink part of the PCCCH reserved for
GPRS PTM-M voice group and/or voice broadcast calls notification messages.
- PCH (Paging Channel) is the remaining part of the downlink part of the CCCH.
- PPCH (Packet Paging Channel) is the remaining part of the downlink part of the PCCCH.
- CPPCH (Compact Packet Paging Channel) is the remaining part of the downlink part of the CPCCCH.
4.1.3 Dedicated Control Channel
A dedicated control channel (DCCH) is a point-to-point bi-directional or uni-directional control channel.
DCCHs exist with a variety of bit rates.
DCCHs are further classified as follows according to some technical particularities:
A SDCCH (Stand-alone DCCH) is a bi-directional DCCH whose allocation is not linked to the allocation of a TCH.
The bit rate of a SDCCH is 598/765 kbit/s.
A FACCH (Fast Associated DCCH) is a bi-directional DCCH obtained by pre-emptive dynamic multiplexing on
respectively a TCH/F or a TCH/H channel. The allocation of a FACCH is obviously linked to the allocation of a TCH.
The bit rate of a FACCH is 9 200 or 4 600 bit/s.
A SACCH (Slow Associated DCCH) is either a bi-directional or uni-directional DCCH of rate 115/300 or a bi-
directional DCCH of rate 299/765 kbit/s. An independent SACCH is always allocated together with a TCH or a
SDCCH. The co-allocated TCH and SACCH shall be either both bi-directional or both uni-directional.
NOTE 1: A Multislot Configuration (described in clause 6) is an example of a case where uni-directional SACCHs
may be used.
The terms Bm, or Bm + ACCHs can be used to refer to a Bm channel together with the corresponding FACCH and the
co-allocated SACCH when the context avoids any ambiguities. Similar remarks apply to the terms Lm, Lm + ACCHs,
Lm + Lm, Lm + Lm + ACCHs. The term SDCCH can be used to refer specifically to a SDCCH together with the co-
allocated SACCH when the contexts avoids any ambiguities.
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8. NOTE 2: TCH/F is sometimes used to designate Bm associated with its control channel (FACCH and SACCH).
TCH/H is sometime used to designate Lm associated with its control channel (FACCH and SACCH).
A PACCH (Packet Associated Control Channel) is a bi-directional DCCH obtained by pre-emptive dynamic
multiplexing on a PDTCH.
A PTCCH (Packet Timing Control Channel) is a bi-directional DCCH carrying synchronization data for a group of up
to 16 MSs in packet transfer state (see 3GPP TS 04.60).
The DCCHs use a layered protocol according to Technical Specifications in 3GPP TS 04- and 05-series.
5 BS access capability
The BS access capability is composed of:
one BCCH;
one CCCH physically related to the BCCH;
{{0 to 3 additional CCCHs; and a global resource.
OR:
BCCH, CCCH plus 4 SDCCHs and a global resource.}}
The global resource can be used to accommodate:
i) n1 (Bm + FACCH + SACCH);
ii) 2n2 (Lm + FACCH + SACCH);
iii) 8n3 (SDCCH of rate 598/765 kbit/s + SACCH);
iv) n4 (Bm + SACCH);
v) n5 (PBCCH + PCCCH + PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH);
vi) n6 (PCCCH + PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH);
vii)n7 (PBCCH + PCCCH); and
viii) n8 (PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH);
with the constraints: n5 = 0 or 1;
n5 > 0 implies that n7 = 0;
n7 > 0 implies that n5 = 0 and n6 = 0; and
n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5 + n6 + n7 + n8 lower than some value characterizing the BS access capability.
The exact use of the global resource may vary in time.
For Compact, the BS access capability is composed of:
CPBCCH;
CPCCCH physically related to the CPBCCH;
{{and a global resource.}}
The global resource can be used to accommodate:
i) n9 (PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH);
n9 lower than some value characterizing the BS access capability.
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9. The exact use of the global resources may vary in time.
6 Channel configurations
At a given moment, a Mobile Station accesses only a limited number of channels appearing on its radio interface.
Different compositions for the accessed channels set are identified, and specified below.
Different channel configurations are:
i) BCCH;
ii) CCCH;
iii) CCCH + BCCH;
iv) SDCCH + SACCH;
v) Bm + FACCH + SACCH;
vi) Lm + FACCH + SACCH;
vii) Lm + Lm + FACCH + SACCH;
viii) ( n + m ) Bm + FACCH + ( n + m ) SACCH;
where n is the number of bi-directional channels and m is the number of uni-directional channels (n = 1..8, m =
0..7, n + m = 1..i);
ix) PCCCH + PBCCH;
x) ( n + m ) PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH
where n is the number of channel allowing information streams in both directions and m is the number of
channels allowing information streams in one direction (n = 0..8, m = 0..8, n + m = 1..8).
xi) CPBCCH;
xii) CPCCCH;
xiii) CPCCCH + CPBCCH
Configurations i) and xi) are normally used only in the phase when the physical connection is not set (i.e. just after
switch-on, or after a too long interruption of the physical connection due to poor propagation conditions).
Configurations ii) or iii) are used by active but idle MS or MS in packet wait state (see 3GPP TS 04.60).
Configurations iv) is used in phases when only a dedicated control channel is needed.
Configurations v) to viii) are used in particular when a circuit-switched communication is in progress.
Configuration viii) is a Multislot Configuration. Possible combinations of bi- and uni-directional channels are defined in
3GPP TS 05.02.
Configurations ix), xii), and xiii) are used by MS in packet wait state.
Configuration x) is a Multislot Configuration on packet data traffic channels. Possible combinations of bi- and uni-
directional channels are defined in 3GPP TS 05.02.
In addition, a MS of GPRS MS class A (see 3GPP TS 02.60) may combine one of the configurations i) to viii) (to
support GSM circuit switched services and SMS) with one of the configurations ii), iii), ix), or x) (to support GSM
GPRS services).
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10. 6.1 Mandatory capabilities
The following access capabilities are mandatory for all MSs.
- All MSs shall support the SDCCH.
- If a given service is supported by an MS on a TCH/H, this MS shall support this service on a TCH/F (but not
necessarily vice versa).
- An MS supporting a service on TCH/F shall support the signalling only mode on TCH/F as well as the signalling
modes associated with the TCH/F.
- An MS supporting a service on TCH/H shall support the signalling only mode on TCH/F as well as the
signalling modes associated with the TCH/H.
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11. Annex A (informative):
Change History
Meeting / Date CR Rev Subject New
version
A006 1 Introduction of compact logical channels 8.0.0
Publication 8.0.1
May 2002 - - Update to 3GPP TS style. References corrected. 8.0.2
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