This document analyzes frequency coordination between UMTS900 and GSM900 systems operating at 900 MHz. It summarizes lab tests conducted on commercial UMTS900 and GSM900 equipment to measure interference levels and assess the impact of mutual interference. The limiting factor is found to be interference from GSM mobile stations to UMTS Node B receivers. With a frequency offset of 2.2 MHz or more, satisfactory system performance can be achieved even when as little as 4.2 MHz of GSM spectrum is cleared for UMTS use.
This document provides an overview of GSM fundamentals and RF concepts. It discusses the basics of cellular telephony including frequency reuse, handovers, and multiple access methods. It then describes the key components of the GSM network architecture such as the mobile station, base station system, network switching system and databases. Specific topics covered include GSM channel architecture, call flows, planning steps and optimization techniques.
LTE carrier aggregation technology development and deployment worldwidecriterion123
Carrier aggregation (CA) allows the combination of multiple component carriers to increase bandwidth and throughput. CA can be intra-band, combining contiguous or non-contiguous carriers within a band, or inter-band, combining carriers across frequency bands. Inter-band CA provides more flexibility to utilize fragmented spectrum. The LTE standard defines a maximum of five component carriers for CA. CA improves downlink throughput by increasing bandwidth but may not always increase uplink throughput due to limitations of UE maximum power. Close frequency band CA and FDD-TDD CA require additional RF components to separate signal paths and prevent interference between bands.
This document discusses carrier aggregation (CA) and the challenges it poses for LTE Advanced user equipment. It describes how CA works by aggregating multiple component carriers to provide bandwidths up to 100MHz. It also discusses the new requirements for cross isolation between transmit and receive bands of at least 50dB. Additionally, it covers various inter-band and intra-band challenges like higher peak-to-average power ratios, increased harmonic distortion, and intermodulation products. Finally, it presents different architectural options for implementing CA including separate antennas, switches, diplexers and multiplexers.
The document discusses key aspects of WiFi evolution including 802.11ac. It focuses on technical details related to improving throughput such as wider channels, higher order modulation, and beamforming. It also covers topics like MU-MIMO, VHT160, OFDM, DACs, linearity concerns, phase noise, and their impact on metrics like data rate, throughput, and WiFi performance.
A presentation on Wi-Fi6 or 802.11ax technology and RF design challenges. A 'black box' method to measure Error Vector Magnitude is also presented.
OFDMA, MU-MIMO, OFDM.
EVM Degradation in LTE systems by RF Filtering criterion123
This document discusses OFDM, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA techniques used in LTE. It explains that LTE uses OFDM for the downlink to transmit over multiple narrow subcarriers to overcome multipath fading. OFDMA is used to enable time-frequency scheduling by allocating users to subsets of subcarriers. SC-FDMA is used for the uplink instead of OFDMA to reduce high peak-to-average power ratios. Resource blocks, which are the smallest allocable units, occupy 180kHz frequency bandwidth and 0.5ms time slots. Filter selection impacts error vector magnitude, and filters should have wide bandwidth and stable frequency response even at high temperatures to avoid signal distortion near band edges
The ABCs of ADCs Understanding How ADC Errors Affect System Performancecriterion123
Dynamic range is an important consideration for digital receivers. A high dynamic range allows a receiver to capture both weak and strong signals. Digital variable gain amplifiers provide gain adjustment to keep signal levels constant at the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) input. Factors like modulation type, noise, distortion, and peak-to-average power ratio determine the required ADC dynamic range. Proper automatic gain control and oversampling can help improve dynamic range performance.
Challenges In Designing 5 GHz 802.11 ac WIFI Power Amplifierscriterion123
Designing 5 GHz 802.11ac WiFi power amplifiers presents several challenges: (1) meeting the stringent error vector magnitude (EVM) requirement of less than 1.8% due to higher order modulations, (2) ensuring stable performance during dynamic on/off operation while avoiding transients that degrade EVM, and (3) optimizing the power amplifier to achieve both high power-added efficiency and linearity over wide 80/160 MHz bandwidths at 5 GHz frequencies. Addressing these challenges requires careful design of the power amplifier, bias circuits, and matching networks.
This document provides an overview of GSM fundamentals and RF concepts. It discusses the basics of cellular telephony including frequency reuse, handovers, and multiple access methods. It then describes the key components of the GSM network architecture such as the mobile station, base station system, network switching system and databases. Specific topics covered include GSM channel architecture, call flows, planning steps and optimization techniques.
LTE carrier aggregation technology development and deployment worldwidecriterion123
Carrier aggregation (CA) allows the combination of multiple component carriers to increase bandwidth and throughput. CA can be intra-band, combining contiguous or non-contiguous carriers within a band, or inter-band, combining carriers across frequency bands. Inter-band CA provides more flexibility to utilize fragmented spectrum. The LTE standard defines a maximum of five component carriers for CA. CA improves downlink throughput by increasing bandwidth but may not always increase uplink throughput due to limitations of UE maximum power. Close frequency band CA and FDD-TDD CA require additional RF components to separate signal paths and prevent interference between bands.
This document discusses carrier aggregation (CA) and the challenges it poses for LTE Advanced user equipment. It describes how CA works by aggregating multiple component carriers to provide bandwidths up to 100MHz. It also discusses the new requirements for cross isolation between transmit and receive bands of at least 50dB. Additionally, it covers various inter-band and intra-band challenges like higher peak-to-average power ratios, increased harmonic distortion, and intermodulation products. Finally, it presents different architectural options for implementing CA including separate antennas, switches, diplexers and multiplexers.
The document discusses key aspects of WiFi evolution including 802.11ac. It focuses on technical details related to improving throughput such as wider channels, higher order modulation, and beamforming. It also covers topics like MU-MIMO, VHT160, OFDM, DACs, linearity concerns, phase noise, and their impact on metrics like data rate, throughput, and WiFi performance.
A presentation on Wi-Fi6 or 802.11ax technology and RF design challenges. A 'black box' method to measure Error Vector Magnitude is also presented.
OFDMA, MU-MIMO, OFDM.
EVM Degradation in LTE systems by RF Filtering criterion123
This document discusses OFDM, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA techniques used in LTE. It explains that LTE uses OFDM for the downlink to transmit over multiple narrow subcarriers to overcome multipath fading. OFDMA is used to enable time-frequency scheduling by allocating users to subsets of subcarriers. SC-FDMA is used for the uplink instead of OFDMA to reduce high peak-to-average power ratios. Resource blocks, which are the smallest allocable units, occupy 180kHz frequency bandwidth and 0.5ms time slots. Filter selection impacts error vector magnitude, and filters should have wide bandwidth and stable frequency response even at high temperatures to avoid signal distortion near band edges
The ABCs of ADCs Understanding How ADC Errors Affect System Performancecriterion123
Dynamic range is an important consideration for digital receivers. A high dynamic range allows a receiver to capture both weak and strong signals. Digital variable gain amplifiers provide gain adjustment to keep signal levels constant at the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) input. Factors like modulation type, noise, distortion, and peak-to-average power ratio determine the required ADC dynamic range. Proper automatic gain control and oversampling can help improve dynamic range performance.
Challenges In Designing 5 GHz 802.11 ac WIFI Power Amplifierscriterion123
Designing 5 GHz 802.11ac WiFi power amplifiers presents several challenges: (1) meeting the stringent error vector magnitude (EVM) requirement of less than 1.8% due to higher order modulations, (2) ensuring stable performance during dynamic on/off operation while avoiding transients that degrade EVM, and (3) optimizing the power amplifier to achieve both high power-added efficiency and linearity over wide 80/160 MHz bandwidths at 5 GHz frequencies. Addressing these challenges requires careful design of the power amplifier, bias circuits, and matching networks.
Introduction To Antenna Impedance Tuner And Aperture Switchcriterion123
This document discusses antenna tuning techniques for mobile devices. It describes two main antenna tuning methods: impedance tuning and aperture tuning. Impedance tuning optimizes power transfer between the RF front-end and antenna by adding a tunable matching network. Aperture tuning modifies the antenna structure and performance by integrating a switch to change the antenna's electrical length and resonance. The document provides examples of antenna tuners that use these techniques and discusses design considerations like losses to maximize performance.
The document discusses a WiFi spectrum emission mask issue where there are two spurs located 24 MHz above and below the carrier frequency. The issue is present at the transceiver output but disappears when an external power supply is used, indicating it is related to the transceiver power supply. The two spurs are spaced 48 MHz apart because the transceiver provides a 24 MHz clock output to the digital baseband IC using a 48 MHz crystal. The issue can be solved by modifying the layout to add more isolation between the power supply and 24 MHz clock signal and adding an RC filter to the clock signal.
This document outlines an RF fundamentals course taught in 3 modules. Module 1 covers basics of RF including frequency, amplitude, wavelength, phase, and polarization. It also discusses transmission line fundamentals. Module 2 discusses RF communication systems, modulation techniques, and RF design. Module 3 covers wireless technologies like Bluetooth, WiFi, and cellular standards. The course provides assignments on topics like wavelength calculation and transmission line speed calculation in different materials. It also explains dBm calculations and concepts like signal to noise ratio, gain and loss.
This document provides information about designing a microwave link between two sites in Pakistan for a semester project. It includes:
1) Details of the two sites and student information.
2) An introduction explaining microwave radio relay technology and how it is used to transmit signals over long distances using line-of-sight paths.
3) Technical explanations of key concepts in microwave communication systems like frequency, wavelength, free space loss, antenna gain, and how they relate to designing an optimal microwave link.
Microwave technology provides wireless transmission over medium distances using the microwave spectrum. It has advantages over wired systems in areas where cabling is not feasible. Microwaves propagate through free space and can be reflected, refracted, diffracted or scattered. Fading occurs due to multipath reflections and refractions. Fresnel zones must be clear for line of sight transmission. Technologies like space and frequency diversity and adaptive coding and modulation help mitigate fading. Microwave hardware consists of indoor and outdoor units connected by cables. Configurations include split mount, trunk mount and all outdoor. E-band millimeter wave uses higher frequencies for multi-gigabit links over short distances.
RF testing has remained hype for most of us. But seriously it is not so. It can be very interesting and one can develop a lot of interest in this if given an opportunity.
In this paper, authors have started with the some basic concepts of radio engineering which we studied in engineering and built upon these concepts to use in practical applications.
We have also described the basic principles of Signal Analyzer and Signal Generator which are the most common test tools used for any radio testing.
The document discusses DDR noise interference issues in cellular devices. It notes that DDR noise can desense channels near half the DDR clock frequency and that this noise can couple from the DDR chip to the baseband chip and then to RF components. It recommends using an LC filter near the baseband chip to mitigate this issue but notes the capacitor cannot be too large or it may degrade the sensitivity of wide bandwidth LTE signals by attenuating the I/Q signals.
Carrier aggregation (CA) is a technique that combines multiple LTE component carriers to support wider bandwidth signals, increase data rates, and improve network performance. Mobile carriers can use CA to boost speeds and capacity by aggregating spectrum from low, mid, and high frequency bands. CA allows downlink data rates to evolve to higher levels. Key challenges for implementing CA include ensuring sufficient downlink sensitivity, preventing harmonic generation interference, and providing adequate isolation between carrier components to avoid desense issues.
This document provides information about the Qualcomm S011 PAMiD module, including its applications, schematics, layout guidelines, and a comparison to the Avago AFEM-9040 PAMiD module. The S011 supports LTE, WCDMA, HSUPA bands 1-4 and carrier aggregation. Layout recommendations include separating it from other heat sources, using wide traces for power supplies, and adding vias for power and ground planes. While not pin compatible, the AFEM-9040 has a similar block diagram and footprint, requiring minor modifications for co-design.
This document contains 125 questions about GSM RF topics including general questions about GSM services and standards, channels and TDMA structure, radio propagation and antennas, handovers, modulation, drive testing procedures, GPRS and EDGE, GSM system architecture, and three case studies on tower propagation, cells with the same BCCH, and location area code sizing. The questions cover both conceptual and technical aspects of GSM radio frequency design and optimization.
The document summarizes the key components of a CDMA antenna and feeder system. The system comprises antennas, antenna jumpers, main feeders, lightning arresters, cabinet-top jumpers, and grounding parts. Antennas have electrical properties like frequency range, impedance, VSWR, polarization, and gain. They also have mechanical properties like dimensions, weight, operating temperature range, and lightning protection. Common antenna types include directional and omnidirectional antennas. The main feeder connects the antenna to other components and has specifications for material, maximum frequency, impedance, and bending radius. A GPS antenna feeder system is also included to capture clock signals for CDMA use.
IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE Handset Receiverscriterion123
This document discusses IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE handset receivers. It provides an overview of the LTE standard including that it uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. It then discusses that IIP2 requirements are challenging for modern receivers due to nonlinearities from simultaneous transmission and reception. The document outlines equations for calculating IIP2 requirements based on factors like transmitter power, duplexer isolation, and bandwidth. Meeting IIP2 requirements is important for achieving good receiver sensitivity without interference from second order intermodulation distortion.
A presentation on RF survey, showing how survey of a cell site is done, how a microwave link is established, and how to perform the LOS survey for clearing the obstacles in between the links
A Study On TX Leakage In 4G LTE Handset Terminalscriterion123
The document discusses duplexing and its impact on receiver sensitivity in cellular phones. It describes how frequency division duplexing uses separate sub-bands for simultaneous transmission and reception. Duplex filters are needed to separate the transmit and receive frequencies and prevent transmitter noise and power from desensitizing the receiver. Issues like poor duplexer isolation, non-50 ohm impedances, and improper layout can all allow transmit signal leakage and interference with the receiver sensitivity.
1) Adjacent band compatibility between GSM and CDMA networks was examined, specifically interference scenarios when CDMA networks operate in bands adjacent to GSM bands.
2) Two methodologies - Minimum Coupling Loss and Monte Carlo theory - were used to determine interference levels. A case study deploying CDMA in the 900MHz band adjacent to GSM was presented.
3) Potential interference scenarios included blocking, spurious emissions, and intermodulation distortion. Mitigation factors like physical separation, frequency separation, filtering, and frequency planning were discussed.
The document discusses receiver architecture and design requirements. It covers:
1. The receiver must provide high gain of 100dB while spread across RF, IF, and baseband stages to avoid instability. It must also be sensitive to weak signals down to -110dBm and reject strong adjacent channels.
2. A superheterodyne receiver is most common as it allows for sharper filters at IF to improve selectivity. Downconverting to IF also eases image filtering requirements.
3. Automatic gain control is needed to adjust the receiver gain over a wide range of input signal levels and fit them into the baseband processing range. It helps prevent compression from strong signals exceeding the 1dB compression point.
Multiplexing is a technique where multiple users can use the same medium simultaneously with minimal interference. There are four main types of multiplexing: space division, frequency division, time division, and code division.
Time division multiplexing involves all senders using the same frequency but transmitting at different time intervals with guard spaces between transmissions to avoid interference. Precise synchronization is required between users.
Frequency shift keying and phase shift keying are digital modulation techniques used to convert digital data to analog signals for transmission. In frequency shift keying, two different frequencies represent binary 1 and 0, while in phase shift keying a 180 degree phase shift represents a change between 1 and 0.
This document discusses several common radio frequency interference (RFI) and desense issues encountered in mobile devices and potential solutions. Issues covered include DDR memory clock desense, transceiver noise coupling, switching regulator noise radiating and coupling to antennas, LCD and touchscreen driver noise, and interference from USB, HDMI and other ports radiating or coupling to antennas. Solutions proposed involve modifying clock frequencies, adding decoupling capacitors, improving shielding and isolation between components, modifying circuit board layouts, and adding EMI filters.
Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design of Wireless NetworksCisco Mobility
The document discusses an advanced session that focuses on understanding radio frequency fundamentals and design of wireless networks, covering topics like 802.11 radio hardware, antenna basics, interpreting antenna patterns, distributed antenna systems, survey tools, and lessons learned from challenging wireless deployments in various environments. The session aims to provide a deep-dive understanding of the radio frequency aspects of wireless LAN design and deployment that are often overlooked. Certain topics related to security, density, location services, and management will not be covered in this session.
This document discusses the interference problems that can occur between 850 MHz and 900 MHz networks when deployed in the same area. It focuses specifically on out-of-band emissions from 850 MHz base transceiver stations entering the 900 MHz uplink band. Through a link budget analysis using typical deployment assumptions, it determines the required attenuation of filters needed at various site-to-site distances and antenna isolation levels to reduce interference below sensitivity degradation thresholds. The analysis finds that filtering is necessary, as interference levels without it exceed permissible levels and could degrade coverage up to 6%. The exact attenuation required depends on several network parameters.
Field trial with a gsmdcs1800 smart antenna base station marwaeng
The document summarizes the results of field trials conducted with a smart antenna base station equipped with an adaptive antenna array processor. Key findings include:
1) Measurements in a static line-of-sight scenario demonstrated the potential to suppress interference by 25dB.
2) Field measurements in a microcell setup confirmed the system's ability to track mobiles even in multipath environments.
3) In non-line-of-sight situations an average signal-to-noise gain of 7.4dB was achieved, increasing to 8.3dB in line-of-sight environments.
4) Angular diversity provided an additional 5.8dB diversity gain at a 1% bit-error ratio
Introduction To Antenna Impedance Tuner And Aperture Switchcriterion123
This document discusses antenna tuning techniques for mobile devices. It describes two main antenna tuning methods: impedance tuning and aperture tuning. Impedance tuning optimizes power transfer between the RF front-end and antenna by adding a tunable matching network. Aperture tuning modifies the antenna structure and performance by integrating a switch to change the antenna's electrical length and resonance. The document provides examples of antenna tuners that use these techniques and discusses design considerations like losses to maximize performance.
The document discusses a WiFi spectrum emission mask issue where there are two spurs located 24 MHz above and below the carrier frequency. The issue is present at the transceiver output but disappears when an external power supply is used, indicating it is related to the transceiver power supply. The two spurs are spaced 48 MHz apart because the transceiver provides a 24 MHz clock output to the digital baseband IC using a 48 MHz crystal. The issue can be solved by modifying the layout to add more isolation between the power supply and 24 MHz clock signal and adding an RC filter to the clock signal.
This document outlines an RF fundamentals course taught in 3 modules. Module 1 covers basics of RF including frequency, amplitude, wavelength, phase, and polarization. It also discusses transmission line fundamentals. Module 2 discusses RF communication systems, modulation techniques, and RF design. Module 3 covers wireless technologies like Bluetooth, WiFi, and cellular standards. The course provides assignments on topics like wavelength calculation and transmission line speed calculation in different materials. It also explains dBm calculations and concepts like signal to noise ratio, gain and loss.
This document provides information about designing a microwave link between two sites in Pakistan for a semester project. It includes:
1) Details of the two sites and student information.
2) An introduction explaining microwave radio relay technology and how it is used to transmit signals over long distances using line-of-sight paths.
3) Technical explanations of key concepts in microwave communication systems like frequency, wavelength, free space loss, antenna gain, and how they relate to designing an optimal microwave link.
Microwave technology provides wireless transmission over medium distances using the microwave spectrum. It has advantages over wired systems in areas where cabling is not feasible. Microwaves propagate through free space and can be reflected, refracted, diffracted or scattered. Fading occurs due to multipath reflections and refractions. Fresnel zones must be clear for line of sight transmission. Technologies like space and frequency diversity and adaptive coding and modulation help mitigate fading. Microwave hardware consists of indoor and outdoor units connected by cables. Configurations include split mount, trunk mount and all outdoor. E-band millimeter wave uses higher frequencies for multi-gigabit links over short distances.
RF testing has remained hype for most of us. But seriously it is not so. It can be very interesting and one can develop a lot of interest in this if given an opportunity.
In this paper, authors have started with the some basic concepts of radio engineering which we studied in engineering and built upon these concepts to use in practical applications.
We have also described the basic principles of Signal Analyzer and Signal Generator which are the most common test tools used for any radio testing.
The document discusses DDR noise interference issues in cellular devices. It notes that DDR noise can desense channels near half the DDR clock frequency and that this noise can couple from the DDR chip to the baseband chip and then to RF components. It recommends using an LC filter near the baseband chip to mitigate this issue but notes the capacitor cannot be too large or it may degrade the sensitivity of wide bandwidth LTE signals by attenuating the I/Q signals.
Carrier aggregation (CA) is a technique that combines multiple LTE component carriers to support wider bandwidth signals, increase data rates, and improve network performance. Mobile carriers can use CA to boost speeds and capacity by aggregating spectrum from low, mid, and high frequency bands. CA allows downlink data rates to evolve to higher levels. Key challenges for implementing CA include ensuring sufficient downlink sensitivity, preventing harmonic generation interference, and providing adequate isolation between carrier components to avoid desense issues.
This document provides information about the Qualcomm S011 PAMiD module, including its applications, schematics, layout guidelines, and a comparison to the Avago AFEM-9040 PAMiD module. The S011 supports LTE, WCDMA, HSUPA bands 1-4 and carrier aggregation. Layout recommendations include separating it from other heat sources, using wide traces for power supplies, and adding vias for power and ground planes. While not pin compatible, the AFEM-9040 has a similar block diagram and footprint, requiring minor modifications for co-design.
This document contains 125 questions about GSM RF topics including general questions about GSM services and standards, channels and TDMA structure, radio propagation and antennas, handovers, modulation, drive testing procedures, GPRS and EDGE, GSM system architecture, and three case studies on tower propagation, cells with the same BCCH, and location area code sizing. The questions cover both conceptual and technical aspects of GSM radio frequency design and optimization.
The document summarizes the key components of a CDMA antenna and feeder system. The system comprises antennas, antenna jumpers, main feeders, lightning arresters, cabinet-top jumpers, and grounding parts. Antennas have electrical properties like frequency range, impedance, VSWR, polarization, and gain. They also have mechanical properties like dimensions, weight, operating temperature range, and lightning protection. Common antenna types include directional and omnidirectional antennas. The main feeder connects the antenna to other components and has specifications for material, maximum frequency, impedance, and bending radius. A GPS antenna feeder system is also included to capture clock signals for CDMA use.
IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE Handset Receiverscriterion123
This document discusses IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE handset receivers. It provides an overview of the LTE standard including that it uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. It then discusses that IIP2 requirements are challenging for modern receivers due to nonlinearities from simultaneous transmission and reception. The document outlines equations for calculating IIP2 requirements based on factors like transmitter power, duplexer isolation, and bandwidth. Meeting IIP2 requirements is important for achieving good receiver sensitivity without interference from second order intermodulation distortion.
A presentation on RF survey, showing how survey of a cell site is done, how a microwave link is established, and how to perform the LOS survey for clearing the obstacles in between the links
A Study On TX Leakage In 4G LTE Handset Terminalscriterion123
The document discusses duplexing and its impact on receiver sensitivity in cellular phones. It describes how frequency division duplexing uses separate sub-bands for simultaneous transmission and reception. Duplex filters are needed to separate the transmit and receive frequencies and prevent transmitter noise and power from desensitizing the receiver. Issues like poor duplexer isolation, non-50 ohm impedances, and improper layout can all allow transmit signal leakage and interference with the receiver sensitivity.
1) Adjacent band compatibility between GSM and CDMA networks was examined, specifically interference scenarios when CDMA networks operate in bands adjacent to GSM bands.
2) Two methodologies - Minimum Coupling Loss and Monte Carlo theory - were used to determine interference levels. A case study deploying CDMA in the 900MHz band adjacent to GSM was presented.
3) Potential interference scenarios included blocking, spurious emissions, and intermodulation distortion. Mitigation factors like physical separation, frequency separation, filtering, and frequency planning were discussed.
The document discusses receiver architecture and design requirements. It covers:
1. The receiver must provide high gain of 100dB while spread across RF, IF, and baseband stages to avoid instability. It must also be sensitive to weak signals down to -110dBm and reject strong adjacent channels.
2. A superheterodyne receiver is most common as it allows for sharper filters at IF to improve selectivity. Downconverting to IF also eases image filtering requirements.
3. Automatic gain control is needed to adjust the receiver gain over a wide range of input signal levels and fit them into the baseband processing range. It helps prevent compression from strong signals exceeding the 1dB compression point.
Multiplexing is a technique where multiple users can use the same medium simultaneously with minimal interference. There are four main types of multiplexing: space division, frequency division, time division, and code division.
Time division multiplexing involves all senders using the same frequency but transmitting at different time intervals with guard spaces between transmissions to avoid interference. Precise synchronization is required between users.
Frequency shift keying and phase shift keying are digital modulation techniques used to convert digital data to analog signals for transmission. In frequency shift keying, two different frequencies represent binary 1 and 0, while in phase shift keying a 180 degree phase shift represents a change between 1 and 0.
This document discusses several common radio frequency interference (RFI) and desense issues encountered in mobile devices and potential solutions. Issues covered include DDR memory clock desense, transceiver noise coupling, switching regulator noise radiating and coupling to antennas, LCD and touchscreen driver noise, and interference from USB, HDMI and other ports radiating or coupling to antennas. Solutions proposed involve modifying clock frequencies, adding decoupling capacitors, improving shielding and isolation between components, modifying circuit board layouts, and adding EMI filters.
Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design of Wireless NetworksCisco Mobility
The document discusses an advanced session that focuses on understanding radio frequency fundamentals and design of wireless networks, covering topics like 802.11 radio hardware, antenna basics, interpreting antenna patterns, distributed antenna systems, survey tools, and lessons learned from challenging wireless deployments in various environments. The session aims to provide a deep-dive understanding of the radio frequency aspects of wireless LAN design and deployment that are often overlooked. Certain topics related to security, density, location services, and management will not be covered in this session.
This document discusses the interference problems that can occur between 850 MHz and 900 MHz networks when deployed in the same area. It focuses specifically on out-of-band emissions from 850 MHz base transceiver stations entering the 900 MHz uplink band. Through a link budget analysis using typical deployment assumptions, it determines the required attenuation of filters needed at various site-to-site distances and antenna isolation levels to reduce interference below sensitivity degradation thresholds. The analysis finds that filtering is necessary, as interference levels without it exceed permissible levels and could degrade coverage up to 6%. The exact attenuation required depends on several network parameters.
Field trial with a gsmdcs1800 smart antenna base station marwaeng
The document summarizes the results of field trials conducted with a smart antenna base station equipped with an adaptive antenna array processor. Key findings include:
1) Measurements in a static line-of-sight scenario demonstrated the potential to suppress interference by 25dB.
2) Field measurements in a microcell setup confirmed the system's ability to track mobiles even in multipath environments.
3) In non-line-of-sight situations an average signal-to-noise gain of 7.4dB was achieved, increasing to 8.3dB in line-of-sight environments.
4) Angular diversity provided an additional 5.8dB diversity gain at a 1% bit-error ratio
The document discusses planning requirements for mobile telephone networks including providing capacity and frequency efficiency while maintaining low cost and high quality of service. It then summarizes key factors to consider in network planning such as frequency spectrum allocation, traffic capacity calculations, propagation effects, frequency reuse patterns, and overcoming adverse propagation conditions. Planning tools are discussed that can model signal strength across cells to aid in the planning process.
This document discusses coordination of fixed and mobile radio services along borders between countries to prevent harmful interference. It covers:
- The goals, types, and steps of coordination, including identifying the need based on interference calculations or measurements.
- General coordination criteria like maximum field strengths, coordination distances, and coordination areas.
- Examples of coordination criteria and approaches for land mobile and fixed services, including permissible interference levels, preferential frequencies, and coordination of individual stations.
- Reference documents providing further guidance on coordination calculations, agreements, and procedures.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for performing a basic link budget analysis of a wireless communication system. It discusses factors that influence wireless link performance such as available RF power, bandwidth, required reliability, range and the effects of path loss, multipath and fade margin. It also provides context on spread spectrum techniques and describes the PRISM wireless LAN chipset and its use of DPSK modulation. Examples are given to demonstrate how varying range, data rate and modulation impact system requirements.
A Miniature L-slot Microstrip Printed Antenna for RFIDTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a miniature microstrip antenna at 2.45 GHz by using the slots technique. This microstrip antenna is fed by a CPW technique and designed for RFID reader system on FR4 substrate. A size reduction equal to 66.6% has been obtained compared to the conventional rectangular microstrip antenna. The total area of the final circuit is 19x31 mm2. The validated antenna has good matching input impedance with a stable radiation pattern, a loss return of -40 dB, and a gain of 1.78 dBi, a prototype of the proposed antenna has been fabricated and measured.
Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink ...ijtsrd
This paper analyses the Carrier to Interference Ratio CIR and path Loss PL variation in downlink 3G FDD-UMTS mobile system. The evaluation was taken in urban, suburban and rural environments. Also, frequency band of 2110 Hz is used in this work. The received CIR analysis is based on comparative study of seven Path Loss propagation models COST- 231 Hata, COST-231 WIM Walfisch-Ikegami Model , SUI Stanford University Interim , FSM Free Space Model , PSM Standard propagation model , Ecricsson and ECC33 Electronic Communication Committee . Simulation results show that SUI and SPM models showed the lowest Path Loss for all environments. Also, we can show that received CIR is affected not only by the geometry of the UMTS base station location but also by the number of users presented in each cell. Mohamed Bechir DADI "Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink of 3G Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21497.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/21497/performance-analysis-of-cir-and-path-loss-propagation-models-in-the-downlink-of-3g-systems/mohamed-bechir-dadi
A Compact Multiple Band-Notched Planer Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth Using ...Radita Apriana
UWB antenna with dual notched characteristics fed by microstrip transmission line is presented in
this paper. The tapered connection between the rectangular patch and the feed line is used to produce a
good impedance matching from 2.3 to 11.5 GHz. A dual band frequency notches are achieved using UDGS
loaded with lumped capacitors. The first notch frequency band is achieved using DGS to reduce the
interference with WIMAX from 3.3 to 3.7 Ghz. The second notch frequency band is also achieved using Uparasitic
strip placed in the ground plan to eliminate the interference with WLAN from 5.2 to 5.9 GHz.
Lumped capacitors are combined with the slot due to miniaturize the slot size. The size of the resonator is
reduced by more than 40% when lumped capacitors are used. The proposed antenna hasVSWR < 2
except the notched bands. The simulated results confirm that the antenna is suitable for UWB applications.
This presentation demonstrate:
- Different RF receiver architectures.
- Basics of Multi-Standard receivers.
- How to select receiver's specifications from the selected standard.
- Subsampling basics.
Semi-circular compact CPW-fed antenna for ultra-wideband applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a simple structure and small size antenna design with dimensions of 43×47 mm2 to perform an ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range using a semicircular co-planar waveguide (CPW). This antenna has been designed and simulated by the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio suit. In this work, we design an ultra-wideband antenna (about 2 GHz to 10 GHz) by feeding a semi-circular compact antenna via a co-planar waveguide for input impedance of 50 Ω. The CST simulation results show that our designed antenna has a very good impedance and radiation characteristic within the intended ultra-wideband. Because of the small size and the suitable shape, this antenna can be used in many wireless communication applications, such as a radio frequency identifier (RFID), indoor wireless local area network or wireless fidelity (WiFi), internet of things (IoT), millimeter waves communications (mmWave), global positioning system (GPS), and many applications of 6G systems.
The impact of intermodulation interference in superimposed 2 g and 3gPrecious Kamoto
This document discusses intermodulation interference between 2G and 3G wireless networks operating in the same geographic areas. It investigates how signals from GSM base stations can cause intermodulation interference that degrades the quality of service of UMTS networks. The document proposes a new frequency planning strategy to optimize the QoS of 3G networks in an environment where 2G and 3G systems coexist and can interfere with each other.
Comparison of the link budget with experimental performance of a wi max systemPfedya
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Frequency coordination between umts and gsm systems at 900 m hz
1. Frequency Coordination Between UMTS and GSM Systems at 900 MHz
Vieri Vanghi, Mustafa Saglam, and Jiang Jindi
QUALCOMM Incorporated
5775 Morehouse Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
E-mail: vvanghi@qualcomm.com, msaglam@qualcomm.com
Huawei Technologies Co., LTD
Huawei Industrial Base, Bantian Longgang Shenzhen, 518129 P.R.China
Email:jjdi@huawei.com
Abstract – UTRA-FDD requirements for operation in the
900 MHz band have been recently standardized in 3GPP
paving the way for refarming of GSM spectrum to UMTS.
UMTS900 networks will have to co-exist with GSM900
networks for some time. 3GPP [1] has studied co-existence
issues and has concluded that GSM900 and UMTS900 can
co-exist in both coordinated and un-coordinated
deployments in which the UMTS900 carrier is allocated 5
MHz in addition to a guard-band equal to 1 GSM channel
(200 KHz) on each side. However, in some deployments the
operator may not have sufficient available GSM spectrum to
allow the GSM traffic to be offloaded from the spectrum
allocated to UMTS900 to the remaining GSM spectrum.
Hence of interest is to assess system performance under
much more stringent spectrum clearing assumptions. Here
we characterize transmitter and receiver performance based
on lab tests conducted on commercial equipment, both
UMTS900 and GSM900 terminals and base stations. From
such measurements we assess the impact of mutual
interference, GSM MS with UMTS NodeB and UMTS UE
with GSM BTS, on receiver performance as a function of
frequency offset and coupling loss between interfering
transmitter and offended receiver. We show that the limiting
factor is the interference caused by the GSM MS to the
UMTS Node B, and that as little as 4.2 MHz of GSM
spectrum can be cleared and allocated to one UMTS carrier
with satisfactory system performance.
1 Introduction
UMTS900 combines the benefits of WCDMA with better
propagation advantage at lower carrier frequency.
UMTS900 offers CAPEX gains (less number of NodeBs) in
rural morphologies and better in building penetration in
urban morphologies compared to UMTS2100. UMTS900
and GSM900 are expected to co-exist in Band VIII. The
deployments can be in coordinated or uncoordinated mode.
Coordinated operation requires one-to-one overlay of
UMTS900 NodeBs with GSM900 BTSs. The locations of
two technologies’ sites are non-collocated in uncoordinated
operation. [1] and [6] recommend conservative carrier to
carrier separation: 2.6 MHz for coordinated operation, 2.8
MHz for uncoordinated operation.
This paper studies the required guard band between
UMTS900 and GSM900 in coordinated and uncoordinated
operation using lab test measurements with commercial
GSM BTS, UMTS NodeB and dual mode handset. Section
2 describes the transmitter and receiver characteristics and
explains the calculation of adjacent channel interference
rejection (ACIR) using the sensitivity degradation
measurements in the lab. Section 3 presents how the
sensitivity of victim receiver is degraded based in the
interferer strength and coupling loss between the interferer
and the victim. Mutual interference between GSM MS and
UMTS Node B and mutual interference between UMTS UE
and GSM BTS are studied. Conclusions are summarized in
Section 4.
2 Transmitter and Receiver
Characteristics
Mobile station and base station receivers can tolerate only a
certain level of adjacent channel interference without
suffering significant performance degradation. The
proximity in frequency and space with which UMTS and
GSM channels can be located depend mainly on the network
design, and on the transmitter/receiver design. In particular,
of interest are the out-of-band emissions (OOBE) of the
transmitter and the adjacent channel selectivity of the
receiver. The transmit spectrum is affected by the baseband
FIR filters, up conversion to the desired carrier frequency
and amplification. The amplifier non-linearity causes inter-
modulation effects, resulting in the transmit signal energy to
spill into the adjacent channels. At the receiver, filtering is
used to selectively suppress out-of-band interference.
Typically, SAW filters are used at the first stage of filtering
because they introduce negligible amount of distortion.
Following stages of filtering with good close-in properties
further suppress residual interference before it can make its
way into the AGC and then into the ADC of the receiver.
Transmit and receive filters on the uplink (mobile station
interfering with base station) and downlink (base station
interfering with mobile station) determine the system
adjacent channel interference rejection (ACIR), defined in
[3] as the ratio of the total power transmitted from a source
(base or mobile station) to the total interference power
affecting a victim receiver, resulting from both transmitter
and receiver imperfections. In [1], the ACIR is computed as
1
1 1
ACIR
ACLR ACS
=
+
(1).
where ACLR stands for adjacent channel leakage ratio [4],
and ACS for adjacent channel selectivity [5]. The ACLR is
the ratio of power in the adjacent channel to the power in
2. the assigned channel. The ACS is the ratio of the receive
filter attenuation on the assigned channel frequency to the
receive filter attenuation on the adjacent channels.
Now notice that Eq.(1) represents only a crude
approximation, as ACLR and ACS give only partial
information on transmitter OOBE and receiver frequency
response. Hereafter we then seek an accurate method to
estimate system ACIR based on lab measurements
conducted on commercial UMTS900 and GSM900 base
stations and terminals.
2.1 ACIR Estimation
The ACIR can also be seen as the attenuation L that the
adjacent channel interference at frequency offset ∆f
undergoes while making its way through the receiver filter
chain. L(∆f) can then be estimated by measuring the
sensitivity loss caused by an adjacent channel interfering
signal of know power level. Consider a receiver with noise
figure F. The sensitivity of such receiver can be measured as
the required signal power S received at the antenna
connector that results in a certain performance, say a bit
error rate (BER) equal to 0.1%. We can introduce a known
amount of adjacent channel interference J at the receiver
antenna connector and measure the effect of receiver
sensitivity, which is now S*. We then have that
( )
*
o
o
S S
JN W F N W F
L f
=
⋅ ⋅ +
∆
(2),
Where NoW is the thermal noise power in the receiver
bandwidth W. Solving for L(∆f) in dB we obtain
( )
*
10 10 1
o
J S
L f Log Log
N W F S
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
∆ = − −⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⋅ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
(3).
The following commercial equipment was used: Huawei
UMTS900 NodeB, GSM900 BTS, and QUALCOMM dual-
mode test mobile TM6280. For the downlink, measurements
were taken on several different terminals to account for
handset component variability. Results are summarized in
the tables below.
Table 1 UMTS NodeB sensitivity loss due to adjacent
channel GMSK interference
∆f 2.8 MHz 2.6 MHz 2.4 MHz 2.2 MHz
S
S *
dB
J [dBm]
10 -23 -23 -53 -61
Table 2 UMTS UE sensitivity loss due to adjacent
channel GMSK interference
∆f 2.8 MHz 2.4 MHz 2.3 MHz 2.2 MHz
S
S *
dB
J [dBm]
10 -27 -46 -55 -65
Table 3 GSM BTS sensitivity loss due to adjacent
channel WCDMA interference
∆f 2.8 MHz 2.6MHz 2.4 MHz 2.2 MHz
S
S *
dB
J [dBm]
3 -43 -43.7 -69.1 -93.3
Table 4 GSM MS sensitivity loss due to adjacent channel
WCDMA interference
∆f 2.8 MHz 2.4 MHz 2.3 MHz 2.2 MHz
S
S *
dB
J [dBm]
4 -37 -51 -70 -80
One can notice that both NodeB and UE under test exceeded
by several dB the minimum narrow band blocking
performance requirements set forth in [4] and [5]. For
example, in [5] the UMTS NodeB suffers a sensitivity
degradation of 6 dB (useful signal level increases from -121
to -115 dBm) in the presence of a GMSK interfering signal
at -47 dBm and 2.8 MHz frequency offset. However from
Table 1 one can notice that in same conditions the
interference level at the UMTS NodeB is -23 dBm, thus
exceeding by 24 dB the minimum performance
specification. Similarly, it can be seen that the UMTS UE
exceeds by 29 dB the narrow band blocking requirements in
[4].
Using Eq.(3) one can then estimate uplink and downlink
ACIR. The GSM MS, UMTS UE, GSM BTS and UMTS
NodeB receiver noise figures are 9 dB, 8 dB, 3dB and
2.1dB, respectively. Results are plotted in Figure 1.
3. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8
Fr quency of f set ( MHz)
ACIR(dB)
UMTS Upl i nk
GSM Upl i nk
UMTS Downl i nk
GSM Downl i nk
Figure 1 Estimated ACIR
Now that the ACIR is known, we can investigate impact of
adjacent channel interference on system performance.
3 Mutual Interference and Noise Figure
Degradation
In [1] and [2], network capacity loss is estimated as a
function of ACIR by means of computer simulations. In
addition to the impact on capacity, it is also of interest to
assess impact of adjacent channel interference on the quality
of service of individual users. With that in mind, we now
estimate the receiver noise figure degradation of a receiver
due to an adjacent channel interferer transmitting at power
TxP and frequency offset ∆f. Let pL be the coupling loss
between transmitter and receiver. The receiver noise floor
will increase by an amount proportional to the interferer
transmit power, and inversely proportional to the coupling
loss and the ACIR. This is represented by the left hand side
of Eq.(4). Rearranging terms we obtain the expression
within brackets in Eq.(4) which represents the receiver
effective noise figure
*
F .
( )
( )
0
*
0 0
0
Tx
p
Tx
p
P
N W F
L L f
P
N W F N W F
N W L L f
⋅ + =
⋅ ∆
⎛ ⎞
= + = ⋅⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⋅ ⋅ ∆⎝ ⎠
(4).
The receiver noise figure degradation is then
( )
*
0
1 Tx
p
PF
F N W F L L f
= +
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ∆
(5).
Noise figure degradation is equivalent to sensitivity
degradation,so sensitivity degradation is also equal to:
)(
1
*
0 fLLFWN
P
S
S
p
Tx
∆⋅⋅⋅
+= (6).
Numerical results obtained by applying Eq.(5)-(6) to the
scenarios of interest are presented hereafter.
In downlink, we use max allowed sensitivity degradation to
evaluate if the actual sensitivity degradation is acceptable.
We can get the max allowed sensitivity degradation is:
SL
P
S
S
p
Tx
AllowedMax
⋅
′
=
*
. (7)
where TxP′ is the transmitting power of BTS or NodeB of
victim system. It can be assumed that downlink coverage is
not impacted if the sensitivity degradation is less than
SL
P
p
Tx
⋅
′
,but downlink capacity is degraded. One shall
remember that the max allowed sensitivity degradation
defined in Eq (7) is rough estimation and doesn’t consider
the head room for power control.
3.1 Mutual Interference between GSM MS and
UMTS NodeB
We now consider the mutual interference between GSM MS
and UMTS NodeB. We consider two operation modes:
Coordinated operation and uncoordinated operation.
Uncoordinated operation, here, assumes site layout of GSM
sites at the cell edge of UMTS sites as defined in [1].
1、 Coordinated Operation
In this scenario, the minimum TX power of GSM MS is
5dBm and the maximum power is 33dBm because of power
control. MS TX power is determined by coupling loss
between NodeB and MS. MS transmitting power
is: )33),,5(( dBmSLdBmMaxMinP pTx += , where pL is
the coupling loss and S is the sensitivity of GSM BTS. The
NodeB sensitivity degradation in different coupling loss is
shown in Figure 2. We can find that UMTS NodeB noise
floor will increase about 1.7 dB when coupling loss is equal
to 80dB and frequency offset is 2.2 MHz, which will result
in increase UE transmit power and impact UL coverage. In
scenarios where coverage is not a limiting factor, 2.2MHz
offset can give satisfactory performance. If frequency offset
is 2.4MHz, the sensitivity degradation is less than 0.2dB
when coupling loss is 80dB. So the interference to UMTS
Node B is negligible when frequency offset is 2.4 MHz.
Here, it is assumed GSM MS transmits at all eight time slots.
In practice, a user occupies only one slot. The effective
interference to UMTS Node B is decreased by 9 dB in this
case and the UMTS900 sensitivity degradation is only 0.2
dB at 2.2 MHz offset.
We assume NodeB transmit at full power, i.e. 43dBm when
consider UMTS NodeB interference GSM MS. GSM MS
sensitivity degradation and the allowed sensitivity
degradation are showed in Figure 3. We can find that GSM
MS allowed sensitivity degradation is always larger than
4. actual sensitivity degradation about 20 dB. The delta is large
enough to cover the power control head room in downlink.
So, the NodeB interference to GSM MS can be tolerated in
coordinated operation when frequency offset is 2.2MHz.
2、 Uncoordinated Operation
In uncoordinated operation, we assume the worst case
scenario in which GSM MS and UMTS NodeB transmit at
full power, i.e., 33 dBm and 43 dBm, respectively.
Sensitivity degradation vs. coupling loss is shown in Figure
4 and Figure 5. The minimum coupling loss (MCL) between
UMTS NodeB and GSM MS is assumed to be 80dB.
From Figure 4, we can find that the sensitivity degradation
of UMTS NodeB is less than 0.2dB, which is obviously
acceptable, when coupling loss is 80 dB and frequency
offset is 2.6 MHz.
We can find from Figure 5 that the GSM MS allowed max
sensitivity degradation is always larger than the actual
sensitivity degradation. The max allowed sensitivity
degradation is calculated by assuming maximum coupling
loss of 120 dB. So GSM MS can tolerate the adjacent
inference from UMTS NodeB in uncoordinated operation
scenario when frequency offset is 2.6 MHz.
3.2 Mutual interference between UMTS UE and
GSM BTS
Similar to GSM MS-UMTS NodeB mutual interference
case, two operation modes are considered: Coordinated
operation and uncoordinated operation.
1、 Coordinated Operation
The minimum TX power of UMTS UE is -50dBm and the
maximum power is 21dBm. UMTS UE TX power is
determined by coupling loss between GSM BTS and UMTS
UE. UMTS UE transmitting power
is: )21),,50(( SLdBmMaxMinP pTx +−= , where pL is
the coupling loss and S is the sensitivity of UMTS Node B.
The GSM BTS sensitivity degradation for different coupling
loss values is in Figure 2. We can find from Figure 2 that
there is no interference impact from UMTS UE to GSM
uplink with 2.2 MHz frequency offset.
Maximum GSM BTS power, i.e. 43dBm, is assumed when
assessing the impact of GSM BTS interference to UMTS
UE. Figure 3 shows the max allowed sensitivity degradation
and the actual UMTS UE sensitivity degradation. As can be
seen in Figure 3, the max allowed sensitivity degradation is
always larger than the actual value by around 25 dB. . The
delta is large enough to cover the power control head room
in downlink. So it can be concluded that the interference
from GSM BTS to UMTS UE doesn’t impact the UMTS
quality in coordinated operation when frequency offset is
2.2MHz.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
Coupling Loss [dB]
SensitivityLoss[dB]
UMTS NodeB sensitivity degradation
GSM BTS sensitivity degradation
Figure 2 UMTS NodeB and GSM BTS sensitivity
degradation vs. coupling loss in coordinated operation
(Frequency offset 2.2MHz)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
Coupling loss [dB]
Sensitivityloss[dB]
GSM downlink max allowed
sensitivity degradation
UMTS downlink max allowed
sensitivity degradation
GSM MS sensitivity
degradation
UMTS UE sensitivity
degradation
Figure 3 UMTS UE and GSM MS sensitivity
degradation vs. coupling loss in coordinated operation
(Frequency offset 2.2MHz)
2、 Uncoordinated Operation
In uncoordinated operation, we assume the worst case
scenario in which UMTS UE and GSM BTS transmit at full
power, i.e., 21 dBm and 43 dBm, respectively. The MCL
between GSM BTS and UMTS UE is 80dB and the
sensitivity degradation vs. coupling loss is showed in Figure
4 and Figure 5.
From Figure 4, we can find GSM BTS noise floor will
increase less than 0.2dB due to the interference from UMTS
UE. This is evidently negligible.
We can also find from Figure 5 that the UMTS UE allowed
max sensitivity degradation is always larger than UMTS UE
actual sensitivity degradation. Maximum coupling loss of
120 dB is assumed when calculating allowed max
sensitivity degradation. So UMTS UE can tolerate the
adjacent channel inference from GSM BTS in
uncoordinated operation scenario at 2.6 MHz frequency
offset.
5. 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
Coupling Loss [dB]
SensitivityLoss[dB]
UMTS NodeB sensitivity degradation
GSM BTS sensitivity degradation
Figure 4 UMTS NodeB and GSM BTS sensitivity
degradation vs. coupling loss in uncoordinated operation
(Frequency offset 2.6MHz)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
Coupling Loss [dB]
SensitivityLoss[dB]
GSM downlink max allowed
sensitivity degradation
UMTS downlink max allowed
sensitivity degradation
GSM MS sensitivity degradation
UMTS UE sensitivity
degradation
Figure 5 UMTS UE and GSM MS noise degradation vs
coupling loss in coordinated operation (Frequency offset
2.6MHz)
4 Conclusions
Findings can be summarized in Table 5.
Table 5 Sensitivity Degradation Summary
Frequency Offset 2.2MHz 2.6MHz
Scenario Coordinated Uncoordinated
UMTS NodeB NF
Degradation
≤1.7 dB ≤0.2 dB
GSM BTS NF
Degradation
0dB ≤0.1
UMTS UE NF
Degradation
Less than max
allowed by
~25dB
Less than max
allowed
GSM BTS NF
Degradation
Less than max
allowed by
~20dB
Less than max
allowed
From [1],we can find the average UMTS uplink capacity
loss less than 5% when frequency offset is 2.2MHz
(ACIR=34.5dB)and downlink capacity loss less than
1.5%(ACIR=25.5dB) in rural area with cell range of 5000 m
in coordinated operation. The UMTS capacity loss and
GSM outage degradation are all less than 1% when
frequency offset is 2.6MHz (all ACIR larger than 55dB
from Figure 1) in uncoordinated operation.
From above description, we can get the following
conclusion:
! In coordinated deployment,2.2MHz frequency offset
from UMTS center can be satisfied for requirement
when the operator can tolerate slight capacity and
coverage loss (i.e. UMTS900 carrier is allocated 4.2
MHz).
! In coordinated deployment, when the operator has
enough frequency resource or cannot tolerate about
1.7dB UMTS uplink sensitivity degradation and about
5% UMTS uplink capacity loss, 2.4MHz carrier
separation is needed (i.e. UMTS900 carrier is allocated
4.6 MHz).
! In uncoordinated deployment , 2.6MHz frequency
offset satisfies the capacity and coverage requirements
(i.e. UMTS900 carrier is allocated 5.0 MHz).
5 References
[1] 3GPP TR25.816, “UMTS900 Work Item Technical report”, 2005.
[2] S. Soliman, C. Weathley, “Frequency Coordination Between
CDMA and Non-CDMA Systems”, xxxx
[3] 3GPP TR25.942, “Radio Frequency System Scenarios”
[4] 3GPP TS25.101, “UE Radio Transmission and reception”
[5] 3GPP TS25.104, “Base Station Radio Transmission and reception”
[6] ECC/CEPT, ‘Compatibility Study for UMTS Operating Within the
GSM 900 and GSM 1800 Frequency Bands’