This document summarizes the differing views of Clement Greenberg and Harold Rosenberg on Abstract Expressionism. Greenberg represented a formalist view that focused on the formal elements of a work like line, color and form. He believed art progressed towards increasing abstraction and purity of form. Rosenberg represented a non-formalist view, emphasizing the meaning and content of a work. He saw the act of painting as more important than the finished product. These divergent views influenced whether art was seen as "art about art" or "art as life" in the 1950s-60s.
Appropriation is an important historical practice in art-making, in which the artist uses a previously existing form, image or sound in new ways. The creative effort is defined by the inspired selection and manipulation of found materials. The end result is a strangely familiar, yet an altogether new creation.
A slideshow connected to a lecture of Art Since 1950 available at Art History Teaching Resources (http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/), written by Virginia Spivey.
Type Individual ProjectUnit Offender Treatment PlansDue Dat.docxmarilucorr
Type: Individual Project
Unit: Offender Treatment Plans
Due Date: Sun, 9/4/16
Deliverable Length: Completed matrix; 1-page summary
When looking at various assessment and diagnostic techniques, an individual must know how to accurately classify offenders. The best way to get this experience is by completing the Adult Offender Matrix. The purpose of the matrix is to assess both the types of crime and offender.
Complete the Adult Offender Matrix linked below by placing an x in the appropriate cells. Write a 1-page summary explaining why you made the decisions for your offense classifications.
Complete the Adult Offenders Classification Matrix by categorizing the characteristics of status, non-violent, violent, chronic, and serious offenses.
Note: Some actions may fall under multiple classifications.
Action
Status Offense
Non-violent Offense
Violent
Offense
Serious Offense
Simple Battery
Shoplifting
Credit card fraud
Rape
Drug dealing
Speeding
Homicide
Auto theft
Aggravated assault
Larceny
Drive-by shooting
Truancy
Graffiti
Robbery
Assignment Guidelines:
· Complete the Adult Offender Matrix linked above.
· In a 1-page Word document, explain how you came to your decisions for offender classification.
· Were there any classifications of which you were unsure?
· What other problems did you come across?
· Place your completed matrix and Word document in a .ZIP file, and submit it to your instructor.
WK3 ART ASSIGNMENT PART ONE of TWO
Homework for Week Three
Week Three: A Dialog With Europe________________________________
• Read Chapter 3: A Dialog with Europe
Homework assignment:
Please annotate one artwork you like from Chapter Three: A Dialog with Europe in your textbook. My CHOICE Willem de Kooning, Woman and Bicycle, 1953
Whenever I am writing for research presentation or publication, this is how I begin. The point is to make sure you’re not missing anything in terms of basic data or interpretive frameworks.
When I take notes on a lecture at a conference, this is the way I like to organize my notes, as well.
Structure outline to follow
Identify the artwork
Identify Period Style
Identify Subject Matter:
Discuss Historical Context:
Discuss Visual Elements (Line, Color, Texture, Composition etc.)
Discuss It’s Place in Ideas of Time:
EXAMPLE of mine from another class I taught:
1.)See the artwork here: http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=78699
Jackson Pollock. Untitled No.1A. Oil and enamel on unprimed canvas. 1948. PLEASE include HYPERLINK ON LINE 1.
2.) Identify Period Style: Abstract Expressionism
3.)Identify Subject: The painting is non-representational. It is designed not
to have an explicit subject. Pollock was asked why he didn’t paint the external, natural world. He sharply replied: “I am nature”
.
The painting is himself, and he is his action. The style of the painting emphasizes a moving, acting person, operating in the context ...
DALLAS MUSEUM OF ART CRITICAL GALLERY REVIEW Paint.docxwhittemorelucilla
DALLAS MUSEUM OF ART CRITICAL / GALLERY REVIEW
“Painting is a state of being….Painting is self-discovery. Every good artist paints what he is.”
Jackson Pollock (1912-56)
I chose to write Part 1 of the Museum Critical Review about “Portrait and a Dream” by Jackson
Pollock (1953). The contemporary artwork is very large, but not uncommon for Pollock, measuring 58
½ x 134 ¾ inches with oil and enamel on canvas as the medium. The artwork was observed by myself
at the Dallas Museum of Art on October 25, 2014 in the Marguerite and Robert Hoffman Galleries on
the 1st Floor. The image on the right side of the canvas has been interpreted as Jackson Pollock's
self-portrait, perhaps partially obscured by some kind of mask. A similar face appeared in numerous
drawings Pollock created over the years, which many critics have suggested relates to his
experiences with Jungian analysis, a branch of psychiatry that regards some symbols as universally
present in the human subconscious. On the left, an image of a sketchily painted reclining female figure
may embody the "dream" of the painting's title. (1)
“Portrait and a Dream” by Jackson Pollock (1953).
https://www.dma.org/collection/search?location_on_view_exact=marguerite%20and%20robert%20hoffman%20galleries
https://www.dma.org/collection/search?location_on_view_exact=marguerite%20and%20robert%20hoffman%20galleries
In Portrait and a Dream, Pollock experiments with the figure yet retained the freedom of line and
composition he perfected in his abstract work. He said part of this "dream" denoted "the dark side
of the moon". Pollock’s painting is a diptych on a solid white ground. The left-hand side is an
abstract black and white drip painting; the right-hand is a figural self-portrait, attacked with color,
and carefully drawn. This may relate to the historical association of symbolic visual imagery with
Jungian thematic. Analytical psychology, or Jungian psychology, emphasizes the primary importance
of the individual psyche and the personal quest for wholeness. (2) To me, this is very reminiscent of
the Classicism Greek art with it’s since of perfection in the human body. Within the elements of art,
I can visually observe shape, form, value, lines and curves, color, space relating to the background and
foreground, and if you view it closely you can see the artwork has texture from the thick paint on
the canvas. Referring to the principles of art, I observed movement, harmony in the all over lines
style of painting, variety in the use of color, symmetrical balance between the 2 figures on the
canvas, and repetition.
“Me, Sommer Taylor, Being Jackson Pollock”
Like hundreds of artists since the early Renaissance, and probably from even before then, the true
meaning of Jackson Pollock’s paintings is not made apparent for the average art lover because, like
difficult poetry and even Christ’s teachings, it is hidden from the masses behind the colorful and.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Greenberg vs
Rosenberg
Leading critics of postwar American
art
Divergent ways of interpreting
Abstract Expressionism
Clement Greenberg
Image source: Saatchi Gallery
Harold Rosenberg
Image source: http://nationalvanguard.org/2010/11/jews-and-modern-art/
3. Formalism
Emphasis on formal elements: line,
form, color
Work of art is valued for its form,
rather than its content
Clement Greenberg
Image source: Saatchi Gallery
4. Formalism
“[A] work of art . . . is worth
looking at primarily because it
presents a composition or
organization of color, line, light
and shade. . . since
resemblance to nature is at
best superfluous and at worst
distracting, it might as well be
eliminated.”
Alfred Barr, Cubism and Abstract Art, 1936
“Let me confess: I hold my mind
and my work free from any
association foreign to the act of Carl Mydans, Alfred Barr, 1953 Hans Hoffman in his studio, 1957
LIFE
painting”
Hans Hoffmann
5. Formalism
Abstraction is superior to realism
because the focus is on form rather
than content
“Whereas one tends to see what is in
an Old Master before seeing it as a
picture, one sees a Modernist painting
as a picture first.”
Clement Greenberg, “Modernist Painting”
Jackson Pollock, No. 3, 1949: Tiger, 1949
Hirshhorn Museum
6. FormalismPollock has managed to
“In these works
free line not only from its function of
representing objects in the world, but
also from its task of describing our
bounding shapes or figures, whether
abstract or representational, on the
surface of the canvas. In a painting
such as “Number One” there is only a
pictorial field so homogenous overall
and devoid both of recognizable objects
and of abstract shapes that I want to
call it ‘optical’ . . . . Pollock’s field is
optical because it addresses itself to
eyesight alone. The materiality of his
pigment is rendered sheerly visual, and
the result is a new kind of space – if it
still makes sense to call it space – in
which conditions of seeing prevail rather
than one in which objects exist, flat
shapes are juxtaposed or physical
events transpire.”
Michael Fried, “Jackson Pollock”
Jackson Pollock, No. 3, 1949: Tiger, 1949
Hirshhorn Museum
7. Non-Formalism
Emphasis on meaning/content
“Non-formalist critics tend to
focus on issues like the artist's
personal beliefs and/or the
context in which a work was
produced. If there is one
unifying belief among 20th-
century non-formalist art
critics, it is that art is an
organic process in which the
artist's emotional state is laid
bare by the final product.”
Theartstory.org
Harold Rosenberg
Image source: http://nationalvanguard.org/2010/11/jews-and-modern-art/
8. Rosenberg
Emphasis on painting as “act”
“The act of painting is
inseparable from the
biography of the artist”
Harold Rosenberg, “The American Action
Painters”
Hans Namuth, Pollock in his studio, 1950
9. Rosenberg
“What was to go on the canvas was
not a picture but an event.”
Harold Rosenberg, “The American Action Painters”
“In this gesturing with materials the
esthetic, too, has been
subordinated . . . . What matters
always is the revelation contained in
the act.”
Harold Rosenberg, “The American Action Painters”
Hans Namuth, Pollock in his studio, 1950
10. Rosenberg
Rosenberg considered the formal
elements to be irrelevant:
“The critic who goes on judging in
terms of schools, styles, form, as if
the painter were still concerned with
producing a certain kind of object (the
work of art), instead of living on the
canvas, is bound to seem a stranger.”
Harold Rosenberg, “The American Action Painters”
Harold Rosenberg
Image source: http://nationalvanguard.org/2010/11/jews-and-modern-art/
11. Rosenberg
“Form, color, composition, drawing,
are auxiliaries, any one of which—or
practically all, as has been attempted,
logically, with unpainted canvases—
can be dispensed with. What matters
always is the revelation contained in
the act.”
Harold Rosenberg, “The American Action Painters”
Harold Rosenberg
Image source: http://nationalvanguard.org/2010/11/jews-and-modern-art/
12. Test Your
Understanding
Formalist or Non-Formalist
“Painting isn’t just the visual thing
that reaches your retina – it’s
what is behind and in it. I’m not
interested in ‘abstracting’ or
taking things our or reducing
painting to design, form, line, and
color. I paint this way because I
can keep putting more things in it
– drama, anger, pain, love, a
figure, a horse, my ideas about
space.”
Willem de Kooning
13. Test Your
Understanding
Formalist or Non-Formalist
“You might as well get one thing
straight . . . I am not an
abstractionist . . . not interested
in relationships of color or form or
anything else . . . I’m interested
only in expressing basic human
emotions – tragedy, ecstasy,
doom, and so on”
Mark Rothko
14. Test Your
Understanding
Formalist or Non-Formalist
“One of [Ellsworth] Kelly’s
preoccupations has been to
explore the tension in our
perceptions of volume and plane,
foreground and background. He
uses perceptual ambiguities and
optical effects to force us to
acknowledge their simultaneous
presence and recognize the play
between them.”
15. Test Your
Understanding
Formalist or Non-Formalist
“The chaos in Pollock’s painting
seems to well up from deep
within his psyche, as a kind of
upsurge of primal energies,
which provides the work with its
authenticity. Chaos, however, not
only was the result of Pollock’s
individual psychology but was
informed by the turbulent state of
the world, which, like his
adventitious process, seemed
unmanageable and beyond
rational control.”
Irving Sandler
16. Greenberg vs
Rosenberg
Divergent views on art
• Formalist
• Non-formalist
Exhibition Catalog, Action/Abstraction: Pollock, de Kooning, and American Art,
1940-1976, The Jewish Museum, 2008
17. Art as Life
Greenberg vs
Rosenberg Art as Art
These divergent views influenced
the distinct paths taken by art in the
1950s/1960s
• Art as art
• Art as life
18. Modernist Theory
Clement Greenberg’s ideas were
developed in a series of essays
written during the 1940s-1950s
They were collected together in Art
and Culture, published in 1961
19. Modernist Theory
Greenberg’s key ideas included:
1. Artistic “progress”
2. Art as a self-critical activity
3. Medium specificity
4. Autonomy and self-referentiality
(art about art)
5. Purity
6. The distinction between Avant
garde and Kitsch
Clement Greenberg looking at a painting by Ken Noland
Image source:
https://www.artnet.sk/Magazine/features/kostabi/kostabi9-11-18.asp
20. Modernist theory
Greenberg believed that art evolves
progressively, and that each new
advance renders previous
discoveries obsolete
“Formalism decreed a narrowly
linear progress in modernism
toward a relentless
purification . . . . Subject matter
was irrelevant, illusion
forbidden . . . .”
Fineberg, p. 155
Jacket cover for the exhibition catalog for Alfred Barr’s
Cubism and Abstract Art, Museum of Modern Art, 1936
21. Modernist Theory
He believed that the inevitable path
of modern painting since the 19th
century was towards abstraction
Henri Matisse, Large Reclining Nude /
The Pink Nude1935
Edouard Manet, Olympia, 1865
22. Modernist Theory
The engine driving artistic evolution
is self criticism
“I identify Modernism with the intensification, almost
exacerbation, of this self-critical tendency that
began with the philosopher Kant”
Clement Greenberg, Modernist Painting
“The essence of Modernism lies, as I see it, in the
use of the characteristic methods of a discipline to
criticize the discipline itself.”
Clement Greenberg, Modernist Painting
Jeff McMillan
http://www.jdmcmillan.org/works/self-criticism-and-want-it/
23. Modernist Theory
For Greenberg, art is like
philosophy
It is a self reflexive activity in which
art is used to investigate the nature
of art
Nina Katchadourian, Special Collections, from the Sorted Books
Project, 1996
24. Modernist Theory
Medium specificity: Greenberg
believed that each of the arts
should focus on what is “unique
and irreducible” to the medium
“The task of self criticism became to eliminate from
the effects of each art any and every effect that
might conceivably be borrowed from or by the
medium of any other art. Thereby each art would be
rendered ‘pure,’ and in its ‘purity’ find the guarantee
of its standards of quality as well as its
independence.”
Clement Greenberg, Modernist Painting
25. Modernist Theory
Paintings should not tell stories
because that is the domain of
literature and theater
Rick Foucheux, Tim Getman, Nancy Robinette, and Jeremy S.
Holm in Death of a Salesman. Photos by Scott Suchman/courtesy
Arena Stage.
26. Modernist Theory
Nor should painting try to suggest
three dimensionality, since that is
the domain of sculpture
David Smith, Cubi XVII, 1963
Dallas Museum of Art
27. Modernist Theory
Greenberg believed that realistic art
is an “illusion”
“Realistic, illusionist art had
dissembled the medium, using art
to conceal art.”
Clement Greenberg, Modernist Painting
Rene Magritte, Promenades of Euclid, 1955
28. Modernist Theory
In realist painting, the picture
pretends to be a window when in
reality it is a flat piece of canvas
covered with paint
29. Modernist Theory
Greenberg believed that for art to
be “advanced,” it had to focus on
what was specific and unique to the
medium itself
Clement Greenberg looking at a painting by Ken Noland
Image source:
https://www.artnet.sk/Magazine/features/kostabi/kostabi9-11-18.asp
31. Modernist Theory
In an abstract picture, we are made
aware of the picture as paint on
canvas
“Whereas one tends to see what is in an Old
Master before seeing it as a picture, one
sees a Modernist painting as a picture first.”
Clement Greenberg, Modernist Painting
Jackson Pollock, No. 3, 1949: Tiger, 1949
Hirshhorn Museum
32. Modernist Theory
It is therefore “self referential” and
“autonomous”
“Modernism used art to call attention to art.
The limitations that constitute the medium of
painting -- the flat surface, the shape of the
support, the properties of pigment -- were
treated by the Old Masters as negative
factors [i.e. things that had to be overcome
to create a seamless illusion] . . . Modernist
painting has come to regard these same
limitations as positive factors that are to be
acknowledged openly.”
Clement Greenberg, Modernist Painting
Barnett Newman, Onement I, 1948
MOMA
33. Modernist Theory
Greenberg believed that through
this self-critical activity, art
becomes more pure
“Thereby each art would be
rendered ‘pure’, and in its ‘purity’
find the guarantee of its standards
of quality as well as of its
independence.”
Clement Greenberg, Modernist Painting
Jeff McMillan
http://www.jdmcmillan.org/works/self-criticism-and-want-it/
34. Modernist Theory
This is what separates “art” from
“kitsch” -- the vulgar products of
mass culture
“To fill the demand of the new
market, a new commodity was
devised: ersatz culture, kitsch,
destined for those who,
insensible to the values of
genuine culture, are hungry
nevertheless for the diversion
that only culture of some sort
can provide.”
Clement Greenberg, Avant Garde
and Kitsch
36. Post Painterly
Abstraction
In his 1955 essay “American Type
Painting” he praised Pollock’s “all
over” style as the latest step in the
evolution of Modernism
Jackson Pollock, Shimmering Substance, 1946
Museum of Modern Art
37. Post Painterly
Abstraction
The “all over” style destroyed the
last remnants of illusionism in
painting
Jackson Pollock, No. 3, 1949: Tiger, 1949
Hirshhorn Museum
38. Post Painterly
Abstraction
But Greenberg grew impatient with
Pollock’s “Gothic” personality and
intensely emotional style
Clement Greenberg
Image source: Saatchi Gallery
39. Post Painterly
Abstraction
His pictures were not “pure” enough
since they inevitably pointed to the
process of painting and the
emotional state of the artist
Jackson Pollock, Number 1A, 1948
Museum of Modern Art
40. Post Painterly
Abstraction
Greenberg also denounced De
Kooning’s Women
In addition to wallowing in the
vulgarity of “kitsch,” the pictures
were not “self referential” or “pure”
Willem De Kooning Woman I, 1950-52
Museum of Modern Art
41. Post Painterly
Abstraction
In the late 1950’s Greenberg shifted
allegiance to a new style of painting
he called “post painterly
abstraction”
Clement Greenberg looking at a painting by Ken Noland
Image source:
https://www.artnet.sk/Magazine/features/kostabi/kostabi9-11-18.asp