This article summarizes the main concepts of HSPA Evolution as standardized in 3GPP Releases 7 and 8, which aim to improve the performance of WCDMA mobile broadband systems. Key concepts discussed include higher-order modulation and MIMO to increase peak data rates to 42Mbps downlink and 11Mbps uplink. Protocol optimizations through features like continuous packet connectivity and enhanced CELL_FACH lower latency and improve capacity and battery life. Future releases may incorporate multicarrier operation and more advanced techniques to boost performance further.
This document provides an introduction to High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology. HSDPA offers higher data rates of up to 14 Mbps for 3G networks. The document describes the motivation for HSDPA, its introduction phases, challenges, and impacts on network infrastructure. Key aspects of HSDPA include new physical channels, time multiplexing of shared channels, adaptive modulation and coding to improve throughput, and changes to medium access protocols.
The document describes experiments conducted using an experimental HSDPA transmission system to measure HSDPA throughput performance. Key findings include:
1) Throughput increased with the maximum number of received codes, with 15 codes achieving up to 17% higher throughput than 10 codes.
2) Field experiments showed throughput was determined by signal to interference ratio and was highest (9.8 Mbps) with 15 codes and line of sight to the base station.
3) Applying transmit/receive diversity at the base station and mobile station further improved throughput by enhancing signal quality.
1) HSDPA is a new feature in WCDMA/UTRA that aims to increase peak data rates, quality of service, and spectral efficiency for downlink packet data services. It introduces fast adaptive modulation and coding, short transmission time intervals of 2ms, and fast hybrid ARQ to improve efficiency.
2) The key characteristics of HSDPA include a fixed spreading factor of 16, replacement of fast power control with adaptive modulation and coding, and moving some MAC functionality to the Node-B to enable fast scheduling. This allows for peak data rates exceeding 2Mbps using up to 15 parallel codes.
3) HSDPA supports both incremental redundancy and chase combining retransmission strategies in the fast hybrid ARQ protocol
The document describes the evolution of 3G mobile systems with the introduction of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). HSDPA will enhance 3G by offering higher data rates in the downlink direction through the use of new physical channels, adaptive modulation, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request, and fast packet scheduling controlled by the Node B. The introduction of HSDPA will occur in phases, with the first phase introducing basic HSDPA functionality and the second phase enhancing it further through the use of technologies like MIMO. HSDPA aims to improve spectral efficiency and support high-speed data services for mobile users.
- HSUPA (Enhanced Uplink) improves the uplink capabilities of WCDMA networks by providing higher data rates, reduced latency, and improved system capacity. It complements HSDPA for downlink improvements.
- The NodeB scheduler controls UE uplink transmissions to manage interference levels. It uses scheduling requests and grants to determine each UE's allowed transmission power and data rate.
- In soft handover, the serving cell schedules transmissions while UE monitors grants from all cells to support HARQ and reliable transmission.
This document provides a summary of channel structures and access capabilities for the 3G mobile communication system as specified by 3GPP. It defines various channel types including traffic channels, control channels, and packet data traffic channels. It describes the purpose and characteristics of different channel types and specifies the channel configurations and access capabilities of the base station. The document is intended to standardize the radio interface protocols between the mobile station and base station system.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON DCM VERSUS QPSK FOR HIGH DATA RATES IN THE MBOFDM UWB ...csandit
This document compares the performance of dual carrier modulation (DCM) versus quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) for high data rates in a multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultra wideband (UWB) system. Simulation results show that using DCM provides better performance than QPSK, with a gain of around 0.7 dB for a bit error rate of 10-3 at 320 Mbps data rates. DCM offers additional diversity and coding gains over QPSK, making it more efficient for high data transmission rates in MBOFDM UWB systems.
This document provides an introduction to High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology. HSDPA offers higher data rates of up to 14 Mbps for 3G networks. The document describes the motivation for HSDPA, its introduction phases, challenges, and impacts on network infrastructure. Key aspects of HSDPA include new physical channels, time multiplexing of shared channels, adaptive modulation and coding to improve throughput, and changes to medium access protocols.
The document describes experiments conducted using an experimental HSDPA transmission system to measure HSDPA throughput performance. Key findings include:
1) Throughput increased with the maximum number of received codes, with 15 codes achieving up to 17% higher throughput than 10 codes.
2) Field experiments showed throughput was determined by signal to interference ratio and was highest (9.8 Mbps) with 15 codes and line of sight to the base station.
3) Applying transmit/receive diversity at the base station and mobile station further improved throughput by enhancing signal quality.
1) HSDPA is a new feature in WCDMA/UTRA that aims to increase peak data rates, quality of service, and spectral efficiency for downlink packet data services. It introduces fast adaptive modulation and coding, short transmission time intervals of 2ms, and fast hybrid ARQ to improve efficiency.
2) The key characteristics of HSDPA include a fixed spreading factor of 16, replacement of fast power control with adaptive modulation and coding, and moving some MAC functionality to the Node-B to enable fast scheduling. This allows for peak data rates exceeding 2Mbps using up to 15 parallel codes.
3) HSDPA supports both incremental redundancy and chase combining retransmission strategies in the fast hybrid ARQ protocol
The document describes the evolution of 3G mobile systems with the introduction of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). HSDPA will enhance 3G by offering higher data rates in the downlink direction through the use of new physical channels, adaptive modulation, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request, and fast packet scheduling controlled by the Node B. The introduction of HSDPA will occur in phases, with the first phase introducing basic HSDPA functionality and the second phase enhancing it further through the use of technologies like MIMO. HSDPA aims to improve spectral efficiency and support high-speed data services for mobile users.
- HSUPA (Enhanced Uplink) improves the uplink capabilities of WCDMA networks by providing higher data rates, reduced latency, and improved system capacity. It complements HSDPA for downlink improvements.
- The NodeB scheduler controls UE uplink transmissions to manage interference levels. It uses scheduling requests and grants to determine each UE's allowed transmission power and data rate.
- In soft handover, the serving cell schedules transmissions while UE monitors grants from all cells to support HARQ and reliable transmission.
This document provides a summary of channel structures and access capabilities for the 3G mobile communication system as specified by 3GPP. It defines various channel types including traffic channels, control channels, and packet data traffic channels. It describes the purpose and characteristics of different channel types and specifies the channel configurations and access capabilities of the base station. The document is intended to standardize the radio interface protocols between the mobile station and base station system.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON DCM VERSUS QPSK FOR HIGH DATA RATES IN THE MBOFDM UWB ...csandit
This document compares the performance of dual carrier modulation (DCM) versus quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) for high data rates in a multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultra wideband (UWB) system. Simulation results show that using DCM provides better performance than QPSK, with a gain of around 0.7 dB for a bit error rate of 10-3 at 320 Mbps data rates. DCM offers additional diversity and coding gains over QPSK, making it more efficient for high data transmission rates in MBOFDM UWB systems.
Long-Term Advancement Progressed (LTE-ADV) is the advancement of the long-term evolution,
which created via 3GPP. LTE-ADV aims to offer a transmission bandwidth of (100) MHz by using Carrier
Aggregation (CA) to aggregate LTE-ADV carriers. To increase the data capacity of the system and
resource allocation converts a very good tool. LTE-Advanced multiple Component Carriers (CCs) becomes
a difficult optimization problem. In the paper proposes a new scheduling algorithm and compares with a
different scheduling traditional algorithms that are proportional fair and round robin in the CA, in order to
find the best scheduler that provides high-quality throughput and improves fairness. It also evaluates
mapping model types are Mutual Information Effective SINR Mapping (MIESM) and Exponential Effective
SINR Mapping (EESM). The results show that the throughput in the proposed algorithm with MIESM
outperforms from others mapping and scheduling.
This document summarizes some key features of the LTE radio interface that enable unprecedented performance in mobile broadband. It discusses features like spectrum flexibility that allow LTE to operate in different frequency bands and bandwidths with both FDD and TDD duplexing. It also describes multi-antenna transmission techniques in LTE including transmit diversity to improve coverage and capacity, and multi-stream transmission to significantly increase peak data rates through multiple parallel data streams. Scheduling, link adaptation, and hybrid ARQ are explained as ways to efficiently utilize radio resources based on varying channel conditions.
4 g americas white paper the evolution of hspa_october 2011xHaytham Dardiry
This document discusses the evolution of HSPA standards from Release 7 to Release 10. Key enhancements include:
- Release 7 introduced Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) to improve data rates, Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) to reduce control overhead, and 64QAM and 16QAM modulations to increase spectral efficiency.
- Release 8 added features like combining 64QAM and MIMO, dual-cell HSDPA, enhanced uplink in CELL_FACH state, and CS voice over HSPA.
- Release 9 supported combinations of DC-HSDPA, MIMO and 64QAM, dual-cell HSUPA, and support for different bands for DC-HSDPA
The document discusses WCDMA radio network planning and optimization. It covers several key topics:
1. WCDMA fundamentals including network infrastructure, radio interface protocols, link characteristics, and link budget analysis.
2. Radio resource utilization, which involves functions like power control, handover control, congestion control, admission control, and load control.
3. Issues related to coverage and capacity as well as cell deployment and WCDMA radio network planning, including co-planning with GSM networks.
4. Managing co-existing TDD and FDD modes within the network.
Performance Comparison of Multi-Carrier CDMA Using QPSK and BPSK ModulationIOSR Journals
Abstract: MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) plays an important role in modern wireless communications. Modern communication required an efficient spectrum usage and capacity and throughput.MC-CDMA provided the solution of these problems. MIMO refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity, which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas can significantly improve the performance of wireless communication system. This work also derives simulation through MATLAB of average bit error rate verses bit energy to noise ratio of multicarrier code division multiple access over Rayleigh channel using QPSK and BPSK modulation additive white Gaussian noise. Keywords: AWGN,BER,MC-CDMA, QPSK Modulation, Rayleigh Channel.
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
The document discusses NTT DOCOMO's launch of HSUPA services in June 2009, which enable uplink data speeds of up to 5.7 Mbit/s. This high-speed uplink transmission scheme is called Enhanced Uplink (EUL) and allows mobile users to more quickly send high-quality images, videos, and conduct other uplink activities. NTT DOCOMO has developed several mobile terminals that support HSUPA/EUL including the L-05A USB card, L-06A handset, and L-07A ExpressCard terminal.
Carrier aggregation has evolved in HSPA through 3GPP releases to increase peak data rates and network capacity. Release 8 introduced dual-carrier HSDPA using two adjacent 5 MHz carriers. Release 9 specified dual-band operation using separate frequency bands and dual-carrier HSUPA. Release 10 supported four-carrier HSDPA across two frequency bands, doubling peak rates to 168 Mbps. Release 11 allows for up to 8 aggregated carriers of 5 MHz each for a maximum of 40 MHz total bandwidth and peak rates over 300 Mbps. Carrier aggregation significantly increases HSPA throughput with each new release.
This document discusses the evolution of mobile broadband technologies including CDMA concepts, WCDMA, HSDPA, HSPA+, and DC-HSPA+. It explains that DC-HSPA+ uses two 5MHz carriers aggregated together to double speeds, providing theoretical peak downlink speeds of up to 42Mbps compared to 21Mbps for HSPA+. Real-world test results in Sri Lanka showed speeds of over 30Mbps with DC-HSPA+.
This document provides an overview of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology. It discusses how HSDPA enables significantly higher average bit rates and lower latency compared to prior 3G technologies. Key techniques that enable this include fast scheduling, fast hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), and fast link adaptation using adaptive modulation and coding. These techniques are implemented at the Node B to provide faster response times. HSDPA also uses a high-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH) and new transport channels like the high-speed shared control channel (HS-SCCH) and high-speed dedicated physical control channel (HS-DPCCH).
The document describes the physical layer of WCDMA FDD mode, including:
1. An overview of the WCDMA physical layer specifications and documents.
2. Descriptions of transport channels (dedicated, common), physical channels, and the mapping between them.
3. Details on specific aspects of the physical layer such as spreading/modulation, multiplexing/channel coding, measurements, and procedures.
Elastic hybrid MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
This document summarizes an article that proposes an elastic hybrid medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks. The protocol aims to improve performance for diverse quality of service requirements by dynamically adapting between contention-based CSMA/CA and scheduled TDMA transmission schemes depending on traffic conditions. It allows nodes to transmit using CSMA/CA for low traffic, reserves more slots for TDMA scheduling as traffic increases, and provides an emergency contention-free period at the start of frames for urgent data. Simulation results showed improved performance over typical protocols in terms of queue delay, packet delivery ratio, and frame drops. The proposed elastic hybrid approach aims to balance efficiencies across various QoS metrics by flexibly distributing the transmission strategies in response
This document discusses cellular network planning and optimization, specifically for WCDMA radio resource management (RRM). It covers several key topics:
Quality of Service (QoS) in UMTS is achieved through a system of bearers that negotiate bandwidth and latency requirements between network elements. Radio access bearers connect the user equipment to the core network.
RRM functions like admission control, power control, handover control, and packet scheduling work to guarantee QoS, maintain coverage, and optimize cell capacity in WCDMA networks. Power control is a critical RRM mechanism that uses fast and outer loop techniques to control transmission power and mitigate interference.
The document discusses various solutions for improving radio network capacity in GSM networks. It describes three categories of capacity solutions: cell capacity solutions, network capacity solutions, and channel capacity solutions. For cell capacity, it covers techniques like multiple reuse patterns and fractional load planning that improve frequency reuse. For network capacity, it discusses adding different cell types and intelligent traffic distribution. For channel capacity, it discusses half-rate voice and GPRS data. The author recommends a three step approach for operators to maximize capacity: 1) tighten frequency reuse and enable AMR, 2) add spectrum bands and small cells, 3) continue expanding small cells.
Wireless communication system with frequency selective channel OFDM modulatio...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper introduces the design and implementation of a wireless communication system with MATLAB based on orthognal frequency division multiplexing technique (OFDM). The constructed system is consisting of transmitter, fading channel and receiver. At the transmitter, the transmitted signal first modulated with PSK modulation, and then multiplexed with OFDM technique to achieve a higher bit rates transmission. The signal was then transmitted through a frequency selective channel with 6 taps. In the receiver parity. The received faded signal processed to be de-multiplexed and de-modulated. Then, a frequency domain equalizer was adopted to remove the fading noise and the inter-symbol interference from the received signal that introduced due to the fading channel. In order to inspect the performance of the frequency equilizer, bit error rate for the overall system was calculated at the receiving point and to recover the original information signal. The simulation results of the designed system as well as the frequency equilizer showed a robustness against the frequency selective faded channel effects. The maximum obtained bit error rate was around 10-5, which means that original signal was effectively recovered.
This document summarizes the various interfaces in a GSM network and their functions. It describes:
- The MS-BTS interface (Um interface) and its layers and protocols.
- The BTS-BSC interface (Abis interface) and its layers.
- The BSC-MSC interface (A interface) and its protocols for administration and control of radio resources.
- Other interfaces like MSC-VLR (B), MSC-HLR (C), VLR-HLR (D), MSC-MSC (E), MSC-EIR (F), VLR-VLR (G), HLR-AUC (H), and BSC-TR
The document discusses HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access), a 3G mobile telecommunications standard that allows networks to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Key points:
- HSDPA was introduced in 2005 and allows peak data rates of 14.4 Mbps compared to 2 Mbps for standard WCDMA. It uses shared channel transmission, fast scheduling, adaptive modulation/coding, and HARQ.
- Planning HSDPA deployment requires analyzing existing network performance, dimensioning configurations, parameter planning, and performance monitoring. Critical aspects include carrier configuration, hardware capacity, transmission capacity, and coverage strategy.
- HSDPA improves on WCDMA through features like shared channel transmission, channel
LTE QOS DYNAMIC RESOURCE BLOCK ALLOCATION WITH POWER SOURCE LIMITATION AND QU...IJCNCJournal
3GPP has defined the long term evolution (LTE) for 3G radio access in order to maintain the future
competitiveness for 3G technology, the system provides the capability of supporting a mixture of services
with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. This paper proposes a new cross-layer scheduling
algorithm to satisfy better QoS parameters for real time applications. The proposed algorithm takes care of
allocating resource blocks (RBs) with different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) according to target
bit error rate (BER), user equipment supportable MCS, queue stability constraints and available transmit
power constraints. The proposed algorithm has been valued, compared with an earlier allocation algorithm
in terms of service rate and packet delay and showed better performance regards the real time
applications.
This document provides an introduction to LTE/E-UTRA technology, including both FDD and TDD modes of operation. It describes the key requirements for UMTS Long Term Evolution such as high data rates, low latency, and improved spectrum efficiency compared to previous standards. The document then covers various aspects of the LTE standard, including the OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA uplink transmission schemes, MIMO concepts, protocol architecture, UE capabilities, and testing considerations. Abbreviations used and additional references are also provided.
WCDMA uses an OSI model with 7 layers. The lower 3 layers - physical, data link, and network layers - are most important for WCDMA. The physical layer uses different physical channels to transmit data over the air interface. Logical channels define how data is transferred, transport channels define how data is transmitted, and physical channels carry payload data and define signal characteristics. There are three types of channels - logical, transport, and physical - that work together to transmit various types of control and traffic data between the UE and base station.
The conference will bring together leading experts, policymakers and Government Officials to discuss, Human rights violation due to changing climate, Locate state responsibility and notion of ‘Welfare State’ in a climate constrained world, Constraints to meet the MDGs and minimum policy man-dates under Chapter IV of Constitution of India, Fundamental Rights violation due to Climate change, Role of Judiciary and Legal fraternity in ensuring protection of societies from adverse effect of climate change & Climate related movement and security challenges
New Logistics Infrastructure (PostNL)_PostExpo presentation of Lars Pruijnprimecompetence
The document summarizes a project by PostNL to develop a new logistics infrastructure for parcel delivery in the Netherlands. The project aimed to implement a web network structure instead of a hub-and-spoke model to improve scalability, flexibility, and efficiency. A small cross-functional project team executed the greenfield approach from 2008-2015, which involved network modeling, process design, acquiring sorting technology, and constructing 17 sites. The new infrastructure increased PostNL's capacity to over 180 million parcels per year and enabled next-day delivery for parcels collected by 3 AM, with 99% delivered on time.
Long-Term Advancement Progressed (LTE-ADV) is the advancement of the long-term evolution,
which created via 3GPP. LTE-ADV aims to offer a transmission bandwidth of (100) MHz by using Carrier
Aggregation (CA) to aggregate LTE-ADV carriers. To increase the data capacity of the system and
resource allocation converts a very good tool. LTE-Advanced multiple Component Carriers (CCs) becomes
a difficult optimization problem. In the paper proposes a new scheduling algorithm and compares with a
different scheduling traditional algorithms that are proportional fair and round robin in the CA, in order to
find the best scheduler that provides high-quality throughput and improves fairness. It also evaluates
mapping model types are Mutual Information Effective SINR Mapping (MIESM) and Exponential Effective
SINR Mapping (EESM). The results show that the throughput in the proposed algorithm with MIESM
outperforms from others mapping and scheduling.
This document summarizes some key features of the LTE radio interface that enable unprecedented performance in mobile broadband. It discusses features like spectrum flexibility that allow LTE to operate in different frequency bands and bandwidths with both FDD and TDD duplexing. It also describes multi-antenna transmission techniques in LTE including transmit diversity to improve coverage and capacity, and multi-stream transmission to significantly increase peak data rates through multiple parallel data streams. Scheduling, link adaptation, and hybrid ARQ are explained as ways to efficiently utilize radio resources based on varying channel conditions.
4 g americas white paper the evolution of hspa_october 2011xHaytham Dardiry
This document discusses the evolution of HSPA standards from Release 7 to Release 10. Key enhancements include:
- Release 7 introduced Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) to improve data rates, Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) to reduce control overhead, and 64QAM and 16QAM modulations to increase spectral efficiency.
- Release 8 added features like combining 64QAM and MIMO, dual-cell HSDPA, enhanced uplink in CELL_FACH state, and CS voice over HSPA.
- Release 9 supported combinations of DC-HSDPA, MIMO and 64QAM, dual-cell HSUPA, and support for different bands for DC-HSDPA
The document discusses WCDMA radio network planning and optimization. It covers several key topics:
1. WCDMA fundamentals including network infrastructure, radio interface protocols, link characteristics, and link budget analysis.
2. Radio resource utilization, which involves functions like power control, handover control, congestion control, admission control, and load control.
3. Issues related to coverage and capacity as well as cell deployment and WCDMA radio network planning, including co-planning with GSM networks.
4. Managing co-existing TDD and FDD modes within the network.
Performance Comparison of Multi-Carrier CDMA Using QPSK and BPSK ModulationIOSR Journals
Abstract: MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) plays an important role in modern wireless communications. Modern communication required an efficient spectrum usage and capacity and throughput.MC-CDMA provided the solution of these problems. MIMO refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity, which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas can significantly improve the performance of wireless communication system. This work also derives simulation through MATLAB of average bit error rate verses bit energy to noise ratio of multicarrier code division multiple access over Rayleigh channel using QPSK and BPSK modulation additive white Gaussian noise. Keywords: AWGN,BER,MC-CDMA, QPSK Modulation, Rayleigh Channel.
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
The document discusses NTT DOCOMO's launch of HSUPA services in June 2009, which enable uplink data speeds of up to 5.7 Mbit/s. This high-speed uplink transmission scheme is called Enhanced Uplink (EUL) and allows mobile users to more quickly send high-quality images, videos, and conduct other uplink activities. NTT DOCOMO has developed several mobile terminals that support HSUPA/EUL including the L-05A USB card, L-06A handset, and L-07A ExpressCard terminal.
Carrier aggregation has evolved in HSPA through 3GPP releases to increase peak data rates and network capacity. Release 8 introduced dual-carrier HSDPA using two adjacent 5 MHz carriers. Release 9 specified dual-band operation using separate frequency bands and dual-carrier HSUPA. Release 10 supported four-carrier HSDPA across two frequency bands, doubling peak rates to 168 Mbps. Release 11 allows for up to 8 aggregated carriers of 5 MHz each for a maximum of 40 MHz total bandwidth and peak rates over 300 Mbps. Carrier aggregation significantly increases HSPA throughput with each new release.
This document discusses the evolution of mobile broadband technologies including CDMA concepts, WCDMA, HSDPA, HSPA+, and DC-HSPA+. It explains that DC-HSPA+ uses two 5MHz carriers aggregated together to double speeds, providing theoretical peak downlink speeds of up to 42Mbps compared to 21Mbps for HSPA+. Real-world test results in Sri Lanka showed speeds of over 30Mbps with DC-HSPA+.
This document provides an overview of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology. It discusses how HSDPA enables significantly higher average bit rates and lower latency compared to prior 3G technologies. Key techniques that enable this include fast scheduling, fast hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), and fast link adaptation using adaptive modulation and coding. These techniques are implemented at the Node B to provide faster response times. HSDPA also uses a high-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH) and new transport channels like the high-speed shared control channel (HS-SCCH) and high-speed dedicated physical control channel (HS-DPCCH).
The document describes the physical layer of WCDMA FDD mode, including:
1. An overview of the WCDMA physical layer specifications and documents.
2. Descriptions of transport channels (dedicated, common), physical channels, and the mapping between them.
3. Details on specific aspects of the physical layer such as spreading/modulation, multiplexing/channel coding, measurements, and procedures.
Elastic hybrid MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
This document summarizes an article that proposes an elastic hybrid medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks. The protocol aims to improve performance for diverse quality of service requirements by dynamically adapting between contention-based CSMA/CA and scheduled TDMA transmission schemes depending on traffic conditions. It allows nodes to transmit using CSMA/CA for low traffic, reserves more slots for TDMA scheduling as traffic increases, and provides an emergency contention-free period at the start of frames for urgent data. Simulation results showed improved performance over typical protocols in terms of queue delay, packet delivery ratio, and frame drops. The proposed elastic hybrid approach aims to balance efficiencies across various QoS metrics by flexibly distributing the transmission strategies in response
This document discusses cellular network planning and optimization, specifically for WCDMA radio resource management (RRM). It covers several key topics:
Quality of Service (QoS) in UMTS is achieved through a system of bearers that negotiate bandwidth and latency requirements between network elements. Radio access bearers connect the user equipment to the core network.
RRM functions like admission control, power control, handover control, and packet scheduling work to guarantee QoS, maintain coverage, and optimize cell capacity in WCDMA networks. Power control is a critical RRM mechanism that uses fast and outer loop techniques to control transmission power and mitigate interference.
The document discusses various solutions for improving radio network capacity in GSM networks. It describes three categories of capacity solutions: cell capacity solutions, network capacity solutions, and channel capacity solutions. For cell capacity, it covers techniques like multiple reuse patterns and fractional load planning that improve frequency reuse. For network capacity, it discusses adding different cell types and intelligent traffic distribution. For channel capacity, it discusses half-rate voice and GPRS data. The author recommends a three step approach for operators to maximize capacity: 1) tighten frequency reuse and enable AMR, 2) add spectrum bands and small cells, 3) continue expanding small cells.
Wireless communication system with frequency selective channel OFDM modulatio...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper introduces the design and implementation of a wireless communication system with MATLAB based on orthognal frequency division multiplexing technique (OFDM). The constructed system is consisting of transmitter, fading channel and receiver. At the transmitter, the transmitted signal first modulated with PSK modulation, and then multiplexed with OFDM technique to achieve a higher bit rates transmission. The signal was then transmitted through a frequency selective channel with 6 taps. In the receiver parity. The received faded signal processed to be de-multiplexed and de-modulated. Then, a frequency domain equalizer was adopted to remove the fading noise and the inter-symbol interference from the received signal that introduced due to the fading channel. In order to inspect the performance of the frequency equilizer, bit error rate for the overall system was calculated at the receiving point and to recover the original information signal. The simulation results of the designed system as well as the frequency equilizer showed a robustness against the frequency selective faded channel effects. The maximum obtained bit error rate was around 10-5, which means that original signal was effectively recovered.
This document summarizes the various interfaces in a GSM network and their functions. It describes:
- The MS-BTS interface (Um interface) and its layers and protocols.
- The BTS-BSC interface (Abis interface) and its layers.
- The BSC-MSC interface (A interface) and its protocols for administration and control of radio resources.
- Other interfaces like MSC-VLR (B), MSC-HLR (C), VLR-HLR (D), MSC-MSC (E), MSC-EIR (F), VLR-VLR (G), HLR-AUC (H), and BSC-TR
The document discusses HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access), a 3G mobile telecommunications standard that allows networks to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Key points:
- HSDPA was introduced in 2005 and allows peak data rates of 14.4 Mbps compared to 2 Mbps for standard WCDMA. It uses shared channel transmission, fast scheduling, adaptive modulation/coding, and HARQ.
- Planning HSDPA deployment requires analyzing existing network performance, dimensioning configurations, parameter planning, and performance monitoring. Critical aspects include carrier configuration, hardware capacity, transmission capacity, and coverage strategy.
- HSDPA improves on WCDMA through features like shared channel transmission, channel
LTE QOS DYNAMIC RESOURCE BLOCK ALLOCATION WITH POWER SOURCE LIMITATION AND QU...IJCNCJournal
3GPP has defined the long term evolution (LTE) for 3G radio access in order to maintain the future
competitiveness for 3G technology, the system provides the capability of supporting a mixture of services
with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. This paper proposes a new cross-layer scheduling
algorithm to satisfy better QoS parameters for real time applications. The proposed algorithm takes care of
allocating resource blocks (RBs) with different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) according to target
bit error rate (BER), user equipment supportable MCS, queue stability constraints and available transmit
power constraints. The proposed algorithm has been valued, compared with an earlier allocation algorithm
in terms of service rate and packet delay and showed better performance regards the real time
applications.
This document provides an introduction to LTE/E-UTRA technology, including both FDD and TDD modes of operation. It describes the key requirements for UMTS Long Term Evolution such as high data rates, low latency, and improved spectrum efficiency compared to previous standards. The document then covers various aspects of the LTE standard, including the OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA uplink transmission schemes, MIMO concepts, protocol architecture, UE capabilities, and testing considerations. Abbreviations used and additional references are also provided.
WCDMA uses an OSI model with 7 layers. The lower 3 layers - physical, data link, and network layers - are most important for WCDMA. The physical layer uses different physical channels to transmit data over the air interface. Logical channels define how data is transferred, transport channels define how data is transmitted, and physical channels carry payload data and define signal characteristics. There are three types of channels - logical, transport, and physical - that work together to transmit various types of control and traffic data between the UE and base station.
The conference will bring together leading experts, policymakers and Government Officials to discuss, Human rights violation due to changing climate, Locate state responsibility and notion of ‘Welfare State’ in a climate constrained world, Constraints to meet the MDGs and minimum policy man-dates under Chapter IV of Constitution of India, Fundamental Rights violation due to Climate change, Role of Judiciary and Legal fraternity in ensuring protection of societies from adverse effect of climate change & Climate related movement and security challenges
New Logistics Infrastructure (PostNL)_PostExpo presentation of Lars Pruijnprimecompetence
The document summarizes a project by PostNL to develop a new logistics infrastructure for parcel delivery in the Netherlands. The project aimed to implement a web network structure instead of a hub-and-spoke model to improve scalability, flexibility, and efficiency. A small cross-functional project team executed the greenfield approach from 2008-2015, which involved network modeling, process design, acquiring sorting technology, and constructing 17 sites. The new infrastructure increased PostNL's capacity to over 180 million parcels per year and enabled next-day delivery for parcels collected by 3 AM, with 99% delivered on time.
The excellent academic legacy of UPES continues at UTM. UPES invites application for their prestigious under graduate courses: BBA (Oil & Gas Marketing), BBA (Auto Retailling), BBA (Aviation Operations) & BBA (Logistics).
The lifestyle University UTM invites applications for their unique post graduate courses: BBA (Retail Management), BBA (Travel & Tour) & BA (Advertising)
We welcome 2000 promising young men and women who have embarked upon their professional journeys with us this year. We further invites students seking admission for the forthcoming session commencing in 2012. Please register at www.upes.ac.in
The MBA (Oil & Gas Management) program is offered by the University of Petroleum & Energy Studies for working professionals to gain skills and knowledge related to opportunities and challenges in the oil and gas sector. The 3-year distance learning program can be completed while working and involves coursework covering the oil and gas value chain, personal contact sessions, and a dissertation. It aims to develop managers who can holistically address the evolving needs of the industry.
The 10th Oil & Gas HR Round Table, a 2 day annual HR event of University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES) under the aegis of Indian School of Petroleum & Energy (ISPe) commenced in Mumbai today. The theme for this year’s HR Round Table on “HR’s Contribution to the Bottom line & Enterprise Value” aims at raising pertinent issues and generating meaningful interaction over the next two days on the increasingly critical role that HR needs to play to have a direct and significant impact to the bottom line of the company.
Oil and gas currently satisfy 55% of the world's energy needs and contributed the majority of energy production in 1971. While oil and gas production and consumption have increased significantly since then, their contribution to the total energy mix has decreased as other sources have grown. India is the fifth largest energy consumer and heavily dependent on imported oil, with domestic demand and production of both oil and gas projected to continue increasing substantially in the coming decades. Uncertainty around economic and environmental factors could impact future supply and demand for oil and gas globally.
LTE Advanced is an enhancement of the LTE mobile communication standard that aims to improve spectrum efficiency, flexibility, and throughput. Key features of LTE Advanced include support for wider bandwidths up to 100MHz, advanced MIMO technologies with up to 8 antenna ports, improved cell edge performance using Coordinated Multi-Point transmission, and integration of relay nodes to enhance coverage. LTE Advanced is designed to meet the ITU requirements for 4G networks by providing peak data rates of at least 1 Gbps for high mobility communication.
The document provides an overview of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), a new feature in the 3GPP WCDMA/UTRA standard to improve downlink peak data rates, quality of service, and spectral efficiency for packet data services. HSDPA introduces a high-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH) with a short transmission time interval of 2ms, adaptive modulation and coding, multi-code operation, and fast hybrid ARQ to increase data rates up to theoretically over 10Mbps. It also moves some medium access control functionality to the Node-B to enable fast packet scheduling on a per-transmission time interval basis. Evaluation shows HSDPA can increase cell throughput by 50-100
The document summarizes the key concepts in planning and deploying a 3G WCDMA mobile network. It describes the network architecture including nodes like RNC, Node B and interfaces. It also explains radio network planning phases and considerations like frequency planning, link budget calculations, coverage and capacity planning. The document discusses technologies like HSDPA that enhance data capabilities and presents LinkIT, a planning tool developed to understand network planning mathematics.
High speed down link packet access (hsdpa)WritingHubUK
The title for the report is High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). Internet is become apart of our every day life and mobile users demand for high speed access while they are on the move. HSDPA can fulfil these demands and offer more services which are broadband related. The report will analyse and evaluate the HSDPA technology, which include the architecture, protocols and protocol status. Also the report discuss HSDPA principle operation and the physical and MAC layer.
Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution (EDGE)Ramrao Desai
Mobile users continue to demand higher data rates. With the continued growth in cellular services, laptop computer use and the Internet, wireless network providers are beginning to pay an increasing amount of attention to packet data networks. Enhanced Global Packet Radio Service (EGPRS) offers a substantial improvement in performance and capacity over existing GPRS services, in return for a relatively minimal additional investment. EGPRS, commonly called EDGE, achieves these enhancements to the GPRS system primarily by implementing changes to the Physical layer and to the Medium Access Control/Radio Link Control (MAC/RLC) layer. The significant improvements are a new modulation technique, additional modulation coding schemes, a combined Link Adaptation and Incremental Redundancy technique, re-segmentation of erroneously received packets, and a larger transmission window size.
An Approach to Improve the Quality of Service in OFDMA Relay Networks via Re-...iosrjce
With the next-generation cellular networks making a transition toward smaller cells, two-hop
orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) relay networks have become a dominant, mandatory
component in the 4G standards (WiMAX802.16j, 3GPP LTE-Adv.). Here we are using the multicasting strategy
Given the growing importance of multimedia broadcast and multicast services (MBMS) in 4G networks, the
latter forms the focus of this project. The main aim of this project is to improve the performance of the OFDMA
based relay networks. The OFDMA transmission Scheme is a widely accepted scheme for improving the quality
and speed of communication over the 4G cellular network. There are two different models designed for OFDMA
relay networks .Distributed (DP) and Contiguous (CP) permutations. We are checking the performance of two
algorithms The linear programming algorithm and the greedy algorithm by using two models of OFDMA for
multicast scheduling and after performance evaluation we select the best model and the algorithm for
transmission. We further improve the throughput via retransmission of lost packets during data transfer over the
specified network. We can detect the packet loss by packet synchronization technique and a request will be sent
by the destination for re-sending the lost packets which is called as Re-Transmission.[1]
This document discusses improving quality of service in OFDMA relay networks through retransmission. It analyzes two models for OFDMA transmission - distributed permutation and contiguous permutation. It evaluates the performance of two scheduling algorithms (linear programming and greedy) on these models to select the best one. Packet loss is detected using synchronization techniques, and retransmission is used to improve throughput by resending lost packets. The goal is to enhance performance of OFDMA-based relay networks for next-generation cellular standards.
UMTS-WCDMA is a 3G mobile communication standard that uses CDMA technology. It uses wideband CDMA with a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps for its air interface along with orthogonal variable spreading factor codes. The standard defines protocols and procedures for cell search, handover, uplink and downlink physical channels, and support for multirate services through variable spreading factors. Long term targets for UMTS-WCDMA evolution include higher data rates up to 100 Mbps for full mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility, as well as improved spectral efficiency.
3G technologies provide improved digital voice and higher bandwidth data services over 2G. The key 3G standards are WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. WCDMA addresses issues like handover and power control. 4G will offer even higher data rates and bandwidth below 5GHz, along with lower costs per bit than 3G.
The document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network technology. It discusses the goals and key features of LTE, including increased data rates, improved spectral efficiency, scalable bandwidths, OFDM modulation in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and multiple antenna techniques. It also describes the LTE network architecture including the Evolved Packet Core and compares LTE to other technologies such as WiMAX.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of 3GPP UMTS/HSPA mobile broadband technology. It discusses the progress and commercial deployment of earlier 3GPP releases such as Release 99, Release 5, and Release 6. It then focuses on Release 7, describing enhancements like MIMO for HSDPA, IMS/core network updates, and improved RAN capabilities. Looking ahead, it outlines the 3GPP work on developing a new radio interface and system architecture through initiatives like SAE, HSPA+, and LTE to support rapidly growing IP data traffic over the next decade with peak rates above 100 Mbps.
This white paper discusses Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) which allows for seamless handover of voice calls between LTE and circuit switched networks like UTRAN or GERAN. It describes the key challenges of delivering voice services over LTE networks and why SRVCC is an important solution. SRVCC uses IMS to anchor voice calls and switches them to use circuit switched networks when the user moves outside of LTE coverage, maintaining continuity of the voice call with only a single radio in the user equipment. The paper provides details on how SRVCC is implemented between LTE and UTRAN/GERAN networks using various 3GPP defined interfaces and reference points.
Improving quality of service using ofdm technique for 4 th generation networkeSAT Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that compares the performance of 32QAM and 64QAM digital modulation techniques when used with OFDM for 4G networks. It finds that 32QAM has better performance with lower bit and packet loss over 64QAM. Specifically, when transmitting 1920 bits over an AWGN channel, 32QAM had 65 bit losses and 0 packet losses, while 64QAM had 80 bit losses and 0.04167 packet losses. Therefore, the document concludes 32QAM can be more efficiently used than 64QAM for digital transmission in 4G networks when combined with OFDM modulation.
Improving quality of service using ofdm technique for 4 th generation networkeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that compares the performance of 32QAM and 64QAM digital modulation techniques when used with OFDM for 4G networks. It finds that 32QAM has better performance with lower bit and packet loss over 64QAM. Specifically, when transmitting 1920 bits over an AWGN channel, 32QAM had 65 bit losses and 0 packet losses, while 64QAM had 80 bit losses and 0.04167 packet losses. Therefore, the document concludes 32QAM can be more efficiently used than 64QAM for digital transmission in 4G networks when combined with OFDM modulation.
Performance Analysis of MIMO-LTE for MQAM over Fading ChannelsIOSRJECE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) wireless standards which uses the standard OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation, MU-MIMO (Multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and different multipath fading models. LTE uses the spectrum more efficiently to deliver high speed data. This paper characterizes the downlink performance of LTE. The MIMO technology which provides high data rate applications to the users made a breakthrough in wireless communication and is defined in the LTE standard. The performance is characterized in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate). In this paper the LTE system is modelled and simulated using MATLAB and the BER for 2×2 and 4×4 MIMO-LTE using 16QAM and 64QAM modulation schemes for Rayleigh fading environment are obtained against different SNR values.
Dar es Salaam institute of Technology (DIT) provides training on digital networks including 3G and 4G mobile technologies. 3G networks introduced higher speed packet data and mobile multimedia services compared to previous generations. UMTS/WCDMA is an IMT-2000 3G standard that supports voice and fast packet data through technologies like HSDPA and HSUPA which enable peak downlink rates of 14.4 Mbps and uplink rates of 5.8 Mbps. HSPA+ further increases speeds through MIMO and higher order modulations.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) Release 8. It discusses key requirements for LTE such as supporting high data rates, low latency, and an all-IP network. It describes the network architecture including components like eNodeB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW. It also covers functionality of these components and the protocol stack consisting of PDCP, RLC, MAC, and RRC layers. Mobility management, QoS, and comparisons to other technologies like HSPA+ and WiMAX are also summarized.
Analysis of WiMAX Physical Layer Using Spatial Multiplexing Under Different F...CSCJournals
WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access by the WiMAX Forum and its industry. WiMAX is basically a wireless digital communication system which is also known as IEEE 802.16 standard intended for wireless \"metropolitan area networks\". WiMAX is based upon OFDM multiplexing technique. It was developed in order to provide high speed data rates to the users located in those areas also where broadband wireless coverage is not available. MIMO systems also play an important role in the field of wireless communication by allowing data to be transmitted and received over different antennas. WiMAX-MIMO systems are developed to improve the performance of WiMAX system. This paper analyzes WiMAX-MIMO system for different modulation schemes with different CC code rates under different fading channels (Rician and Nakagami channel). Spatial Multiplexing technique of MIMO system is used for the simulation purpose. Analysis has been done in the form of Signal-to Noise Ratio (SNR) vs Bit Error Rate (BER) plots.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and technology. It discusses the drivers for LTE including higher data rates and lower latency. It describes the evolution from 3G networks to LTE, which features a simplified all-IP architecture without circuit-switched elements. Key aspects of LTE include OFDMA modulation, support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and peak data rates of 100 Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. Ericsson Review No. 1, 200832
HSPA Evolution – Boosting the
performance of mobile broadband access
Johan Bergman, Mårten Ericson, Dirk Gerstenberger, Bo Göransson, Janne Peisa and Stefan
Wager
Introduction
Today, 84% of all reported global cellular
subscribers make calls via radio access tech-
nology specified by the Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP). This signifies
that WCDMA is the predominant third-
generation (3G) radio network technology,
and as such, represents a substantial economy
of scale.
In addition, the recent introduction of
high-speed packet access (HSPA, 3GPP Re-
lease 6) has
significantly improved the performance
of packet data traffic in Ericsson products
– on the downlink (HSDPA) 14Mbps, and
uplink (E-UL), 1.4Mbps, giving users a
mobile broadband experience that is on
par with ADSL; and
given rise to large increases in packet data
traffic – packet data is now the principal
type of traffic in 3G networks.1-2
•
•
Ericsson continues to build on this success
by enabling operators who have deployed
WCDMA to boost their system performance
through software upgrades. The HSPA Evo-
lution specification (3GPP Releases 7 and 8)
introduces new features that support higher
data bit rates, lower latency, greater capacity,
better support for VoIP, and improved sup-
port for multicast services.1-2
Release 7 of the
specification introduces:
higher-order modulation (HOM);
multiple input, multiple output (MIMO);
continuous packet connectivity (CPC);
layer-2 enhancements;
enhanced CELL_FACH;
multicast/broadcast single-frequency net-
work (MBSFN); and
advanced receivers.
In addition, 3GPP is considering multi-
carrier operation, downlink-optimized
broadcast (DOB) and more advanced receiv-
ers for future releases of the specification.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
These new concepts will yield substantial-
ly higher peak data bit rates as well as greater
spectral efficiency and voice-over-IP (VoIP)
capacity. In Release 8, for example, the peak
data bit rates will reach up to 42Mbps in the
downlink and 11Mbps in the uplink (per
5MHz carrier).
This article deals primarily with the fea-
tures 3GPP has added to HSPA in Releases
7 and 8 of the WCDMA specification.1-2
It
also touches on candidate techniques for
further evolving the specification in future
releases.
HSPA features and
performance
Higher-order modulation
The digital modulation scheme determines
how bits are mapped to the phase and am-
plitude of transmitted signals. Figure 1 de-
picts the constellation diagrams of a variety
of modulation schemes. Each consecutive
bit sequence is mapped to a modulation
symbol whose phase and amplitude cor-
respond to one of the constellation points.
The number of bits conveyed per modula-
tion symbol is as follows: 1 for BPSK, 2 for
QPSK, 4 for 16QAM, and 6 for 64QAM.
Therefore, higher modulation order means
greater achievable peak data bit rate for a
given symbol rate.
HSPA (3GPP Release 6) supports the
QPSK and 16QAM modulation schemes
in the downlink and the BPSK and QPSK
modulation schemes in the uplink. Release
7 introduces higher-order modulations that
increase the data bit rate. In the down-
link, it introduces 64QAM, increasing the
peak data bit rate by 50% from 14Mbps to
21Mbps. In the uplink, 16QAM doubles
the peak data bit rate from 5.7Mbps to
11Mbps.
Furthermore, the physical control channels
(HS-SCCH, HS-DPCCH, E-AGCH and
E-DPCCH) have been modified to support
signaling of the new modulation schemes;
larger transport block sizes; and
larger range for the channel quality indica-
tor (CQI).
Higher-order modulation enables users to
experience significantly higher data bit rates
under favorable radio-propagation condi-
tions. Careful cell planning is a prerequisite
for achieving these conditions. Table 1 sum-
marizes a number of HSPA features.
•
•
•
This article presents the main concepts of HSPA Evolution (high-speed
packet access evolution), which is currently being standardized by 3GPP
in Releases 7 and 8 of the WCDMA specification. The aim of HSPA Evolu-
tion is to further improve the performance of WCDMA systems through
higher peak rates, lower latency, greater capacity, increased battery
times, better support for VoIP, and improved multicast/broadcast capabili-
ties.
The authors briefly cover MIMO, higher-order modulation, protocol
optimizations, optimizations for VoIP, improved multicast/broadcast, and
advanced receivers. They also describe a variety of features (such as
multicarrier operation) that will boost performance even further in subse-
quent releases of the WCDMA specification.
TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
3GPP Third Generation Partnership
Project
ADSL Asymmetric digital subscriber line
BPSK Binary phase-shift keying
CPC Continuous packet connectivity
CQI Channel quality indicator
DOB Downlink-optimized broadcast
E-UL Enhanced uplink
FDD Frequency-division multiplexing
HARQ Hybrid automatic repeat request
HOM Higher-order modulation
HSPA High-speed packet access
(HSPDA + E-UL)
HSPDA High-speed packet downlink
access
MAC Media access control
MBSFN Multicast/broadcast single-
frequency network
MIMO Multiple input, multiple output
MMSE Minimum mean-squared error
PDU Packet data unit
QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation
QPSK Quadrature phase-shift keying
RLC Radio link control
RRC Radio resource control
RTT Roundtrip time
SDU Service data unit
TDD Time-division multiplexing
UE User equipment (terminal)
VoIP Voice over IP
WCDMA Wideband code-division multiple
access
Review108.indd 32Review108.indd 32 08-01-21 16.12.0908-01-21 16.12.09
2. Ericsson Review No. 1, 2008 33
Multiple input, multiple output
One can increase the data bit rate by trans-
mitting multiple transport blocks in paral-
lel using multiple antennas to a single user.
This technique is often termed MIMO with
spatial multiplexing (as opposed to trans-
mit/receive diversity, where a single trans-
port block is sent or received by multiple
antennas). The receiver uses channel proper-
ties and knowledge of the coding scheme to
separate the data streams. Note: A prerequi-
site for MIMO is the standardization of the
multilayer transmission scheme.
For HSDPA, 3GPP chose a MIMO scheme
that is based on precoded and rank-adaptive
multi-codeword transmission. This means
that
each layer (substream) carries separate
transport blocks; and
the number of parallel streams can be
adapted to the current channel conditions
(rank adaptation).
Separate encoding facilitates the use of suc-
cessive interference cancellation receivers,
which are anticipated to boost performance
compared with linear receivers (for example,
MMSE-based receivers).
Before data is transmitted, the modulated
and spread signal is spatially weighted (pre-
coded) or, in other words, the data streams
are transmitted over separate transmit an-
tennas using different transmission weights.
The preferred weights are estimated by the
user equipment (UE) and fed back to the
network together with the channel quality
indicator. The main benefit of precoding is
that both power amplifiers are loaded even
when a single transport block is transmitted.
When two streams are transmitted, each
stream contains the same channelization
codes. Figure 2 shows the MIMO transmit-
ter chain.
To incorporate MIMO into Release 7,
3GPP has updated the uplink and downlink
physical control channels (HS-SCCH and
HS-DPCCH) to accommodate information
about precoder weights, the transport for-
mat, and hybrid automatic repeat request
(HARQ) parameters per stream.
In Release 7, MIMO is defined for trans-
mitting up to two streams. In this case, each
stream can use QPSK or 16QAM, extending
the peak data bit rate of HSDPA to approxi-
mately 28Mbps. In Release 8, each stream
can use 64QAM, which extends the peak
data bit rate to 42Mbps (Figure 3).
HARQ acknowledges each stream sepa-
rately and independently. Undetected blocks
•
•
TABLE 1. HSPA FEATURES
Feature Explanation
Higher-order modulation Using more bits per symbol raises the peak
data bit rate by 50% in the downlink and 100%
in the uplink.
Multiple input, multiple output Employing two transmitter antennas at Node-B
and at least two receiver antennas at the UE
has the potential to increase the peak data bit
rate by 100%.
Multicarrier By using N 5MHz carriers, one can increase
the data rate can N-fold.
Continuous packet connectivity (CPC) CPC improves the physical layer signaling,
resulting in lower latency, greater capacity, and
better battery time.
Layer-2 enhancements To match the higher bit rates provided by the
physical layer, layer 2 has been optimized to
support higher peak data bit rates and greater
coverage.
Enhanced CELL_FACH Improved support for background traffic and
faster switching to continuous transmission
state.
MBMS single-frequency network, downlink-
optimized broadcast
Transmitting the same waveform from mul-
tiple cells puts the broadcast capabilities of
WCDMA on par with, for example, DVB-H.
Figure 1
Constellation diagrams of modulation schemes.
Review108.indd 33Review108.indd 33 08-01-21 16.12.0908-01-21 16.12.09
3. Ericsson Review No. 1, 200834
can thus be retransmitted independently be-
tween the two streams.
Multicarrier operation
Multicarrier operation is a candidate for a
future 3GPP release of the WCDMA speci-
fication. Operators with access to multiple
adjacent paired frequency bands can make
efficient use of spectrum by operating HSPA
on multiple adjacent 5MHz carriers in a co-
ordinated way. Control channel structures,
for instance, need not be fully replicated in
all carriers. By having only one anchor car-
rier, for example, one can have more power
for HSPA in the other carriers. Therefore, if
it is impractical to deploy 2x2 MIMO, opera-
tors might consider multicarrier operation on
two carriers as an alternative way of reach-
ing downlink peak data bit rates of 42Mbps.
On the other hand, however, the operation of
two carriers in combination with 2x2 MIMO
and 64QAM will yield peak data bit rates of
up to 84Mbps without requiring 4x4 MIMO
antenna systems. What is more, four carriers
can support 4x42Mbps.
Layer-2 enhancements
The downlink peak data bit rate using ac-
knowledged-mode radio link control (RLC)
is limited by the size of the RLC protocol
data unit (PDU), RLC roundtrip time (RTT),
and the size of the RLC window.
A large RLC PDU size is needed to sustain
the peak data bit rates obtained in the down-
link with MIMO and 64QAM modulation.
Therefore, to make efficient use of large
PDU sizes, and to generally enhance the
performance of the layer-2 protocol, Release
7 adopts flexible RLC sizes, media access
control (MAC) segmentation, and improved
MAC multiplexing for downlink transmis-
sion. As a consequence, the transmitter may
freely select the size of the RLC PDU.
The ability to segment the RLC has been
preserved, and in general the network can
segment RLC service data units (SDU) into
PDUs, which facilitates more efficient trans-
mission and retransmission over the air inter-
face. The ability of the transmitter to flexibly
select the size of RLC PDUs helps reduce
level-2 protocol overhead by reducing RLC
header overhead and padding. In addition,
the use of larger PDUs means that UEs need
not process as many of them.
In the downlink, the RLC protocol is
originated in the radio network controller
(RNC), whereas the MAC-hs is terminated
in the Node-B. If, due to changing radio con-
Figure 3
Ninetieth percentile throughput in Pedestrian A-channel for higher-order modulation and
multiple input/multiple output (MIMO).
Figure 2
The MIMO transmitter chain.
Review108.indd 34Review108.indd 34 08-01-21 16.12.1108-01-21 16.12.11
4. Ericsson Review No. 1, 2008 35
ditions, the RLC PDUs are too large to be
transmitted over the air interface with a rea-
sonable number of HARQ retransmissions,
then they must be segmented. Accordingly,
Release 7 introduces a new MAC protocol,
MAC-ehs, which supports flexible RLC PDU
sizes and the segmentation of RLC PDUs. In
addition, the MAC multiplexing capabilities
have been improved so that RLC PDUs that
carry signaling or data from different radio
access bearers can now be multiplexed into a
single MAC-ehs PDU.
In Release 8, the enhancements made to
the downlink protocol will be applied to the
uplink protocol. Support for flexible RLC
PDU sizes improves uplink coverage and
helps reduce processing and level-2 over-
head.
Continuous packet connectivity
The activity level of packet data users var-
ies considerably over time. Even so, from an
end-user point of view, in order to avoid the
delays associated with state transitions, it
might be advantageous to remain in a state
with a dedicated connection (CELL_DCH)
even when temporarily inactive.
3GPP has worked to make the dedicated
connection state for packet data users more
efficient in Release 7. The result of these ef-
forts is commonly referred to as continuous
packet connectivity (CPC). CPC consists of
two main features called UE DTX/DRX
and HS-SCCH-less operation.
UE DTX/DRX
UE DTX (discontinuous transmission from
the UE) allows UEs to switch off continuous
transmission of the dedicated physical control
channel (DPCCH) when there is no informa-
tion to transmit in the uplink. When this
is the case, only a minimum of transmission
is needed to maintain synchronization and
control power. Two immediate benefits of
switching off transmission are reduced bat-
tery consumption and reduced interference,
which increases uplink capacity (in terms of
number of users).
By the same token, UE DRX (discontinu-
ous reception at the UE) allows UEs to switch
off their receivers when there is nothing to be
received in the downlink. This technique can
be exploited to further reduce battery con-
sumption. The UEs need only periodically
check to see if they should to wake up from
their “micro sleep” mode.
In Release 7, UE DTX/DRX can be de-
ployed even during very short periods of in-
activity between the packets of a VoIP call.
HS-SCCH-less operation
When many small packets (typically VoIP
packets) are transported in the downlink, the
overhead from the downlink control channel,
HS-SCCH, becomes significant. Release 7
introduces HS-SCCH-less operation, which
reduces this overhead by removing the HS-
SCCH transmission completely for the first
HARQ transmission. HS-SCCH-less opera-
tion relies on blind decoding of up to four
different formats of the downlink data chan-
nel, HS-DSCH, in the UE to eliminate the
need for HS-SCCH transmission. In sum-
mary, the concept increases capacity in the
downlink by reducing code usage as well as
interference from control signaling. Figure 4
shows the relative increase in VoIP capacity
compared with 3GPP Release 6.
Simulations show that the CPC concept in
Release 7 boosts capacity for VoIP by around
40% in the uplink and 10% in the downlink.
The addition of advanced receivers boosts ca-
pacity even further.7
Enhanced CELL_FACH
HSPA is becoming a replacement to ADSL
for connecting PCs to the internet. This
change in behavior has an impact on traf-
Figure 4
Relative increase in VoIP capacity.
Review108.indd 35Review108.indd 35 08-01-21 16.12.1308-01-21 16.12.13
5. Ericsson Review No. 1, 200836
fic load and network characteristics. PCs
run a range of applications that communi-
cate in the background without the need for
end-user interaction. Among other things,
background traffic consists of keep-alive
messages, probes for software updates, and
presence signaling. To efficiently support this
traffic, the 3GPP has worked to enhance the
CELL_FACH state in Releases 7 and 8.
In Release 7, HSDPA has been activated
for users in CELL_FACH. In the downlink,
UEs monitor the HSDPA control channels
to detect scheduling information for their
own specific identities (H-RNTI). The lack
of a dedicated uplink channel means that
the specification (Release 7) does not support
continuous transmission of the channel qual-
ity indicator (CQI) or HARQ feedback. As
a consequence, 3GPP has modified link ad-
aptation and HARQ. The solution has been
to employ HARQ repetitions and to base
link adaptation on measurements of radio
resource control (RRC).
In Release 8, the uplink is improved by
activating E-DCH in CELL_FACH. Trans-
mission begins by ramping up power on a
random preamble as is done in Rel-99. After
having detected the preamble, the Node-B
assigns the UE to a common E-DCH con-
figuration (managed by Node-B). Contention
on the common E-DCH is resolved by means
of UE identities in the E-DCH transmis-
sion. A given UE can efficiently be moved to
CELL_DCH for continuous transmission.
The enhanced CELL_FACH attempts to
have the same layer-2 header format as that
of the CELL_DCH described above. This
way, data transmissions can continue with-
out interruption, even when switching be-
tween CELL_FACH and CELL_DCH. This
enhancement significantly improves user
perception of performance compared with
Release 6, which suspends data transmission
for channel switching.
MBSFN, downlink-optimized broadcast
Release 7 has further optimized MBMS to
boost transmission efficiency beyond what
could be achieved with multicell MBMS
transmission in Release 6.8
The solution,
multicast/broadcast single-frequency net-
work (MBSFN) operation, calls for simulta-
neous transmission of the exact same wave-
form from multiple cells. This way, the UE
receiver perceives the multiple MBSFN cells
as one large cell (Figure 5). Also, instead of
inter-cell interference from neighboring cell
transmissions, the UE experiences construc-
tive superposition of the signals transmitted
from multiple MBSFN cells. What is more,
advanced UE receiver techniques such as
G-RAKE eliminate intra-cell interference
by resolving the time difference of multipath
propagation. The result is highly efficient
radio broadcast transmission derived from
WCDMA technology.
A critical enhancement that eliminates
inter-cell interference is the use of a common
scrambling code on downlink carriers re-
served for MBSFN transmission. In this case,
3GPP did not have to modify the standard
because synchronized network operation for
FDD was included in Release 99.
Broadcast data is transmitted using the
same logical and physical channel structures
as for MBMS – that is, MTCH, FACH and
S-CCPCH, along with control channels such
as MICH and MSCH. MBSFN improves
power efficiency so much that the limiting
factor in the radio downlink is no longer
power but rather codes. For this reason, to
make full use of all available radio resources,
16QAM modulation has been introduced
for MBSFN FACH. And to further enhance
channel estimation in the mobile receiver,
Release 7 introduces support for a time-
multiplexed pilot that uses the synchroniza-
tion channel (SCH). To significantly reduce
battery consumption in UEs, one may even
multiplex services per transmission time in-
terval (TTI).
3GPP proposes to take MBSFN operation
one step further, by introducing the down-
link-optimized broadcast (DOB) concept as
a special mode of 3.84Mbps time-division
duplex (TDD) operation in unpaired bands
of spectrum.
The principles and radio solutions for
DOB are identical to those for MBSFN
FDD, which means radio performance is
identical. It also means that WCDMA opera-
tors with access to unpaired spectrum have
highly attractive options for migrating their
networks. The impact of DOB on UEs and
Node-Bs is minor thanks to maximum com-
monality between WCDMA MBMS and
MBSFN. DOB is thus a promising option
for deploying MBSFN in unpaired bands of
spectrum.
Advanced receivers
Receiver structures in UEs and Node-Bs
are constantly being improved as products
evolve and more complex features are added
to HSPA. The result is improved system
performance and higher user data bit rates.
This trend is reflected in constantly chang-
ing UE receiver requirements in 3GPP:
advanced UE receiver requirements were
introduced in Releases 6 and 7, reflecting
the use of
UE receive antenna diversity (UE receiver
type-1);
linear equalizers, such as G-RAKE (UE
receiver type-2); and
linear equalizers in combination with
UE receive antenna diversity, such as
G-RAKE2 (UE receiver type-3, suitable
for example, for MIMO).
Release 8 will introduce requirements for
even advanced receivers (type-3 G-RAKE2)
with additional support for interference can-
cellation (UE receiver type-3i).
•
•
•
Figure 5
Mobile TV broadcast with MBSFN.
Review108.indd 36Review108.indd 36 08-01-21 17.10.3708-01-21 17.10.37
6. Ericsson Review No. 1, 2008 37
Conclusion
HSPA Evolution (3GPP Releases 7 and
8) enables operators to prolong the life of
past investments by further improving the
performance of WCDMA systems. In par-
ticular, HSPA Evolution introduces several
new features that support higher data bit
rates, reduce latency, increase capacity, and
improve support for VoIP and multicast ser-
vices:
Higher-order modulation. In the down-
link, the introduction of 64QAM in-
creases the peak data bit rate to as much
as 21Mbps. Likewise, the introduction of
16QAM in the uplink increases the peak
data bit rate to 11Mbps.
Multiple input, multiple output (MIMO).
In Release 7, MIMO is defined for trans-
mitting up to two streams. In this case,
each stream can use QPSK or 16QAM, ex-
tending the peak data bit rate of HSDPA
to approximately 28Mbps. In Release 8,
each stream can use 64QAM, which ex-
tends the peak data bit rate to 42Mbps.
Continuous packet connectivity (CPC).
Simulations show that the CPC concept
in Release 7 boosts capacity for VoIP by
around 40% in the uplink and 10% in the
downlink.
Layer-2 enhancements. Release 7 introduc-
es a new MAC protocol, MAC-ehs, which
supports flexible RLC PDU sizes and the
segmentation of RLC PDUs. In addition,
the MAC multiplexing capabilities have
been improved so that RLC PDUs which
carry signaling or data from different ra-
•
•
•
•
dio access bearers can now be multiplexed
into a single MAC-ehs PDU. In Release 8,
the enhancements made to the downlink
protocol will be applied to the uplink pro-
tocol. Support for flexible RLC PDU sizes
improves uplink coverage and helps reduce
processing and level-2 overhead.
Enhanced CELL_FACH. In Release 7,
HSDPA has been activated for users in
CELL_FACH. In Release 8, the uplink
is improved by activating E-DCH in
CELL_FACH. This enhancement signifi-
cantly improves user perception of perfor-
mance compared with Release 6, which
must suspend data transmission for chan-
nel switching.
Multicast/broadcast single-frequency net-
work (MBSFN). MBSFN calls for simul-
taneous transmission of the exact same
waveform from multiple cells. This way,
the UE receiver perceives the multiple
MBSFN cells as one large cell.
Downlink-optimized broadcast (DOB).
3GPP proposes to take MBSFN opera-
tion one step further, by introducing DOB
as a special mode of 3.84Mbps time-
division duplex (TDD) operation in un-
paired bands of spectrum.
Advanced receivers. Receiver structures
in UEs and Node-Bs are constantly be-
ing improved as products evolve and more
complex features are added to HSPA. The
result is improved system performance and
higher user data bit rates.
For future releases of the specification, 3GPP
is considering multicarrier operation and
even more advanced receivers.
•
•
•
•
REFERENCES
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S.: High Speed Packet Access Evolution – Concept and Technologies. Proceedings of the
IEEE VTC Spring 2007
Göransson, B., Cairns, D., Wang, Y.-P. E., Cozzo, C., Fulghum, T. andGrant, S.: Evolution of
WCDMA High Speed Access and Broadcast Services. SPAWC 2007, Helsinki, Finland
Derksen, J., Jansen, R., Maijala, M. and Westerberg, E.: HSDPA performance and evolution.
Ericsson Review, Vol 83(2006):3, pp 117-120
Peisa, J., Ekström, H., Hannu, H. and Parkvall, S.: End-to-End Performance of WCDMA
Enhanced Uplink. VTC Spring 2005
Murai, H. et. al.: System Performance for WCDMA Up-Link Interference Cancellation –
Simulated Results and Field Measurements Properties. WPMC’03 Osaka, Japan
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