The Allies turned the tide of war in 1942-1943 on two fronts. In North Africa, the British defeated Rommel's forces at El Alamein and took control of North Africa. Meanwhile, the Soviets stopped the German advance and won a major victory at the Battle of Stalingrad. In 1943, the Allies invaded Italy and took Sicily, but fighting in Italy continued. The Allies also began preparing for D-Day in 1944, when they launched an invasion of German-occupied France and eventually liberated Paris. Germany surrendered unconditionally in 1945 after the Soviets captured Berlin. The war in the Pacific ended after the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Japan to surrender in September

1. The Allied Victory
Chapter 32, Section 4

2. Introduction
• On December 22, 1941, just after Pearl Harbor,
Winston Churchill and President Roosevelt met
at the White House to develop a joint war policy.
Stalin had asked his allies to relieve German
pressure on his armies in the east. He wanted
them to open a second front in the west. This
would split the Germans’ strength by forcing
them to fight major battles in two regions instead
of one. Churchill agreed with Stalin’s strategy.
The Allies would weaken Germany on two fronts
before dealing a deathblow. At first, Roosevelt
was torn, but ultimately he agreed.

3. The Tide Turns on Two Fronts
• Churchill wanted Britain and the United States to
strike first at North Africa and southern Europe.
The strategy angered Stalin. He wanted the
Allies to open the second front in France. The
Soviet Union, therefore, had to hold out on its
own against the Germans. All Britain and the
United States could offer in the way of help was
supplies. Nevertheless, late in 1942, the Allies
began to turn the tide of war both in the
Mediterranean and on the Eastern Front.

4. The North African Campaign
• Rommel takes Tobruk, June 1942; pushes
toward Egypt
• British General Montgomery attacks at El
Alamein, forces Rommel back
• American forces land in Morocco, November
1942
• General Dwight D. Eisenhower—American
commander in Morocco
• In May 1943, Rommel’s forces defeated by
Allies

5. The Battle for Stalingrad
• German army moves to capture Soviet oil
fields
• Battle of Stalingrad—Soviets, Germans
battle for control of the city
• German troops capture city, then
surrender after a long battle.

6. The Invasion of Italy
• U.S. and British forces land on and
capture Sicily in 1943.
• Mussolini loses power, but Germans keep
control of northern Italy
• Allies invade Italy, but Germans keep
fighting there until the war ends.

7. The Allied Home Fronts
• Wherever Allied forces fought,
people on the home fronts
rallied to support them. In war-
torn countries like the Soviet
Union and Great Britain,
civilians endured extreme
hardships. Many lost their
lives. Except for a few of its
territories, such as Hawaii, the
United States did not suffer
invasion or bombing.
Nonetheless, Americans at
home made a crucial
contribution to the Allied war
effort. Americans produced the
weapons and equipment that
would help win the war.

8. Mobilizing for War
• Fighting the war requires complete use of
all national resources
• 17 to 18 million U.S. workers—many of
them women—make weapons
• People at home face shortages of
consumer goods
• Propaganda aims to inspire civilians to aid
war effort

9. War Limits Civil Rights
• Japanese Americans face prejudice and
fear
• Army puts Japanese Americans in
internment camps in 1942

10. Victory in Europe
• While the Allies were dealing with issues
on the home front, they also were
preparing to push toward victory in
Europe. In 1943, the Allies began secretly
building an invasion force in Great Britain.
Their plan was to launch an attack on
German held France across the English
Channel.

11. The D-Day Invasion
• Allies plan invasion of France; use
deception to confuse Germans
• D-Day—June 6, 1944; day of “Operation
Overlord” invasion of France
• Allied forces capture Normandy beaches;
liberate Paris by September

12. The Battle of the Bulge
• U.S. and British forces advance on
Germany from west, Soviets from east
• Battle of the Bulge—German
counterattack in December 1944
• Germans gain early success but are
forced to retreat

13. Germany’s Unconditional Surrender
• By 1945, Allied armies approach Germany
from two sides
• Soviets surround Berlin in April 1945
• Hitler commits suicide
• President Roosevelt dies in April; Harry
Truman becomes president.
• On May 9, 1945, Germany officially
surrenders, marking V-E Day

14. Victory in the Pacific
• Although the war in Europe was over, the
Allies were still fighting the Japanese in
the Pacific. With the Allied victory at
Guadalcanal, however, the Japanese
advances in the Pacific had been stopped.
For the rest of the war, the Japanese
retreated before the counterattack of the
Allied powers.

15. The Japanese in Retreat
• Allies move to retake
Philippines in late 1944
• Battle of Leyte Gulf
leaves Japanese navy
badly damaged
• Kamikazes—Japanese
pilots who fly suicide
missions
• March 1945: American
forces capture Iwo Jima
• June 1945: U.S. takes
Okinawa. Japan suffers
huge casualties

16. The Japanese Surrender
• Advisors warn Truman that
invasion of Japan will cost
many lives
• He has alternative: the atomic
bomb
• Manhattan Project—a secret
program to develop the atomic
bomb
• Hiroshima bombed August 6,
1945; about 75,000 die
• Nagasaki bombed August 9,
1945: 70,000 die
• Japan surrenders September
2, 1945