This document discusses admission control in the downlink of mobile WiMAX networks. It identifies eight different traffic types that could be randomly deployed in the coverage area of a base station or relay station. These include real-time and non-real-time, constant bit rate and variable bit rate applications like gaming, web browsing, video conferencing, streaming media, VoIP, and instant messaging. The document proposes dividing the total bandwidth capacity between constant bit rate and variable bit rate traffics. It simulates admitting different traffics based on their signal to noise ratio, bit rate, and available bandwidth. The results showed the proposed admission policy utilizes capacity more efficiently than conventional policies.
This document evaluates the performance of IPTV video streaming over WiMAX networks under different terrain environments, including free space, outdoor to indoor, and pedestrian environments. It uses OPNET simulations to analyze network statistics such as packet loss, path loss, delay, and throughput. The results show that free space terrain has the lowest path loss and packet delay, while outdoor to indoor and pedestrian environments have higher path loss and delay. Specifically, free space path loss was around 100dB while outdoor environments was around 145dB. Additionally, packet loss was highest for outdoor scenarios due to lower signal to noise ratios in those environments. In general, more obstructed environments led to worse performance for IPTV video streaming over WiMAX networks.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
This document provides summaries of key concepts in GSM RF including:
1) GSM PLMN services including bearer, tele, and supplementary services.
2) GSM 900 and DCS 1800 uplink and downlink frequency ranges.
3) Ciphering and authentication processes to encode transmissions and verify identities.
4) Equalization, interleaving, and other techniques used to extract signals and spread data across timeframes.
The document discusses radio frequency (RF) network planning and optimization. It describes the responsibilities of RF planners, which include designing site plans and frequency plans. It also describes the responsibilities of RF optimization personnel, which include maintaining network performance metrics and studying new features. The document outlines training courses on RF network planning and optimization, covering topics like coverage, capacity, frequency planning, optimization features and parameters, and key performance indicator monitoring.
LTE is a mobile network technology standard that aims to provide faster data speeds and lower latency compared to 3G. Its goals are to transmit data at rates over 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink while reducing latency to less than 10 milliseconds. Key factors enabling LTE's high performance include new modulation techniques like OFDM, scalable bandwidth allocation, and MIMO technology. LTE also simplifies the core network architecture and enables more automated network management. These improvements provide users with richer multimedia services at lower cost to operators and devices.
The document provides an overview of GSM RF interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the three services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, DTX, DRX, gross data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, coverage differences between GSM900 and DCS1800, time advance, location area and location update
The document discusses coverage issues in LTE/LTE-Advanced networks and potential solutions. It identifies that key uplink channels like the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for medium data rates and uplink voice over IP (VoIP) have significantly worse coverage compared to other channels. The document then outlines several potential solutions to enhance coverage of LTE networks, including improving transmission power efficiency, using low power nodes for coverage extension, and enhancing interference coordination.
LTE-Advanced improves upon LTE technology to meet the requirements for ITU's IMT-Advanced specification. This document summarizes the key technology components of LTE-Advanced, including band aggregation, enhanced multiple-input multiple-output antenna techniques, improved uplink transmission, coordinated multipoint transmission and reception, and the use of relay stations. LTE-Advanced aims to provide peak data rates of 1 Gbps downstream and 500 Mbps upstream, reduced latency, increased spectrum efficiency, and high throughput for cell edge users.
This document evaluates the performance of IPTV video streaming over WiMAX networks under different terrain environments, including free space, outdoor to indoor, and pedestrian environments. It uses OPNET simulations to analyze network statistics such as packet loss, path loss, delay, and throughput. The results show that free space terrain has the lowest path loss and packet delay, while outdoor to indoor and pedestrian environments have higher path loss and delay. Specifically, free space path loss was around 100dB while outdoor environments was around 145dB. Additionally, packet loss was highest for outdoor scenarios due to lower signal to noise ratios in those environments. In general, more obstructed environments led to worse performance for IPTV video streaming over WiMAX networks.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
This document provides summaries of key concepts in GSM RF including:
1) GSM PLMN services including bearer, tele, and supplementary services.
2) GSM 900 and DCS 1800 uplink and downlink frequency ranges.
3) Ciphering and authentication processes to encode transmissions and verify identities.
4) Equalization, interleaving, and other techniques used to extract signals and spread data across timeframes.
The document discusses radio frequency (RF) network planning and optimization. It describes the responsibilities of RF planners, which include designing site plans and frequency plans. It also describes the responsibilities of RF optimization personnel, which include maintaining network performance metrics and studying new features. The document outlines training courses on RF network planning and optimization, covering topics like coverage, capacity, frequency planning, optimization features and parameters, and key performance indicator monitoring.
LTE is a mobile network technology standard that aims to provide faster data speeds and lower latency compared to 3G. Its goals are to transmit data at rates over 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink while reducing latency to less than 10 milliseconds. Key factors enabling LTE's high performance include new modulation techniques like OFDM, scalable bandwidth allocation, and MIMO technology. LTE also simplifies the core network architecture and enables more automated network management. These improvements provide users with richer multimedia services at lower cost to operators and devices.
The document provides an overview of GSM RF interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the three services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, DTX, DRX, gross data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, coverage differences between GSM900 and DCS1800, time advance, location area and location update
The document discusses coverage issues in LTE/LTE-Advanced networks and potential solutions. It identifies that key uplink channels like the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for medium data rates and uplink voice over IP (VoIP) have significantly worse coverage compared to other channels. The document then outlines several potential solutions to enhance coverage of LTE networks, including improving transmission power efficiency, using low power nodes for coverage extension, and enhancing interference coordination.
LTE-Advanced improves upon LTE technology to meet the requirements for ITU's IMT-Advanced specification. This document summarizes the key technology components of LTE-Advanced, including band aggregation, enhanced multiple-input multiple-output antenna techniques, improved uplink transmission, coordinated multipoint transmission and reception, and the use of relay stations. LTE-Advanced aims to provide peak data rates of 1 Gbps downstream and 500 Mbps upstream, reduced latency, increased spectrum efficiency, and high throughput for cell edge users.
The document discusses signaling fundamentals in a base station subsystem (BSS). It describes the A, Abis, and Um interfaces between the BSS components. The A interface uses SS7 protocol layers including the physical layer, MTP, SCCP and BSSAP. The BSSAP layer supports BSSMAP messages for connectionless and connection-oriented signaling between the BSS and MSC.
WLAN at 60GHz -Whitepaper from R&S-1 ma220 2e_wlan_11ad_wpSaurabh Verma
802.11ad defines WLAN standards for the 60GHz frequency band, allowing wireless data transmission rates of up to 7Gbps. It uses three different physical layer modes: single carrier, which provides data rates from 385Mbps to 4.6Gbps; OFDM, which supports up to 7Gbps; and a control mode for signaling. Key features include high throughput enabled by the wide 60GHz spectrum and use of beamforming to direct signals. The document provides details on modulation schemes, packet structures, and other technical aspects of the 3 PHY modes.
This document provides an overview of WCDMA technology. It discusses the evolution of mobile networks from 1G to 3G, highlighting the need for 3G networks to support higher data rates. It introduces UMTS and WCDMA as 3G standards, with WCDMA being the radio access technology used in UMTS networks. Key concepts of WCDMA such as spreading, scrambling, power control and handover are described at a high level. The document also provides basic information on WCDMA channels and packet access.
This paper provides a high-level comparison
between LTE and WiMAX. The focus is on two primary areas: System Architecture and Physical Layer. The System Architecture describes the different functional elements in LTE and WiMAX and attempts to map similar functionality (such as mobility, security, access-gateway). We also compare and contrast the various aspects (such as transmission modes, duplexing types) of the physical layer.
The document provides information about telecommunication training. It defines telecommunications as the transmission of information over distances through electronic means. It notes that India has over 920 million telecom subscribers. It outlines some of the job roles in the telecom industry such as network planning, deployment, operations and maintenance, and equipment testing. It states that the training will prepare candidates for these types of roles by providing them with practical skills in areas like 5G, 4G, RF design, and optimization.
This document discusses 5G RAN and NR technology. It provides an overview of 5G targets including peak data rates, latency requirements, and connection densities. It then discusses the 5G RAN approach and requirements, including deployment flexibility, open interfaces, and support for sharing RAN between operators. The document summarizes the 5G NR specifications, including OFDMA, numerology flexibility to support different services, and improved spectral efficiency over LTE. It also outlines the 5G NR protocol architecture, including user and control plane functions.
Manideep Srirangam completed an inplant training at BSNL Hyderabad from May 25th to June 6th 2015. The training covered an overview of topics in telecommunication including telecommunication networks, PCM principles and multiplexing, digital switching principles, signaling, latest switches, optical fiber communication, GSM and CDMA technologies, and facilities provided by electronic exchanges such as broadband and DSL technologies. Key concepts covered included time division multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing, digital switching, fiber types, PDH systems, and facilities available to subscribers like call forwarding and call waiting.
Global system for mobile communication Introduction, GSM architecture, GSM interfaces, Signal processing in GSM,
Frame structure of GSM, Channels used in GSM
This presentation provides an overview of several radio features in UMTS networks, including admission control, congestion control, power control, channel type switching, adaptive multi-rate switching, and open loop transmit diversity. Admission control guarantees quality of service by controlling the number of users. Congestion control resolves overload situations through call removal or delaying packets. Power control aims to minimize transmit power while maintaining link quality. Channel type switching optimizes channel usage for bursty traffic. Adaptive multi-rate switching adapts bit rates for coverage and capacity. Open loop transmit diversity provides coverage and capacity gains through additional diversity.
1. GSM network optimization aims to identify issues affecting network quality and optimize parameters and techniques to improve operations.
2. Common causes of dropped calls and congestion include interference, switching issues, parameter settings, base station hardware failures, and coverage issues.
3. Solutions involve testing neighboring cells, modifying parameters like PMRG and HYS, expanding channel configurations, and addressing specific hardware alarms. Traffic adjustments and micro-cellular deployments can also help address congestion issues.
Handoff, also known as handover, is the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one base station or access point to another without disrupting the call or data session. There are different types of handoffs including hard, soft, and softer handoffs. An efficient handoff strategy aims to perform handoffs quickly, infrequently, imperceptibly to users, and successfully. Key considerations for handoff include when to initiate a handoff, prioritizing handoff requests, and practical challenges related to factors like mobile speed and traffic levels.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and transmission schemes. It describes the simplified LTE network elements including eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the downlink transmission scheme using OFDMA and reference signal structure. It also covers uplink transmission using SC-FDMA, control and data channels as well as frame structure in both FDD and TDD modes.
4/5G Cross-Border coordination in Bahrain E field trigger levelsroberto ercole
A public response by SAMENA to TRA Bahrain consultation on the award of 4G/5G 800/2600 MHz mobile spectrum in Bahrain. The paper focuses on cross-border coordination with Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
The potential issue of if 2.6 GHz is used for TDD by one country and FDD by another is explored, as this adds complexity.
The paper looks at current CEPT cross-border coordination Electric Field strength limits for 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz bands and tries to derive these using 3GPP standards. The paper examines the propagation loss required to ensure the trigger field strength limits are not exceeded.
1. The document discusses various aspects of GSM including the functions of SDCCH and SACCH channels, reasons for handovers and their shortcomings, types of internal and external handovers, frequency hopping parameters and their importance, and analysis of RX Qual and its relationship to FER.
2. It also covers topics like frequency hopping effects, idle channel measurements, handover types, and analysis of key GSM parameters displayed on mobile devices.
3. The document provides detailed explanations and examples regarding important GSM concepts, channel characteristics, and network optimization techniques.
3GPP is a collaboration between standards bodies to develop 3G wireless technology standards. It has released several versions (releases) of the standards over time, each building upon the previous release and adding new functionality. The major releases include Release 99 which defined basic 3G functionality, Release 4 which added features like QoS optimization, and Release 5 which focused on multimedia services and technologies like HSDPA. Later releases such as Release 6 added features like MBMS and IMS enhancements. 3GPP continues to evolve the standards with each new release.
Enhanced Seamless Handoff Using Multiple Access Points in Wireless Local Area...IJERA Editor
The Mobility in wireless cellular communication systems is its backbone so as to enhance the quality of service and maintain the continuous service. Handoff is an important task in maintaining the continuity of call in cellular systems and its failure can result in ongoing call termination. In cellular mobile networks, the coverage region is divided into smaller cells in order to achieve high system capacity. Each cell has a Base-Station (BS), which provides the service to the Mobile Terminals (MTs), i.e. users equipped with phones, within its region. Before a mobile user can communicate with other user(s) in the network, a group of the frequency bands or channels should usually be assigned. The MTs is free to move across cells. When the mobile user crossing a cell boundary or by deterioration in quality of the signal in the current channel, handoff process is initiated. The scope of this project is to design 802.11 handoff schemes to solve the handoff problems in closely-spaced WLANs.The major problem in multiple WLANs are so many users trying to use same access point(AP), and interferences from nearby WLAN. The better hand off scheme based on signal strength and velocity of the nodes is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed handoff scheme significantly reduces packet losses compared with existing handoff schemes.
This document provides a rough guide to understanding 3G/HSPA concepts for RF engineers. It begins with general information on 3G networks and UMTS. It then discusses technical concepts such as spreading codes, scrambling codes, and processing gain. It explains how spreading spreads the baseband signal over the frequency band and hides it below the noise floor, allowing recovery via despreading. The document also covers HSPA technologies and their advantages over prior 3G standards.
This document discusses radio channels and interfaces in GSM networks. It covers topics like:
- The Um interface between the mobile station and base station subsystem.
- Processing of the voice signal from analog to digital conversion through encoding, interleaving and modulation for transmission.
- The different types of radio channels used including traffic channels, control channels, and their logical and physical combinations in bursts and frames.
- Technologies used for efficient transmission like frequency hopping, discontinuous transmission, and power control.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS FOR QOS OPTIMIZATION IN MOBILE WIMAX NETWORKSijwmn
This document summarizes research on resource allocation algorithms for quality of service (QoS) optimization in mobile WiMAX networks. It discusses the Swapping Min-Max (SWIM) algorithm and Cooperative Multicast Scheduling (CMS) technique. SWIM performs scheduling for real-time polling service to meet QoS criteria like optimal throughput, latency guarantees, minimal delay jitter and number of bursts. CMS enhances throughput for multicast video by dividing transmission bursts into two phases where selected stations retransmit to nearby members for cooperation. Simulation results show SWIM has less bursts, zero jitter and optimal throughput, while CMS further improves throughput for each multicast group member.
Comparative Analysis of Quality of Service for Various Service Classes in WiM...Editor IJCATR
- The document analyzes the quality of service (QoS) for various service classes in WiMAX networks using the network simulator NS-3. It compares QoS parameters like throughput, packet loss, delay, and jitter for different service classes including UGS, rtPS, nrtPS, and BE when transmitting MPEG-4 video traffic.
- The simulation setup models a WiMAX network with multiple subscriber stations connected to a base station and core network. Video streaming traffic is used to represent real-time variable bitrate applications. Trace files capturing packet information are analyzed using PHP scripts to extract QoS results for comparison of the different service classes.
The document discusses signaling fundamentals in a base station subsystem (BSS). It describes the A, Abis, and Um interfaces between the BSS components. The A interface uses SS7 protocol layers including the physical layer, MTP, SCCP and BSSAP. The BSSAP layer supports BSSMAP messages for connectionless and connection-oriented signaling between the BSS and MSC.
WLAN at 60GHz -Whitepaper from R&S-1 ma220 2e_wlan_11ad_wpSaurabh Verma
802.11ad defines WLAN standards for the 60GHz frequency band, allowing wireless data transmission rates of up to 7Gbps. It uses three different physical layer modes: single carrier, which provides data rates from 385Mbps to 4.6Gbps; OFDM, which supports up to 7Gbps; and a control mode for signaling. Key features include high throughput enabled by the wide 60GHz spectrum and use of beamforming to direct signals. The document provides details on modulation schemes, packet structures, and other technical aspects of the 3 PHY modes.
This document provides an overview of WCDMA technology. It discusses the evolution of mobile networks from 1G to 3G, highlighting the need for 3G networks to support higher data rates. It introduces UMTS and WCDMA as 3G standards, with WCDMA being the radio access technology used in UMTS networks. Key concepts of WCDMA such as spreading, scrambling, power control and handover are described at a high level. The document also provides basic information on WCDMA channels and packet access.
This paper provides a high-level comparison
between LTE and WiMAX. The focus is on two primary areas: System Architecture and Physical Layer. The System Architecture describes the different functional elements in LTE and WiMAX and attempts to map similar functionality (such as mobility, security, access-gateway). We also compare and contrast the various aspects (such as transmission modes, duplexing types) of the physical layer.
The document provides information about telecommunication training. It defines telecommunications as the transmission of information over distances through electronic means. It notes that India has over 920 million telecom subscribers. It outlines some of the job roles in the telecom industry such as network planning, deployment, operations and maintenance, and equipment testing. It states that the training will prepare candidates for these types of roles by providing them with practical skills in areas like 5G, 4G, RF design, and optimization.
This document discusses 5G RAN and NR technology. It provides an overview of 5G targets including peak data rates, latency requirements, and connection densities. It then discusses the 5G RAN approach and requirements, including deployment flexibility, open interfaces, and support for sharing RAN between operators. The document summarizes the 5G NR specifications, including OFDMA, numerology flexibility to support different services, and improved spectral efficiency over LTE. It also outlines the 5G NR protocol architecture, including user and control plane functions.
Manideep Srirangam completed an inplant training at BSNL Hyderabad from May 25th to June 6th 2015. The training covered an overview of topics in telecommunication including telecommunication networks, PCM principles and multiplexing, digital switching principles, signaling, latest switches, optical fiber communication, GSM and CDMA technologies, and facilities provided by electronic exchanges such as broadband and DSL technologies. Key concepts covered included time division multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing, digital switching, fiber types, PDH systems, and facilities available to subscribers like call forwarding and call waiting.
Global system for mobile communication Introduction, GSM architecture, GSM interfaces, Signal processing in GSM,
Frame structure of GSM, Channels used in GSM
This presentation provides an overview of several radio features in UMTS networks, including admission control, congestion control, power control, channel type switching, adaptive multi-rate switching, and open loop transmit diversity. Admission control guarantees quality of service by controlling the number of users. Congestion control resolves overload situations through call removal or delaying packets. Power control aims to minimize transmit power while maintaining link quality. Channel type switching optimizes channel usage for bursty traffic. Adaptive multi-rate switching adapts bit rates for coverage and capacity. Open loop transmit diversity provides coverage and capacity gains through additional diversity.
1. GSM network optimization aims to identify issues affecting network quality and optimize parameters and techniques to improve operations.
2. Common causes of dropped calls and congestion include interference, switching issues, parameter settings, base station hardware failures, and coverage issues.
3. Solutions involve testing neighboring cells, modifying parameters like PMRG and HYS, expanding channel configurations, and addressing specific hardware alarms. Traffic adjustments and micro-cellular deployments can also help address congestion issues.
Handoff, also known as handover, is the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one base station or access point to another without disrupting the call or data session. There are different types of handoffs including hard, soft, and softer handoffs. An efficient handoff strategy aims to perform handoffs quickly, infrequently, imperceptibly to users, and successfully. Key considerations for handoff include when to initiate a handoff, prioritizing handoff requests, and practical challenges related to factors like mobile speed and traffic levels.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and transmission schemes. It describes the simplified LTE network elements including eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the downlink transmission scheme using OFDMA and reference signal structure. It also covers uplink transmission using SC-FDMA, control and data channels as well as frame structure in both FDD and TDD modes.
4/5G Cross-Border coordination in Bahrain E field trigger levelsroberto ercole
A public response by SAMENA to TRA Bahrain consultation on the award of 4G/5G 800/2600 MHz mobile spectrum in Bahrain. The paper focuses on cross-border coordination with Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
The potential issue of if 2.6 GHz is used for TDD by one country and FDD by another is explored, as this adds complexity.
The paper looks at current CEPT cross-border coordination Electric Field strength limits for 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz bands and tries to derive these using 3GPP standards. The paper examines the propagation loss required to ensure the trigger field strength limits are not exceeded.
1. The document discusses various aspects of GSM including the functions of SDCCH and SACCH channels, reasons for handovers and their shortcomings, types of internal and external handovers, frequency hopping parameters and their importance, and analysis of RX Qual and its relationship to FER.
2. It also covers topics like frequency hopping effects, idle channel measurements, handover types, and analysis of key GSM parameters displayed on mobile devices.
3. The document provides detailed explanations and examples regarding important GSM concepts, channel characteristics, and network optimization techniques.
3GPP is a collaboration between standards bodies to develop 3G wireless technology standards. It has released several versions (releases) of the standards over time, each building upon the previous release and adding new functionality. The major releases include Release 99 which defined basic 3G functionality, Release 4 which added features like QoS optimization, and Release 5 which focused on multimedia services and technologies like HSDPA. Later releases such as Release 6 added features like MBMS and IMS enhancements. 3GPP continues to evolve the standards with each new release.
Enhanced Seamless Handoff Using Multiple Access Points in Wireless Local Area...IJERA Editor
The Mobility in wireless cellular communication systems is its backbone so as to enhance the quality of service and maintain the continuous service. Handoff is an important task in maintaining the continuity of call in cellular systems and its failure can result in ongoing call termination. In cellular mobile networks, the coverage region is divided into smaller cells in order to achieve high system capacity. Each cell has a Base-Station (BS), which provides the service to the Mobile Terminals (MTs), i.e. users equipped with phones, within its region. Before a mobile user can communicate with other user(s) in the network, a group of the frequency bands or channels should usually be assigned. The MTs is free to move across cells. When the mobile user crossing a cell boundary or by deterioration in quality of the signal in the current channel, handoff process is initiated. The scope of this project is to design 802.11 handoff schemes to solve the handoff problems in closely-spaced WLANs.The major problem in multiple WLANs are so many users trying to use same access point(AP), and interferences from nearby WLAN. The better hand off scheme based on signal strength and velocity of the nodes is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed handoff scheme significantly reduces packet losses compared with existing handoff schemes.
This document provides a rough guide to understanding 3G/HSPA concepts for RF engineers. It begins with general information on 3G networks and UMTS. It then discusses technical concepts such as spreading codes, scrambling codes, and processing gain. It explains how spreading spreads the baseband signal over the frequency band and hides it below the noise floor, allowing recovery via despreading. The document also covers HSPA technologies and their advantages over prior 3G standards.
This document discusses radio channels and interfaces in GSM networks. It covers topics like:
- The Um interface between the mobile station and base station subsystem.
- Processing of the voice signal from analog to digital conversion through encoding, interleaving and modulation for transmission.
- The different types of radio channels used including traffic channels, control channels, and their logical and physical combinations in bursts and frames.
- Technologies used for efficient transmission like frequency hopping, discontinuous transmission, and power control.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS FOR QOS OPTIMIZATION IN MOBILE WIMAX NETWORKSijwmn
This document summarizes research on resource allocation algorithms for quality of service (QoS) optimization in mobile WiMAX networks. It discusses the Swapping Min-Max (SWIM) algorithm and Cooperative Multicast Scheduling (CMS) technique. SWIM performs scheduling for real-time polling service to meet QoS criteria like optimal throughput, latency guarantees, minimal delay jitter and number of bursts. CMS enhances throughput for multicast video by dividing transmission bursts into two phases where selected stations retransmit to nearby members for cooperation. Simulation results show SWIM has less bursts, zero jitter and optimal throughput, while CMS further improves throughput for each multicast group member.
Comparative Analysis of Quality of Service for Various Service Classes in WiM...Editor IJCATR
- The document analyzes the quality of service (QoS) for various service classes in WiMAX networks using the network simulator NS-3. It compares QoS parameters like throughput, packet loss, delay, and jitter for different service classes including UGS, rtPS, nrtPS, and BE when transmitting MPEG-4 video traffic.
- The simulation setup models a WiMAX network with multiple subscriber stations connected to a base station and core network. Video streaming traffic is used to represent real-time variable bitrate applications. Trace files capturing packet information are analyzed using PHP scripts to extract QoS results for comparison of the different service classes.
Analysis of VoIP Traffic in WiMAX EnvironmentEditor IJMTER
This document reviews several studies that analyzed the performance of VoIP traffic over WiMAX networks using different VoIP codecs and WiMAX service classes. It summarizes the findings of various papers on how QoS parameters like throughput, delay, jitter compared for codecs like G.711, G.723, G.729 when using the UGS, rtPS, nrtPS and BE service classes. Most studies found that UGS generally performed best for VoIP due to its ability to guarantee bandwidth and minimize jitter and delay, while G.711 typically provided the best voice quality. The document aims to compare the results across different service classes and codecs.
This document summarizes research on evaluating WiMAX network performance using vertical handoff. It describes the setup used, which includes 8 base stations to test handoff as a mobile station moves between cells. Graphs show the mobile station's throughput drops slightly during handoff, with maximum delay of 0.025 seconds. Vertical handoff between WiMAX and WLAN networks is also tested, with the document observing a smooth handoff between the networks as the mobile nodes move between their coverage areas.
This document analyzes the performance of different VoIP codecs over a WiMAX network using the network simulator NS2. The simulation varies parameters like the number of nodes and type of VoIP codec. Performance is evaluated based on metrics like throughput, average delay, and jitter. Results are presented graphically to compare these metrics for different codecs and number of nodes. The document provides background on VoIP codecs, IEEE 802.16 service flow classes, and simulation setup using NS2.
SERVICES AS PARAMETER TO PROVIDE BEST QOS : AN ANALYSIS OVER WIMAXijngnjournal
In this paper it is proposed to provide the QoS to the user by using the degradation of service under hostile environment being itself be a parameter to improve the QoS. Here the relation between the service and environment of its best performance drawn on the basis of simulation and analysis .The service then taken as a parameter to decide present environment of the user and to take measurable steps to improve the QoS either doing handover to nearby station or increasing power or to provide some marginal bandwidth etc.All analysis done over a WiMax network i.e. being designed and simulated using the Qualnet wireless simulator.
VOIP PERFORMANCE OVER BROADBAND WIRELESS NETWORKS UNDER STATIC AND MOBILE ENV...ijwmn
Voice over IP is expected to be very promising application in the next generation communication networks. The objective of this paper is to analyse the VoIP performance among the most competing next generation wireless networks like WiMAX, WLAN and its integrated frameworks etc. WiMAX having higher bandwidth provides higher capacity but with degraded quality of service while WLAN provides low capacity and coverage. Hence, an integrated network using WiMAX backbone and WLAN hotspots has been developed and VoIP application has been setup. As OPNET 14.5.A provides a real life simulation environment, we have opted OPNET as the simulation platform for all performance studies in this work. Quality of the service is critically analysed with parameters like jitter, MOS and delay for various voice codecs in the aforesaid networks for both fixed and mobile scenario. Finally, it is observed and concluded that the WiMAX-WLAN integrated network provides improved and optimal performance over WLAN and WiMAX network with respect to network capacity and quality of service. Exhaustive simulation results have been provided.
This document summarizes Sharanjit Kaur's industrial training presentation at MTNL. It introduces MTNL and provides an overview of topics covered during training, including switching, signaling, broadband, and transmission. It then describes projects undertaken and steps to improve quality of service in 3G networks, including checking equipment, monitoring KPIs, increasing bandwidth, and performing drive tests using the TEMS Investigation tool.
This document provides a summary of an industrial training presentation at MTNL. It introduces MTNL and describes key topics covered during the training, including switching, signaling, broadband, and transmission. It discusses these topics in detail and provides examples of projects undertaken and steps that can be taken to improve quality of service in 3G networks. The document concludes with a summary of field training experiences at different MTNL locations.
IRJET- Survey Paper on Performance Evaluation of 5G WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) Syste...IRJET Journal
This document provides a survey of research on evaluating the performance of 5G WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) systems using space time block coding techniques. It first introduces WiMAX and MIMO-OFDM technologies. It then discusses the IEEE 802.16 reference model and describes the use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and its advantages. The document also explains space time block coding and how it can achieve transmit diversity. Finally, it concludes that WiMAX-OFDM using space time block coding can operate with lower transmit power over longer distances while tolerating more interference.
The document discusses 4G mobile communications standards including WiMAX and LTE. It provides information on:
- IEEE 802.22 which uses white spaces in TV frequencies for wireless regional area networks.
- Requirements for 4G standards defined by ITU including peak speeds of 1Gbps.
- How early versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE did not meet the full 4G requirements but were still branded as 4G.
- Mobile WiMAX Release 2 and LTE Advanced promising speeds of 1Gbps in 2013.
The document discusses 4G mobile communications technologies WiMAX and LTE. It provides an overview of the IEEE 802.22 standard for wireless regional area networks using vacant TV channels. It also discusses the history and development of 4G standards, requirements for IMT-Advanced 4G, and early commercial versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE that provided speeds less than 1 Gbit/s. It compares key aspects of 3G and 4G mobile networks.
Sandeep presented a seminar on 4G wireless technology. 4G will provide comprehensive IP solutions allowing voice, data, and multimedia on an anytime, anywhere basis using broadband cellular and other wireless systems. It is required due to subscriber and service growth. 4G features include support for multimedia, high bandwidth, packet switching, global mobility, and high internet speeds. Technologies powering 4G include OFDM, UWB, smart antennas, and IPv6.
An Ex Ante Forecast On Economically Engineered Bit Rates For IPTV Service Via...Sandra Long
This document proposes an algorithm to compute economically engineered bit rates (EEBRs) for IPTV service via xDSL transports. The EEBR is the optimal bit rate decided by customer usage patterns that economically provides bandwidth while conforming to service level agreements. Using available historical data on infrastructure growth and services from a wire center, the algorithm forecasts ex ante EEBRs. This allows network resources to adequately support bandwidth demand without overprovisioning.
A NOVEL TWO-STAGE ALGORITHM PROTECTING INTERNAL ATTACK FROM WSNSIJCNC
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consists of small nodes with constrain capabilities. It enables numerous
applications with distributed network infrastructure. With its nature and application scenario, security of
WSN had drawn a great attention. In malicious environments for a functional WSN, security mechanisms
are essential. Malicious or internal attacker has gained attention as the most challenging attacks to
WSNs. Many works have been done to secure WSN from internal attacks but most of them relay on either
training data set or predefined thresholds. It is a great challenge to find or gain knowledge about the
Malicious. In this paper, we develop the algorithm in two stages. Initially, Abnormal Behaviour
Identification Mechanism (ABIM) which uses cosine similarity. Finally, Dempster-Shafer theory (DST)is
used. Which combine multiple evidences to identify the malicious or internal attacks in a WSN. In this
method we do not need any predefined threshold or tanning data set of the nodes.
Evaluation and Design an Efficient Mobile WiMax Architecture Using Coded OFDM...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the performance of a coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system for mobile WiMAX applications. It models an OFDM system using different trellis coded structures with variable constraint lengths and a 1/2 code rate. It evaluates the performance of the different trellis structures for a coded interleaved OFDM system with variable fast Fourier transform sizes and different modulation orders like BPSK, QPSK, and 4QAM. The paper finds that using trellis encoding significantly improves the bit error rate performance of the system, and that higher constraint lengths like 7 provide better performance at higher signal-to-noise ratios above 12 dB.
Analysis of WiMAX Physical Layer Using Spatial Multiplexing Under Different F...CSCJournals
WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access by the WiMAX Forum and its industry. WiMAX is basically a wireless digital communication system which is also known as IEEE 802.16 standard intended for wireless \"metropolitan area networks\". WiMAX is based upon OFDM multiplexing technique. It was developed in order to provide high speed data rates to the users located in those areas also where broadband wireless coverage is not available. MIMO systems also play an important role in the field of wireless communication by allowing data to be transmitted and received over different antennas. WiMAX-MIMO systems are developed to improve the performance of WiMAX system. This paper analyzes WiMAX-MIMO system for different modulation schemes with different CC code rates under different fading channels (Rician and Nakagami channel). Spatial Multiplexing technique of MIMO system is used for the simulation purpose. Analysis has been done in the form of Signal-to Noise Ratio (SNR) vs Bit Error Rate (BER) plots.
Simulation of IEEE 802.16e Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract : Growth in technology has led to unprecedented demand for high speed Internet access. IEEE
802.16e (Mobile WiMAX) is a wireless communication standard with high data transfer rates and good
performance. It not only is efficient as compared to its counterpart technologies today (Wi-Fi and 3G), but also
lays the foundation for 4G mobile communication. In 4G wireless communication systems, bandwidth is a
precious resource, and service providers are continuously met with the challenge of accommodating more users
within a limited allocated bandwidth. To increase data rate of wireless medium with higher performance,
Mobile WiMAX uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). This paper describes the
simulation of the physical layer of IEEE 802.16e using Simulink in Matlab 7.0 (R2010a). The system
performance is evaluated considering the Signal to noise ratio (SNR) and Bit error rate (BER) parameters.
Keywords: 802.16e, OFDMA, Mobile WiMAX.
This document summarizes research on improving the performance of WiMAX systems using FEC zigzag coding and MIMO techniques. It first provides background on WiMAX and discusses how OFDM, MIMO, and various channel coding schemes like zigzag codes work. It then evaluates the bit-error rate performance of WiMAX systems using zigzag-coded modulation with different code rates and lengths. The results show zigzag coding presents stronger error correction than Reed-Solomon with Convolutional coding. Encoding and decoding of zigzag codes is explained, along with how concatenated zigzag codes provide even stronger error correction through interleaving and turbo processing.
IRJET-QOS parameter analysis of UMTS networks based on Handovers and Sectoriz...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes quality of service (QOS) parameters in UMTS networks based on handovers and sectorization. It discusses:
1) Handovers play a major role in continuing services as users move between cell boundaries. Sectorization divides cells into sectors using directional antennas to reduce interference and increase capacity.
2) Simulations are conducted using OPNET to analyze soft and hard handovers as a user moves between sectors. Results show the active cell count changes and cells added and removed from the active set.
3) Analysis of soft and hard handovers using applications like HTTP shows that soft handovers provide better performance with lower object and page response times, ensuring seamless service continuity.
Similar to Capacity utilization and admission control in the downlinkof WMAX (20)
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.