This document summarizes research on energy efficient multipath routing techniques in wireless sensor networks. It reviews 24 related works that propose and evaluate various multipath routing protocols to increase network lifetime and balance energy consumption. The routing protocols are categorized based on path establishment, network structure, and protocol operation. Key goals of multipath routing include minimizing total energy consumption, extending network lifetime, improving load balancing, and providing reliable and efficient data transmission.
Optimized Projected Strategy for Enhancement of WSN Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
This paper put forward a new strategy for selecting the most favorable cluster head in Stable
Election Protocol (SEP). The planned approach selects a node as cluster head if it has the maximum
energy among all the available nodes in that particular cluster. It considers diverse nodes and divides
nodes among normal, transitional and advance nodes. To handle the heterogeneity of the nodes, different
optimized probability density functions are selected. First node dead time explain the network stability
period and last node dead explain the overall network lifetime. The main pressure is to increase the time
when first node dies and also when last node dies. The projected strategy is designed and implemented in
the Matlab using mathematics toolbox. The projected algorithm is also compared with the some prominent
protocols like leach, E-LEACH, SEP and extended SEP
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON QOSIAEME Publication
Energy is a serious resource parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks. Utilizing energy in an effectual manner is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presents an overview on various energy efficient routing protocols which fulfills the criteria of QoS parameters. Various energy effective and QoS based routing protocols have been compared. To improve the QoS in a network, data fusion and data accumulation is considered to be one of major energy saving technique. The routing protocols based on data aggregation, reduced cost routing and secure routing are also discussed in detail. Simulation tools like NS2, NS3, OMNET etc can be used to evaluate the network performance.
E FFICIENT E NERGY U TILIZATION P ATH A LGORITHM I N W IRELESS S ENSOR...IJCI JOURNAL
With limited amount of energy, nodes are powered by
batteries in wireless networks. Increasing the lif
e
span of the network and reducing the usage of energ
y are two severe problems in Wireless Sensor
Networks. A small number of energy utilization path
algorithms like minimum spanning tree reduces tota
l
energy consumption of a Wireless Sensor Network, ho
wever very heavy load of sending data packets on
many key nodes is used with the intention that the
nodes quickly consumes battery energy, by raising t
he
life span of the network reduced. Our proposal work
aimed on presenting an Energy Conserved Fast and
Secure Data Aggregation Scheme for WSN in time and
security logic occurrence data collection
application. To begin with, initially the goal is m
ade on energy preservation of sensed data gathering
from
event identified sensor nodes to destination. Inven
tion is finished on Energy Efficient Utilization Pa
th
Algorithm (EEUPA), to extend the lifespan by proces
sing the collecting series with path mediators
depending on gene characteristics sequencing of nod
e energy drain rate, energy consumption rate, and
message overhead together with extended network lif
e span. Additionally, a mathematical programming
technique is designed to improve the lifespan of th
e network. Simulation experiments carried out among
different relating conditions of wireless sensor ne
twork by different path algorithms to analyze the
efficiency and effectiveness of planned Efficient E
nergy Utilization Path Algorithm in wireless sensor
network (EEUPA)
Intrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems Using NICE ...IJERA Editor
The cloud computing has increased in many organizations. It provides many benefits in terms of low cost and accessibility of data. Ensuring the security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud computing environment, as users often store sensitive information with cloud storage providers but these providers may be untrusted. In this project we propose anIntrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems mechanism called NICE to prevent vulnerable virtual machines from being compromised in the cloud. NICE detects and mitigates collaborative attacks in the cloud virtual networking environment. The system performance evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of NICE and shows that the proposed solution can significantly reduce the risk of the cloud system from being exploited and abused by internal and external attackers.
Review Paper on Energy Efficient Protocol in Wireless Sensor NetworkIJERA Editor
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a system composed of a large number of low-cost micro-sensors. This network is used to collect and send various kinds of messages to a base station (BS). WSN consists of low-cost nodes with limited battery power, and the battery replacement is not easy for WSN with thousands of physically embedded nodes, which means energy efficient routing protocol should be employed to offer a long network life time. The lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is crucial. To achieve the aim, we need not only to minimize total energy consumption but also to balance WSN load. Hence, this paper aims to study different energy balance routing protocols of WSNs. In this paper, we have compared different protocols of WSN, ensuring maximum network lifetime by balancing the load as equally as possible
Optimized Projected Strategy for Enhancement of WSN Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
This paper put forward a new strategy for selecting the most favorable cluster head in Stable
Election Protocol (SEP). The planned approach selects a node as cluster head if it has the maximum
energy among all the available nodes in that particular cluster. It considers diverse nodes and divides
nodes among normal, transitional and advance nodes. To handle the heterogeneity of the nodes, different
optimized probability density functions are selected. First node dead time explain the network stability
period and last node dead explain the overall network lifetime. The main pressure is to increase the time
when first node dies and also when last node dies. The projected strategy is designed and implemented in
the Matlab using mathematics toolbox. The projected algorithm is also compared with the some prominent
protocols like leach, E-LEACH, SEP and extended SEP
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON QOSIAEME Publication
Energy is a serious resource parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks. Utilizing energy in an effectual manner is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presents an overview on various energy efficient routing protocols which fulfills the criteria of QoS parameters. Various energy effective and QoS based routing protocols have been compared. To improve the QoS in a network, data fusion and data accumulation is considered to be one of major energy saving technique. The routing protocols based on data aggregation, reduced cost routing and secure routing are also discussed in detail. Simulation tools like NS2, NS3, OMNET etc can be used to evaluate the network performance.
E FFICIENT E NERGY U TILIZATION P ATH A LGORITHM I N W IRELESS S ENSOR...IJCI JOURNAL
With limited amount of energy, nodes are powered by
batteries in wireless networks. Increasing the lif
e
span of the network and reducing the usage of energ
y are two severe problems in Wireless Sensor
Networks. A small number of energy utilization path
algorithms like minimum spanning tree reduces tota
l
energy consumption of a Wireless Sensor Network, ho
wever very heavy load of sending data packets on
many key nodes is used with the intention that the
nodes quickly consumes battery energy, by raising t
he
life span of the network reduced. Our proposal work
aimed on presenting an Energy Conserved Fast and
Secure Data Aggregation Scheme for WSN in time and
security logic occurrence data collection
application. To begin with, initially the goal is m
ade on energy preservation of sensed data gathering
from
event identified sensor nodes to destination. Inven
tion is finished on Energy Efficient Utilization Pa
th
Algorithm (EEUPA), to extend the lifespan by proces
sing the collecting series with path mediators
depending on gene characteristics sequencing of nod
e energy drain rate, energy consumption rate, and
message overhead together with extended network lif
e span. Additionally, a mathematical programming
technique is designed to improve the lifespan of th
e network. Simulation experiments carried out among
different relating conditions of wireless sensor ne
twork by different path algorithms to analyze the
efficiency and effectiveness of planned Efficient E
nergy Utilization Path Algorithm in wireless sensor
network (EEUPA)
Intrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems Using NICE ...IJERA Editor
The cloud computing has increased in many organizations. It provides many benefits in terms of low cost and accessibility of data. Ensuring the security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud computing environment, as users often store sensitive information with cloud storage providers but these providers may be untrusted. In this project we propose anIntrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems mechanism called NICE to prevent vulnerable virtual machines from being compromised in the cloud. NICE detects and mitigates collaborative attacks in the cloud virtual networking environment. The system performance evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of NICE and shows that the proposed solution can significantly reduce the risk of the cloud system from being exploited and abused by internal and external attackers.
Review Paper on Energy Efficient Protocol in Wireless Sensor NetworkIJERA Editor
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a system composed of a large number of low-cost micro-sensors. This network is used to collect and send various kinds of messages to a base station (BS). WSN consists of low-cost nodes with limited battery power, and the battery replacement is not easy for WSN with thousands of physically embedded nodes, which means energy efficient routing protocol should be employed to offer a long network life time. The lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is crucial. To achieve the aim, we need not only to minimize total energy consumption but also to balance WSN load. Hence, this paper aims to study different energy balance routing protocols of WSNs. In this paper, we have compared different protocols of WSN, ensuring maximum network lifetime by balancing the load as equally as possible
Analysis of Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks An Assessmentijtsrd
In the past decades, Wireless Sensor Network WSN has become a wide area of research. In WSN, numerous sensor nodes are randomly setup with different energy level. Energy acts as power source and is available to each sensor node in limited quantity. The limiting factor is that sensor nodes are energy constrained and recharging or replacing battery is costly and complex process. This paper explores the different energy consumption factors which effect the lifetime and performance of the WSN's. The main factors which effect the energy consumption in WSN's are scalability, load balancing, reliability, communication, collision, over hearing, ideal listing and latency. Researchers have proved that the node near to sink node discharge very fastly. Apart from these, most of the energy is consumed during the transfer of data from sender to receiver. In this paper effort is made to analyze the effect of different factors on energy consumption in WSN's. Anupam Jain | Prof. Madhuvan Dixit ""Analysis of Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Assessment"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22789.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/22789/analysis-of-energy-in-wireless-sensor-networks-an-assessment/anupam-jain
A New Method for Reducing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks usin...Editor IJCATR
Nowadays, wireless sensor networks, clustering protocol based on the neighboring nodes into separate clusters and fault
tolerance for each cluster exists for sensors to send information to the base station, to gain the best performance in terms of increased
longevity and maintain tolerance than with other routing methods. However, most clustering protocols proposed so far, only
geographical proximity (neighboring) cluster formation is considered as a parameter. In this study, a new clustering protocol and fault
tolerance based on the fuzzy algorithms are able to clustering nodes in sensor networks based on fuzzy logic and fault tolerance. This
protocol uses clustering sensor nodes and fault tolerance exist in the network to reduce energy consumption, so that faulty sensors
from neighboring nodes are used to cover the errors, work based on the most criteria overlay neighbor sensors with defective sensors,
distance neighbor sensors from fault sensor and distance neighbor sensors from central station is done. Superior performance of the
protocol can be seen in terms of increasing the network lifetime and maintain the best network tolerance in comparison with previous
protocols such as LEACH in the simulation results.
Energy efficient clustering in heterogeneousIJCNCJournal
Cluster head election is a key technique used to reduce energy consumption and enhancing the throughput
of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a new energy efficient clustering (E2C) protocol for
heterogeneous wireless sensor networks is proposed. Cluster head is elected based on the predicted
residual energy of sensors, optimal probability of a sensor to become a cluster head, and its degree of
connectivity as the parameters. The probability threshold to compete for the role of cluster head is derived.
The probability threshold has been extended for multi-levels energy heterogeneity in the network. The
proposed E2C protocol is simulated in MATLAB. Results obtained in the simulationshowthat performance
of the proposed E2Cprotocol is betterthan stable election protocol (SEP), and distributed energy efficient
clustering (DEEC) protocol in terms of energy consumption, throughput, and network lifetime.
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources.Once
deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy
source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to
improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have
been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a
dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design
and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in
sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented
in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in
comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is
representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for
select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless
sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
LIFETIME IMPROVEMENT USING MOBILE AGENT IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKJournal For Research
Wireless sensor networks have attracted much attention in the research community over the last few years, driven by a wealth of theoretical and practical challenges and an increasing number of practical civilian application. ‘one deployment, multiple applications’ is an emerging trend in the development of WSN, due to the high cost of deploying hundreds and thousands of sensors nodes over a wide geographical area and the application-specific nature of tasking a WSN. A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network. To reduce the energy consumption, the transmission of data between sensor nodes must be reduced in order to preserve the remaining energy in cluster node. We propose a new energy balancing architecture based on cluster with hexagonal geometry with radius R.select the base station and after select the cluster head with maximum energy of the node and after select mobile agent in minimum distance to cluster head and second highest maximum energy. And then send the data mobile agent to cluster head and cluster head to base station.and we have energy management must be followed to balance the energy in the whole network and improving network lifetime.
A Research on Cluster Based Routing Methodologies for Wireless Sensor Networksijtsrd
The design of Wireless sensor networks has currently significant attention due to their limitless potential and has great value of applications such as not closely connected environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been motivated by the development and availability of small, low cost and intelligent sensors. A wireless sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes prearranged into a cooperative network. These sensors nodes are outfitted with limited processing and computing resources. Since radio transmission and reception consumes a lot of power, one of the critical suspicions in wireless sensor network is the inherent limited battery power within the sensor nodes. Therefore battery power is one of the vital parameter for an algorithm design to increase the lifespan of the sensor node. Recent researches have been carried out in investigating diverse aspects in connection with low power routing protocols. In this paper, the focus is mainly driven towards the review of energy efficient cluster “based available routing protocols for wireless sensor network. Also a methodology by which optimal routing can be achieved in the context of energy is portrayed artistically. Venkateswarulu Naik. B | G. Ravi Kumar"A Research on Cluster Based Routing Methodologies for Wireless Sensor Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5831.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/5831/a-research-on-cluster-based-routing-methodologies-for-wireless-sensor-networks/venkateswarulu-naik-b
Clustering provides an effective method for
extending the lifetime of a wireless sensor network. Current
clustering methods selecting cluster heads with more residual
energy, and rotating cluster heads periodically to distribute the
energy consumption among nodes in each cluster. However,
they rarely consider the hot spot problem in multi hop sensor
networks. When cluster heads forward their data to the base
station, the cluster heads closer to the base station are heavily
burdened with traffic and tend to die much faster. To mitigate
the hot spot problem, we propose a Novel Energy Efficient
Unequal Clustering Routing (NEEUC) protocol. It uses residual
energy and groupsthe nodesinto clusters of unequal layers
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
A Novel Weighted Clustering Based Approach for Improving the Wireless Sensor ...IJERA Editor
Great lifetime and reliability is the key aim of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) design. As for prolonging
lifetime of this type of network, energy is the most important resource; all recent researches are focused on more
and more energy efficient techniques. Proposed work is Weighted Clustering Approach based on Weighted
Cluster Head Selection, which is highly energy efficient and reliable in mobile network scenario. Weight
calculation using different attributes of the nodes like SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), Remaining Energy, Node
Degree, Mobility, and Buffer Length gives efficient Cluster Head (CH) on regular interval of time. CH rotation
helps in optimum utilization of energy available with all nodes; results in prolonged network lifetime.
Implementation is done using the NS2 network simulator and performance evaluation is carried out in terms of
PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio), End to End Delay, Throughput, and Energy Consumption. Demonstration of the
obtained results shows that proposed work is adaptable for improving the performance. In order to justify the
solution, the performance of proposed technique is compared with the performance of traditional approach. The
performance of proposed technique is found optimum as compared to the traditional techniques.
CONTEXT-AWARE ENERGY CONSERVING ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR INTERNET OF THINGSIJCNCJournal
Internet of Things (IoT) is the fast- growing technology, mostly used in smart mobile devices such as notebooks, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDA), smartphones, etc. Due to its dynamic nature and the limited battery power of the IoT enabled smart mobile nodes, the communication links between intermediate relay nodes may fail frequently, thus affecting the routing performance of the network and also the availability of the nodes. Existing algorithm does not concentrate about communication links and battery power/energy, but these node links are a very important factor for improving the quality of routing in IoT. In this paper, Context-aware Energy Conserving Algorithm for routing (CECA) was proposed which employs QoS routing metrics like Inter-Meeting Time and residual energy and has been applied to IoT enabled smart mobile devices using different technologies with different microcontroller which resulted in an increased network lifetime, throughput and reduced control overhead and the end to end delay. Simulation results show that, with respect to the speed of the mobile nodes from 2 to 10m/s, CECA increases the network lifetime, thereby increasing the average residual energy by 11.1% and increasing throughput there by reduces the average end to end delay by 14.1% over the Energy-Efficient Probabilistic Routing (EEPR) algorithm. With respect to the number of nodes increases from 10 to 100 nodes, CECA algorithms increase the average residual energy by16.1 % reduces the average end to end delay by 15.9% and control overhead by 23.7% over the existing EEPR
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
Solution for intra/inter-cluster event-reporting problem in cluster-based pro...IJECEIAES
In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been considered one of the important topics for researchers due to their wide applications in our life. Several researches have been conducted to improve WSNs performance and solve their issues. One of these issues is the energy limitation in WSNs since the source of energy in most WSNs is the battery. Accordingly, various protocols and techniques have been proposed with the intention of reducing power consumption of WSNs and lengthen their lifetime. Cluster-oriented routing protocols are one of the most effective categories of these protocols. In this article, we consider a major issue affecting the performance of this category of protocols, which we call the intra/inter-cluster event-reporting problem (IICERP). We demonstrate that IICERP severely reduces the performance of a cluster-oriented routing protocol, so we suggest an effective Solution for IICERP (SIICERP). To assess SIICERP’s performance, comprehensive simulations were performed to demonstrate the performance of several cluster-oriented protocols without and with SIICERP. Simulation results revealed that SIICERP substantially increases the performance of cluster-oriented routing protocols.
Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor network based on mobile sink guid...IJECEIAES
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the minimization of usage of energy in the sensor nodes is a key task. Three salient functions are performed by WSNs’ sensor nodes namely data sensing, transmitting and relaying. Routing technique is one of the methods to enhance the sensor nodes battery lifetime. Energy optimization is done by using one of the heuristic routing methods for data sensing and transmission. To enhance the energy optimization mainly concentrated on data relaying. In this work stochastic hill climbing is adapted. The proposed solution for data relaying utilizes geographical routing and mobile sink technique. The sink collects the data from cluster heads and movement of the sink is routed by stochastic hill climbing. Experimentation is done on the network simulator 2 Platform. The existing routing techniques like threshold sensitive energy efficient sensor network, energy-efficient low duty cycle, and adaptive clustering protocol are compared with the obtained results of chosen algorithm. The proposed work shows promising results with respect to lifetime, average energy of nodes and packet delivery ratio.
A Review Study on Shortest Path in WSN to detect the Abnormal Packet for savi...Editor IJMTER
The main motive of this research is to study energy-efficient data-gathering mechanisms to
abnormal packet data for saving the energy. To detect the abnormal packet irregularities is useful for
saving energy, as well as for management of network, because the patterns found can be used for
both decision making in applications and system performance tuning. Node distribution in WSNs is
either deterministic or self-organizing and application dependant. The sensor nodes in WSNs have
minimum energy and they use their energy for communication and sensing.
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
Energy Proficient and Security Protocol for WSN: A Reviewtheijes
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The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Analysis of Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks An Assessmentijtsrd
In the past decades, Wireless Sensor Network WSN has become a wide area of research. In WSN, numerous sensor nodes are randomly setup with different energy level. Energy acts as power source and is available to each sensor node in limited quantity. The limiting factor is that sensor nodes are energy constrained and recharging or replacing battery is costly and complex process. This paper explores the different energy consumption factors which effect the lifetime and performance of the WSN's. The main factors which effect the energy consumption in WSN's are scalability, load balancing, reliability, communication, collision, over hearing, ideal listing and latency. Researchers have proved that the node near to sink node discharge very fastly. Apart from these, most of the energy is consumed during the transfer of data from sender to receiver. In this paper effort is made to analyze the effect of different factors on energy consumption in WSN's. Anupam Jain | Prof. Madhuvan Dixit ""Analysis of Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Assessment"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22789.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/22789/analysis-of-energy-in-wireless-sensor-networks-an-assessment/anupam-jain
A New Method for Reducing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks usin...Editor IJCATR
Nowadays, wireless sensor networks, clustering protocol based on the neighboring nodes into separate clusters and fault
tolerance for each cluster exists for sensors to send information to the base station, to gain the best performance in terms of increased
longevity and maintain tolerance than with other routing methods. However, most clustering protocols proposed so far, only
geographical proximity (neighboring) cluster formation is considered as a parameter. In this study, a new clustering protocol and fault
tolerance based on the fuzzy algorithms are able to clustering nodes in sensor networks based on fuzzy logic and fault tolerance. This
protocol uses clustering sensor nodes and fault tolerance exist in the network to reduce energy consumption, so that faulty sensors
from neighboring nodes are used to cover the errors, work based on the most criteria overlay neighbor sensors with defective sensors,
distance neighbor sensors from fault sensor and distance neighbor sensors from central station is done. Superior performance of the
protocol can be seen in terms of increasing the network lifetime and maintain the best network tolerance in comparison with previous
protocols such as LEACH in the simulation results.
Energy efficient clustering in heterogeneousIJCNCJournal
Cluster head election is a key technique used to reduce energy consumption and enhancing the throughput
of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a new energy efficient clustering (E2C) protocol for
heterogeneous wireless sensor networks is proposed. Cluster head is elected based on the predicted
residual energy of sensors, optimal probability of a sensor to become a cluster head, and its degree of
connectivity as the parameters. The probability threshold to compete for the role of cluster head is derived.
The probability threshold has been extended for multi-levels energy heterogeneity in the network. The
proposed E2C protocol is simulated in MATLAB. Results obtained in the simulationshowthat performance
of the proposed E2Cprotocol is betterthan stable election protocol (SEP), and distributed energy efficient
clustering (DEEC) protocol in terms of energy consumption, throughput, and network lifetime.
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources.Once
deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy
source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to
improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have
been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a
dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design
and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in
sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented
in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in
comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is
representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for
select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless
sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
LIFETIME IMPROVEMENT USING MOBILE AGENT IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKJournal For Research
Wireless sensor networks have attracted much attention in the research community over the last few years, driven by a wealth of theoretical and practical challenges and an increasing number of practical civilian application. ‘one deployment, multiple applications’ is an emerging trend in the development of WSN, due to the high cost of deploying hundreds and thousands of sensors nodes over a wide geographical area and the application-specific nature of tasking a WSN. A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network. To reduce the energy consumption, the transmission of data between sensor nodes must be reduced in order to preserve the remaining energy in cluster node. We propose a new energy balancing architecture based on cluster with hexagonal geometry with radius R.select the base station and after select the cluster head with maximum energy of the node and after select mobile agent in minimum distance to cluster head and second highest maximum energy. And then send the data mobile agent to cluster head and cluster head to base station.and we have energy management must be followed to balance the energy in the whole network and improving network lifetime.
A Research on Cluster Based Routing Methodologies for Wireless Sensor Networksijtsrd
The design of Wireless sensor networks has currently significant attention due to their limitless potential and has great value of applications such as not closely connected environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been motivated by the development and availability of small, low cost and intelligent sensors. A wireless sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes prearranged into a cooperative network. These sensors nodes are outfitted with limited processing and computing resources. Since radio transmission and reception consumes a lot of power, one of the critical suspicions in wireless sensor network is the inherent limited battery power within the sensor nodes. Therefore battery power is one of the vital parameter for an algorithm design to increase the lifespan of the sensor node. Recent researches have been carried out in investigating diverse aspects in connection with low power routing protocols. In this paper, the focus is mainly driven towards the review of energy efficient cluster “based available routing protocols for wireless sensor network. Also a methodology by which optimal routing can be achieved in the context of energy is portrayed artistically. Venkateswarulu Naik. B | G. Ravi Kumar"A Research on Cluster Based Routing Methodologies for Wireless Sensor Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5831.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/5831/a-research-on-cluster-based-routing-methodologies-for-wireless-sensor-networks/venkateswarulu-naik-b
Clustering provides an effective method for
extending the lifetime of a wireless sensor network. Current
clustering methods selecting cluster heads with more residual
energy, and rotating cluster heads periodically to distribute the
energy consumption among nodes in each cluster. However,
they rarely consider the hot spot problem in multi hop sensor
networks. When cluster heads forward their data to the base
station, the cluster heads closer to the base station are heavily
burdened with traffic and tend to die much faster. To mitigate
the hot spot problem, we propose a Novel Energy Efficient
Unequal Clustering Routing (NEEUC) protocol. It uses residual
energy and groupsthe nodesinto clusters of unequal layers
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
A Novel Weighted Clustering Based Approach for Improving the Wireless Sensor ...IJERA Editor
Great lifetime and reliability is the key aim of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) design. As for prolonging
lifetime of this type of network, energy is the most important resource; all recent researches are focused on more
and more energy efficient techniques. Proposed work is Weighted Clustering Approach based on Weighted
Cluster Head Selection, which is highly energy efficient and reliable in mobile network scenario. Weight
calculation using different attributes of the nodes like SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), Remaining Energy, Node
Degree, Mobility, and Buffer Length gives efficient Cluster Head (CH) on regular interval of time. CH rotation
helps in optimum utilization of energy available with all nodes; results in prolonged network lifetime.
Implementation is done using the NS2 network simulator and performance evaluation is carried out in terms of
PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio), End to End Delay, Throughput, and Energy Consumption. Demonstration of the
obtained results shows that proposed work is adaptable for improving the performance. In order to justify the
solution, the performance of proposed technique is compared with the performance of traditional approach. The
performance of proposed technique is found optimum as compared to the traditional techniques.
CONTEXT-AWARE ENERGY CONSERVING ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR INTERNET OF THINGSIJCNCJournal
Internet of Things (IoT) is the fast- growing technology, mostly used in smart mobile devices such as notebooks, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDA), smartphones, etc. Due to its dynamic nature and the limited battery power of the IoT enabled smart mobile nodes, the communication links between intermediate relay nodes may fail frequently, thus affecting the routing performance of the network and also the availability of the nodes. Existing algorithm does not concentrate about communication links and battery power/energy, but these node links are a very important factor for improving the quality of routing in IoT. In this paper, Context-aware Energy Conserving Algorithm for routing (CECA) was proposed which employs QoS routing metrics like Inter-Meeting Time and residual energy and has been applied to IoT enabled smart mobile devices using different technologies with different microcontroller which resulted in an increased network lifetime, throughput and reduced control overhead and the end to end delay. Simulation results show that, with respect to the speed of the mobile nodes from 2 to 10m/s, CECA increases the network lifetime, thereby increasing the average residual energy by 11.1% and increasing throughput there by reduces the average end to end delay by 14.1% over the Energy-Efficient Probabilistic Routing (EEPR) algorithm. With respect to the number of nodes increases from 10 to 100 nodes, CECA algorithms increase the average residual energy by16.1 % reduces the average end to end delay by 15.9% and control overhead by 23.7% over the existing EEPR
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
Solution for intra/inter-cluster event-reporting problem in cluster-based pro...IJECEIAES
In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been considered one of the important topics for researchers due to their wide applications in our life. Several researches have been conducted to improve WSNs performance and solve their issues. One of these issues is the energy limitation in WSNs since the source of energy in most WSNs is the battery. Accordingly, various protocols and techniques have been proposed with the intention of reducing power consumption of WSNs and lengthen their lifetime. Cluster-oriented routing protocols are one of the most effective categories of these protocols. In this article, we consider a major issue affecting the performance of this category of protocols, which we call the intra/inter-cluster event-reporting problem (IICERP). We demonstrate that IICERP severely reduces the performance of a cluster-oriented routing protocol, so we suggest an effective Solution for IICERP (SIICERP). To assess SIICERP’s performance, comprehensive simulations were performed to demonstrate the performance of several cluster-oriented protocols without and with SIICERP. Simulation results revealed that SIICERP substantially increases the performance of cluster-oriented routing protocols.
Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor network based on mobile sink guid...IJECEIAES
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the minimization of usage of energy in the sensor nodes is a key task. Three salient functions are performed by WSNs’ sensor nodes namely data sensing, transmitting and relaying. Routing technique is one of the methods to enhance the sensor nodes battery lifetime. Energy optimization is done by using one of the heuristic routing methods for data sensing and transmission. To enhance the energy optimization mainly concentrated on data relaying. In this work stochastic hill climbing is adapted. The proposed solution for data relaying utilizes geographical routing and mobile sink technique. The sink collects the data from cluster heads and movement of the sink is routed by stochastic hill climbing. Experimentation is done on the network simulator 2 Platform. The existing routing techniques like threshold sensitive energy efficient sensor network, energy-efficient low duty cycle, and adaptive clustering protocol are compared with the obtained results of chosen algorithm. The proposed work shows promising results with respect to lifetime, average energy of nodes and packet delivery ratio.
A Review Study on Shortest Path in WSN to detect the Abnormal Packet for savi...Editor IJMTER
The main motive of this research is to study energy-efficient data-gathering mechanisms to
abnormal packet data for saving the energy. To detect the abnormal packet irregularities is useful for
saving energy, as well as for management of network, because the patterns found can be used for
both decision making in applications and system performance tuning. Node distribution in WSNs is
either deterministic or self-organizing and application dependant. The sensor nodes in WSNs have
minimum energy and they use their energy for communication and sensing.
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
Energy Proficient and Security Protocol for WSN: A Reviewtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON QOSIAEME Publication
Energy is a serious resource parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks. Utilizing energy in an effectual manner is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presents an overview on various energy efficient routing protocols which fulfills the criteria of QoS parameters. Various energy effective and QoS based routing protocols have been compared. To improve the QoS in a network, data fusion and data accumulation is considered to be one of major energy saving technique. The routing protocols based on data aggregation, reduced cost routing and secure routing are also discussed in detail. Simulation tools like NS2, NS3, OMNET etc can be used to evaluate the network performance.
A Review of Sensor Node in Wireless Sensor Networksijtsrd
Wireless Sensor Networks WSNs are collection of tiny sensor nodes capable of sensing, processing and broadcasting data correlated to some occurrence in the network area. The sensor nodes have severe limitation, such as bandwidth, short communication range, limited CPU processing facility, memory and energy. Enhancing the lifetime of wireless sensors network and efficient utilizations of bandwidth are essential for the proliferation of wireless sensor network in different applications. We provide an in depth study of applying wireless sensor networks WSNs to real world habitat monitoring. A set of system design requirements were developed that cover the hardware design of the nodes, the sensor network software, protective enclosures, and system architecture to meet the requirements of biologists. Although researchers anticipate some challenges arising in real world deployments of WSNs, many problems can only be discovered through experience. We present a set of experiences from a four month long deployment on a remote island. We analyze the environmental and node health data to evaluate system performance. The close integration of WSNs with their environment provides environmental data at densities previously impossible. We show that the sensor data is also useful for predicting system operation and network failures. Based on over one million data readings, we analyze the node and network design and develop network reliability profiles and failure models. Jobanputra Paresh Ashokkumar | Prof. Arun Jhapate ""A Review of Sensor Node in Wireless Sensor Networks"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23620.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23620/a-review-of-sensor-node-in-wireless-sensor-networks/jobanputra-paresh-ashokkumar
A novel energy efficient routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks using...ijwmn
There are numerous applications for wireless sensor networks which are inevitable now a day in our daily
life. Majority of such applications which use wireless sensor networks will be in areas where the direct
human intervention is impossible. So the limited energy available in such sensors is a threat for prolonging
the life of the entire network. The need of energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks is a hot research
topic in which lot of new strategies for improvement in energy efficiency has been sought after. As
communication process consumes more energy, an energy efficient routing strategy can probably reduce
the energy consumption to a great extend. This paper gives an overview of the different routing techniques
in which mobile sinks are used to facilitate the routing process which can effectively reduce the energy use.
A new routing strategy with mobile sinks and a static sink is proposed and is compared based on the
matrices life time and average energy of the nodes with the existing Shortest Hop path (SH) algorithm. The
simulation results shows the proposed algorithm is more energy efficient than the existing one.
A multi-hop routing protocol for an energy-efficient in wireless sensor networkIJECEIAES
The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol has been developed to be implemented in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) systems such as healthcare and military systems. LEACH protocol depends on clustering the employed sensors and electing one cluster head (CH) for each cluster. The CH nodes are changed periodically to evenly distribute the energy load among sensors. Updating the CH node requires electing different CH and re-clustering sensors. This process consumes sensors’ energy due to sending and receiving many broadcast and unicast messages thus reduces the network lifetime, which is regarded as a significant issue in LEACH. This research develops a new approach based on modifying the LEACH protocol to minimize the need of updating the cluster head. The proposal aims to extend the WSN’s lifetime by maintaining the sensor nodes’ energy. The suggested approach has been evaluated and shown remarkable efficiency in comparison with basic LEACH protocol and not-clustered protocol in terms of extending network lifetime and reducing the required sent messages in the network reflected by 15%, and, in addition, reducing the need to reformatting the clusters frequently and saving network resources.
Energy Efficient Techniques for Data aggregation and collection in WSNIJCSEA Journal
A multidisciplinary research area such as wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been invoked the monitoring of remote physical environment and are used for a wide range of applications ranging from defense personnel to many scientific research, statistical application, disaster area and War Zone. These networks are constraint with energy, memory and computing power enhance efficient techniques are needed for data aggregation, data collection, query processing, decision making and routing in sensor networks. The problem encountered in the recent past was of the more battery power consumption as activity increases, need more efficient data aggregation and collection techniques with right decision making capabilities. Therefore, this paper proposed the efficient and effective architecture and mechanism of energy efficient techniques for data aggregation and collection in WSN using principles like global weight calculation of nodes, data collection for cluster head and data aggregation techniques using data cube aggregation.
DESIGN OF ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WSN...cscpconf
Development of energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) routing protocol is nowadays main area of interest amongst researchers. This research is an effort in designing energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) routing protocol under certain parameters consideration. Research report discusses various existing WSN routing protocols and propose a new WSN energy efficient routing protocol. Results show a significant improvement in life cycle of the nodes and enhancement in energy efficiency of WSN. In this paper, an attempt has been made to design a wireless sensor network involving the extraction of Pascal Graph features. The standard task involves designing a suitable topology using Pascal Graph. As per the definition of interconnection network it is equivalent that a suitable graph can represent the different computer network topologies very efficiently. Different characteristics of Pascal Graph Topology has been discovered and used in network topology design. Since Pascal Graph gives
better result in terms of finding the dependable and reliable nodes in topology, it has been considered for network analysis. Moreover, we propose a methodology that involves the Pascal
Graph Topology for wireless sensor network which can analyse and represent the network and help in routing.
Cluster Head Selection Techniques for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networ...ijsrd.com
Wireless sensor networks are widely considered as one of the most important technologies. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of ten to thousand small nodes with sensing, computing and wireless communication capabilities. They have been applied to numerous fields such as healthcare, monitoring system, military, and so forth. Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Energy efficiency is thus a primary issue in maintaining the network. Innovative techniques that improve energy efficiency to prolong the network lifetime are highly required. Clustering is an effective topology control approach in wireless sensor networks. This paper elaborates several techniques like LEACH, HEED, LEACH-B, PEACH, EEUC of cluster head selection for energy efficient in wireless sensor networks.
QUAD TREE BASED STATIC MULTI HOP LEACH ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL: A N...IJCNCJournal
This research work propounds a simple graph theory semblance Divide and Conquer Quad tree based Multi-hop Static Leach (DCQMS-Leach) energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. The pivotal theme of this research work is to demonstrate how divide and conquer plays a pivotal role in a multi-hop static leach energy efficient routing protocol. This research work motivates, enforces, reckons the DCQMS-Leach energy efficient routing protocol in wireless sensor networks using Mat lab simulator.This research work also computes the performance concepts of DCQMS-Leach routing protocol using various performance metrics such as Packet Drop Rate (PDR), Throughput, and End to End Delay (EED) by comparing and contrasting alive nodes with number of nodes, number of each packets sent to the cluster heads with rounds, number of cluster heads with rounds, number of packets forwarded to the base station with rounds and finally dead nodes with number of rounds. In order to curtail energy consumption this research work proffers a routing methodology such as DCQMS-Leach in energy efficient wireless,sensor routing protocol. The recommended DCQMS-Leach overcomes the in adequacies of all other different leach protocols suggested by the previous researchers.
EVENT DRIVEN ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK- A SURVEYijcsa
Advances in embedded systems have resulted in the development of wireless sensor networks, which not
only provide unique opportunities for monitoring but also controlling homes, cities and the environments.
Recent advancements in wireless sensor network have resulted into many new protocols some of them are
specifically designed for sensor network for detecting the event and routing the event related information to
the base station in efficient manner. This paper surveys recent event driven routing protocols for wireless
sensor network. We have compared various event driven routing protocols using different parameters like
Sink Centric, Node Centric, Reliability, Congestion control, Energy Efficiency, Loss reliability and loss
recovery. We have also described LEACH and MECN protocols but as they are not e
Similar to 3. journal paper nov 10, 2017 ( dhyan) (20)
In our homes or offices, security has been a vital issue. Control of home security system remotely always offers huge advantages like the arming or disarming of the alarms, video monitoring, and energy management control apart from safeguarding the home free up intruders. Considering the oldest simple methods of security that is the mechanical lock system that has a key as the authentication element, then an upgrade to a universal type, and now unique codes for the lock. The recent advancement in the communication system has brought the tremendous application of communication gadgets into our various areas of life. This work is a real-time smart doorbell notification system for home Security as opposes of the traditional security methods, it is composed of the doorbell interfaced with GSM Module, a GSM module would be triggered to send an SMS to the house owner by pressing the doorbell, the owner will respond to the guest by pressing a button to open the door, otherwise, a message would be displayed to the guest for appropriate action. Then, the keypad is provided for an authorized person for the provision of password for door unlocking, if multiple wrong password attempts were made to unlock, a message of burglary attempt would be sent to the house owner for prompt action. The main benefit of this system is the uniqueness of the incorporation of the password and messaging systems which denies access to any unauthorized personality and owner's awareness method.
Augmented reality, the new age technology, has widespread applications in every field imaginable. This technology has proven to be an inflection point in numerous verticals, improving lives and improving performance. In this paper, we explore the various possible applications of Augmented Reality (AR) in the field of Medicine. The objective of using AR in medicine or generally in any field is the fact that, AR helps in motivating the user, making sessions interactive and assist in faster learning. In this paper, we discuss about the applicability of AR in the field of medical diagnosis. Augmented reality technology reinforces remote collaboration, allowing doctors to diagnose patients from a different locality. Additionally, we believe that a much more pronounced effect can be achieved by bringing together the cutting edge technology of AR and the lifesaving field of Medical sciences. AR is a mechanism that could be applied in the learning process too. Similarly, virtual reality could be used in the field where more of practical experience is needed such as driving, sports, neonatal care training.
Image fusion is a sub field of image processing in which more than one images are fused to create an image where all the objects are in focus. The process of image fusion is performed for multi-sensor and multi-focus images of the same scene. Multi-sensor images of the same scene are captured by different sensors whereas multi-focus images are captured by the same sensor. In multi-focus images, the objects in the scene which are closer to the camera are in focus and the farther objects get blurred. Contrary to it, when the farther objects are focused then closer objects get blurred in the image. To achieve an image where all the objects are in focus, the process of images fusion is performed either in spatial domain or in transformed domain. In recent times, the applications of image processing have grown immensely. Usually due to limited depth of field of optical lenses especially with greater focal length, it becomes impossible to obtain an image where all the objects are in focus. Thus, it plays an important role to perform other tasks of image processing such as image segmentation, edge detection, stereo matching and image enhancement. Hence, a novel feature-level multi-focus image fusion technique has been proposed which fuses multi-focus images. Thus, the results of extensive experimentation performed to highlight the efficiency and utility of the proposed technique is presented. The proposed work further explores comparison between fuzzy based image fusion and neuro fuzzy fusion technique along with quality evaluation indices.
Graphs have become the dominant life-form of many tasks as they advance a
structure to represent many tasks and the corresponding relations. A powerful
role of networks/graphs is to bridge local feats that exist in vertices as they
blossom into patterns that help explain how nodal relations and their edges
impacts a complex effect that ripple via a graph. User cluster are formed as a
result of interactions between entities. Many users can hardly categorize their
contact into groups today such as “family”, “friends”, “colleagues” etc. Thus,
the need to analyze such user social graph via implicit clusters, enables the
dynamism in contact management. Study seeks to implement this dynamism
via a comparative study of deep neural network and friend suggest algorithm.
We analyze a user’s implicit social graph and seek to automatically create
custom contact groups using metrics that classify such contacts based on a
user’s affinity to contacts. Experimental results demonstrate the importance
of both the implicit group relationships and the interaction-based affinity in
suggesting friends.
This paper projects Gryllidae Optimization Algorithm (GOA) has been applied to solve optimal reactive power problem. Proposed GOA approach is based on the chirping characteristics of Gryllidae. In common, male Gryllidae chirp, on the other hand some female Gryllidae also do as well. Male Gryllidae draw the females by this sound which they produce. Moreover, they caution the other Gryllidae against dangers with this sound. The hearing organs of the Gryllidae are housed in an expansion of their forelegs. Through this, they bias to the produced fluttering sounds. Proposed Gryllidae Optimization Algorithm (GOA) has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30 bus test systems and simulation results show that the projected algorithms reduced the real power loss considerably.
In the wake of the sudden replacement of wood and kerosene by gas cookers for several purposes in Nigeria, gas leakage has caused several damages in our homes, Laboratories among others. installation of a gas leakage detection device was globally inspired to eliminate accidents related to gas leakage. We present an alternative approach to developing a device that can automatically detect and control gas leakages and also monitor temperature. The system detects the leakage of the LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) using a gas sensor, then triggred the control system response which employs ventilator system, Mobile phone alert and alarm when the LPG concentration in the air exceeds a certain level. The performance of two gas sensors (MQ5 and MQ6) were tested for a guided decision. Also, when the temperature of the environment poses a danger, LED (indicator), buzzer and LCD (16x2) display was used to indicate temperature and gas leakage status in degree Celsius and PPM respectively. Attension was given to the response time of the control system, which was ascertained that this system significantly increases the chances and efficiency of eliminating gas leakage related accident.
Feature selection problem is one of the main important problems in the text and data mining domain. This paper presents a comparative study of feature selection methods for Arabic text classification. Five of the feature selection methods were selected: ICHI square, CHI square, Information Gain, Mutual Information and Wrapper. It was tested with five classification algorithms: Bayes Net, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Decision Tree and Artificial Neural Networks. In addition, Data Collection was used in Arabic consisting of 9055 documents, which were compared by four criteria: Precision, Recall, F-measure and Time to build model. The results showed that the improved ICHI feature selection got almost all the best results in comparison with other methods.
In this paper Gentoo Penguin Algorithm (GPA) is proposed to solve optimal reactive power problem. Gentoo Penguins preliminary population possesses heat radiation and magnetizes each other by absorption coefficient. Gentoo Penguins will move towards further penguins which possesses low cost (elevated heat concentration) of absorption. Cost is defined by the heat concentration, distance. Gentoo Penguins penguin attraction value is calculated by the amount of heat prevailed between two Gentoo penguins. Gentoo Penguins heat radiation is measured as linear. Less heat is received in longer distance, in little distance, huge heat is received. Gentoo Penguin Algorithm has been tested in standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show the projected algorithm reduced the real power loss considerably.
08 20272 academic insight on applicationIAESIJEECS
This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation.There was an expressive quantitative-qualitative research, which a common investigation form was used in.The dialogue item was also applied to discover if the contributors asserted the media-based attitude supplements their learning of academic English writing classes or not.Data recounted academic” insights toward using Skype as a sustaining implement for lessons releasing based on chosen variables: their occupation, year of education, and knowledge with Skype discovered that there were no important statistical differences in the use of Skype units because of medical academics major knowledge. There are statistically important differences in using Skype units. The findings also, disclosed that there are statistically significant differences in using Skype units due to the practice with Skype variable, in favors of academics with no Skype use practice. Skype instrument as an instructive media is a positive medium to be employed to supply academic medical writing data and assist education. Academics who do not have enough time to contribute in classes believe comfortable using the Skype-based attitude in scientific writing. They who took part in the course claimed that their approval of this media is due to learning academic innovative medical writing.
Cloud computing has sweeping impact on the human productivity. Today it’s used for Computing, Storage, Predictions and Intelligent Decision Making, among others. Intelligent Decision-Making using Machine Learning has pushed for the Cloud Services to be even more fast, robust and accurate. Security remains one of the major concerns which affect the cloud computing growth however there exist various research challenges in cloud computing adoption such as lack of well managed service level agreement (SLA), frequent disconnections, resource scarcity, interoperability, privacy, and reliability. Tremendous amount of work still needs to be done to explore the security challenges arising due to widespread usage of cloud deployment using Containers. We also discuss Impact of Cloud Computing and Cloud Standards. Hence in this research paper, a detailed survey of cloud computing, concepts, architectural principles, key services, and implementation, design and deployment challenges of cloud computing are discussed in detail and important future research directions in the era of Machine Learning and Data Science have been identified.
Notary is an official authorized to make an authentic deed regarding all deeds, agreements and stipulations required by a general rule. Activities carried out at the notary office such as recording client data and file data still use traditional systems that tend to be manual. The problem that occurs is the inefficiency in data processing and providing information to clients. Clients have difficulty getting information related to the progress of documents that are being taken care of at the notary's office. The client must take the time to arrive to the notary's office repeatedly to check the progress of the work of the document file. The purpose of this study is to facilitate clients in obtaining information about the progress of the work in progress, and make it easier for employees to process incoming documents by implementing an administrative system. This system was developed with the waterfall system development method and uses the Multi-Channel Access Technology integrated in the website to simplify the process of delivering information and requesting information from clients and to clients with Telegram and SMS Gateway. Clients will come to the office only when there is a notification from the system via Telegram or SMS notifying that the client must come directly to the notary's office, thus leading to an efficient time and avoiding excessive transportation costs. The overall functional system can function properly based on the results of alpha testing. The results of beta testing conducted by distributing the system feasibility test questionnaire to end users, get a percentage of 96% of users agree the system is feasible to be implemented.
In this work Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) is proposed to solve the optimal reactive power problem. In the projected Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) in order to avoid the searching agents from trapping into the local optimal the converging towards global optimal is divided based on two different conditions. In the proposed Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) omega tundra wolf has been taken as searching agent as an alternative of indebted to pursue the first three most excellent candidates. Escalating the searching agents’ numbers will perk up the exploration capability of the Tundra wolf wolves in an extensive range. Proposed Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30 bus test systems and simulation results show the proposed algorithm reduced the real power loss effectively.
In this work Predestination of Particles Wavering Search (PPS) algorithm has been applied to solve optimal reactive power problem. PPS algorithm has been modeled based on the motion of the particles in the exploration space. Normally the movement of the particle is based on gradient and swarming motion. Particles are permitted to progress in steady velocity in gradient-based progress, but when the outcome is poor when compared to previous upshot, immediately particle rapidity will be upturned with semi of the magnitude and it will help to reach local optimal solution and it is expressed as wavering movement. In standard IEEE 14, 30, 57,118,300 bus systems Proposed Predestination of Particles Wavering Search (PPS) algorithm is evaluated and simulation results show the PPS reduced the power loss efficiently.
In this paper, Mine Blast Algorithm (MBA) has been intermingled with Harmony Search (HS) algorithm for solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem. MBA is based on explosion of landmines and HS is based on Creativeness progression of musicians-both are hybridized to solve the problem. In MBA Initial distance of shrapnel pieces are reduced gradually to allow the mine bombs search the probable global minimum location in order to amplify the global explore capability. Harmony search (HS) imitates the music creativity process where the musicians supervise their instruments’ pitch by searching for a best state of harmony. Hybridization of Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) improves the search effectively in the solution space. Mine blast algorithm improves the exploration and harmony search algorithm augments the exploitation. At first the proposed algorithm starts with exploration & gradually it moves to the phase of exploitation. Proposed Hybridized Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) has been tested on standard IEEE 14, 300 bus test systems. Real power loss has been reduced considerably by the proposed algorithm. Then Hybridized Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) tested in IEEE 30, bus system (with considering voltage stability index)- real power loss minimization, voltage deviation minimization, and voltage stability index enhancement has been attained.
Artificial Neural Networks have proved their efficiency in a large number of research domains. In this paper, we have applied Artificial Neural Networks on Arabic text to prove correct language modeling, text generation, and missing text prediction. In one hand, we have adapted Recurrent Neural Networks architectures to model Arabic language in order to generate correct Arabic sequences. In the other hand, Convolutional Neural Networks have been parameterized, basing on some specific features of Arabic, to predict missing text in Arabic documents. We have demonstrated the power of our adapted models in generating and predicting correct Arabic text comparing to the standard model. The model had been trained and tested on known free Arabic datasets. Results have been promising with sufficient accuracy.
In the present-day communications speech signals get contaminated due to
various sorts of noises that degrade the speech quality and adversely impacts
speech recognition performance. To overcome these issues, a novel approach
for speech enhancement using Modified Wiener filtering is developed and
power spectrum computation is applied for degraded signal to obtain the
noise characteristics from a noisy spectrum. In next phase, MMSE technique
is applied where Gaussian distribution of each signal i.e. original and noisy
signal is analyzed. The Gaussian distribution provides spectrum estimation
and spectral coefficient parameters which can be used for probabilistic model
formulation. Moreover, a-priori-SNR computation is also incorporated for
coefficient updation and noise presence estimation which operates similar to
the conventional VAD. However, conventional VAD scheme is based on the
hard threshold which is not capable to derive satisfactory performance and a
soft-decision based threshold is developed for improving the performance of
speech enhancement. An extensive simulation study is carried out using
MATLAB simulation tool on NOIZEUS speech database and a comparative
study is presented where proposed approach is proved better in comparison
with existing technique.
Previous research work has highlighted that neuro-signals of Alzheimer’s disease patients are least complex and have low synchronization as compared to that of healthy and normal subjects. The changes in EEG signals of Alzheimer’s subjects start at early stage but are not clinically observed and detected. To detect these abnormalities, three synchrony measures and wavelet-based features have been computed and studied on experimental database. After computing these synchrony measures and wavelet features, it is observed that Phase Synchrony and Coherence based features are able to distinguish between Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy subjects. Support Vector Machine classifier is used for classification giving 94% accuracy on experimental database used. Combining, these synchrony features and other such relevant features can yield a reliable system for diagnosing the Alzheimer’s disease.
Attenuation correction designed for PET/MR hybrid imaging frameworks along with portion making arrangements used for MR-based radiation treatment remain testing because of lacking high-energy photon weakening data. We present a new method so as to uses the learned nonlinear neighborhood descriptors also highlight coordinating toward foresee pseudo-CT pictures starting T1w along with T2w MRI information. The nonlinear neighborhood descriptors are acquired through anticipating the direct descriptors interested in the nonlinear high-dimensional space utilizing an unequivocal constituent guide also low-position guess through regulated complex regularization. The nearby neighbors of every near descriptor inside the data MR pictures are looked during an obliged spatial extent of the MR pictures among the training dataset. By that point, the pseudo-CT patches are evaluated through k-closest neighbor relapse. The planned procedure designed for pseudo-CT forecast is quantitatively broke downward on top of a dataset comprising of coordinated mind MRI along with CT pictures on or after 13 subjects.
The cognitive radio prototype performance is to alleviate the scarcity of spectral resources for wireless communication through intelligent sensing and quick resource allocation techniques. Secondary users (SU’s) actively obtain the spectrum access opportunity by supporting primary users (PU’s) in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). In present generation, spectrum access is endowed through cooperative communication-based link-level frame-based cooperative (LLC) principle. In this SUs independently act as conveyors for PUs to achieve spectrum access opportunities. Unfortunately, this LLC approach cannot fully exploit spectrum access opportunities to enhance the throughput of CRNs and fails to motivate PUs to join the spectrum sharing processes. Therefore, to overcome this con, network level cooperative (NLC) principle was used, where SUs are integrated mutually to collaborate with PUs session by session, instead of frame based cooperation for spectrum access opportunities. NLC approach has justified the challenges facing in LLC approach. In this paper we make a survey of some models that have been proposed to tackle the problem of LLC. We show the relevant aspects of each model, in order to characterize the parameters that we should take in account to achieve a spectrum access opportunity.
In this paper, the author provides insights and lessons that can be learned from colleagues at American universities about their online education experiences. The literature review and previous studies of online educations gains are explored and summarized in this research. Emerging trends in online education are discussed in detail, and strategies to implement these trends are explained. The author provides several tools and strategies that enable universities to ensure the quality of online education. At the end of this research paper, the researcher provides examples from Arab universities who have successfully implemented online education and expanded their impact on the society. This research provides a strategy and a model that can be used by universities in the Middle East as a roadmap to implement online education in their regions.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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makes the path more even-distributed and the total square of transmission distance much less. Moreover, in
the constructing process, the energy factor has been taken into explanation, which carries about a balance of
energy consumption between nodes. In each round of transmission, according to the current energy of each
node, a leader is selected to directly communicate with the base station.
This paper is divided into three sections: Introduction in section 1, followed by related work in
section 2, finally results and conclusions along with future work have been discussed in section 3.
2. RELATED WORK
In this section, based on the required parameters like energy consumption, average delay,
throughput, we have searched the various databases like IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Google Scholar
and many more research databases. After manual review of each paper, we have considered the most relevant
papers for further analysis during our related work. The considered papers are mentioned below in detail.
In [1] Barooah et al. described that, a wireless sensor network can get separated into multiple
connected components due to the failure of some of its nodes, which was called a “cut”. In their papers, they
have considered the problem of detecting cuts by the remaining nodes of a wireless sensor network and
proposed an algorithm that allows every knob to detect when the connectivity to a specially designated node
has been lost, and one or more nodes (that are connected to the special node after the cut) to detect the
occurrence of the cut. The algorithm was distributed and asynchronous: every node needs to communicate
with only those nodes that are within its communication range. The algorithm depends on the iterative
calculation of a fictitious “electrical potential” of the nodes. The convergence rate of the underlying iterative
scheme is independent of the size and structure of the network.
In [2] Kadi et al. described the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are mainly utilized in military
applications due to its certainty and efficiency. Nowadays, it is considered to be the first-hand in many
civilian applications such as leakage discovery. Various technical issues, like power consumption, radio
propagation models and sensors are considered for different types of applications in their paper. WSN has
emerged lately as an effective solution for fluid leakage. They have mentioned four different solutions for
leaks in pipelines using wireless sensor networks (WSNs).
In [3] Kaur et al. described that in WSNs energy was a scarcest resource of sensor nodes and it
determines the lifetime of sensor nodes. These small batteries were limited power and also may not easily
rechargeable or removable. Long communication distance amid sensors and a sink can greatly drain the
energy of sensors and reduce the lifetime of a network. In their work, they have reported that WSNs, energy
was a big factor to be considered. Various techniques are used to optimize energy level of sensor nodes of
WSN. And make a review of some of these wireless sensor network methods which are used recently and are
helpful in improving energy efficiency of wireless sensor knots.
In [4] Gilbert et al. described the Wireless Sensor Networks may be used in the variety of fields
which includes military, healthcare, conservational, biological, home and other profitable applications. With
the huge advancement in the field of embedded computer and sensor technology, Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSN), which was composed of several thousands of sensor nodes are capable of sensing, actuating, and
relaying the collected information made remarkable impact everywhere. Their paper presents an overview of
the various research issues in WSN based application.
In [5] Beema et al. have proposed a High Energy First (HEF) scheme in which the node that will
have a high residual of energy will be chosen to be cluster heads and the remaining nodes will act as regular
nodes. According to their work each and every sensor node will send the data to cluster head with which then
the information will be forwarded to the base station. Following modules have been used in HEF scheme:
1. Route Discovery
2. Network Formation
3. Cluster Head Selection
4. Energy Consumption Modeling
5. Energy Efficient Routing
In [6] Masdari et al. have proposed that multipath routing may be considered as one of the solution
to improve load balancing and quality of service. This is considered as one of the good method for improving
the capacity of network and as well provides reliable communication. The researchers have made a
comparison of the protocols and have done an analysis. Several protocols have been used to minimize the
total energy consumed by the network by selecting the best path as follows:
1. Maximally Radio-Disjoint Multipath Routing (MR2)
2. Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol
3. Energy-Efficient and Collision-Aware Multipath Routing Protocol (EECA)
4. Low-Interference Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol (LIEMRO)
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In [7] Shwe et al. proposed an enhanced AdapCode. It was shown that this proposed scheme can
guarantee the same reliability while reducing the power consumption. In wireless sensor networks there is a
much need to reduce transmission of packets because the packet communication has much power or
influence over consumption of power. In order to achieve it, the network coding was used as it improves
network throughput. In order to find out all the neighbors, the AdapCode was enhanced by making use of the
power efficient neighbor discovery protocol.
In [8] Nikolaos et al. proposed that the most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be
efficient for wireless sensor networks are: consumption of energy i.e. the energy efficiency of the sensors
and the other is extension of lifetime of the network. According to their paper, the main objective of this
research was to design energy-efficient nodes and protocols. Till now many energy efficient protocols have
been used for wireless sensor networks and in this paper the researchers have used following routing
protocols:
1. Network Structure
2. Communication Model
3. Topology Based
4. Reliable Routing
In [9] Intanagonwiwat et al. have proposed a paradigm in which the nodes are capable of wireless
communication and computation. The paradigm used is directed-diffusion paradigm. Directed-diffusion
saves energy by opting good paths and by processing data in networks. It can outperform in idealized
traditional schemes like in omniscient multicast, each source transmits its evening along a shortest path
multicast tree to all sinks. Omniscient multicast indicates the performance achievement in an IP-based sensor
networks.
In [10] Bandyopadhyay et al. discussed a distributed clustering algorithm to organize sensors into
clusters. With this the sensors communicate with clusterheads and then it further communicates the total
information to the processing center. Then algorithm was extended into a hierarchy of clusterheads with
which more of the energy was being saved as the numbers of levels were increased. The researchers have
considered a future work as well in which they plan to consider a medium access protocol and carry out
research how optimal probabilities will be affected of becoming a clusterhead and the run time of an
algorithm as well.
In [11] Wang et al. have proposed an energy efficient and collision aware multipath routing
protocol for wireless sensor networks. According to their paper, this algorithm finds two routes which are
collision free using a controlled and power adjusting flooding. The data is then transmitted with minimum
power. This algorithm actually resulted in good performance, transferring of data efficiently and
consumption of minimum energy.
In [12] Yahya et al. described a multipath routing protocol which is robust and energy efficient.
According to their work done, the traffic allocation can be examined in two ways with this protocol; in the
first method to transfer the data message a single path is used among the discovered paths and then the next
alternative path is opted if the cost is under a certain threshold. In second method the transmitted message is
split into a number of segments which are of equal size and error correction codes based on XOR are added.
To increase probability so that the packet is received at the destination without delay, the segments are
transmitted to multiple paths. The researchers have compared this protocol with other routing protocols like
Directed Diffusion and N to 1 routing protocol and have evaluated that, the REER protocol implemented by
them saves more energy, has low average delay and higher packet delivery ratio.
In [13] Vidhyapriya et al. have proposed an energy efficient adaptive protocol. The scheme of
multipath routing distributes traffic among multiple paths rather than routing all the traffic along a single
path. This protocol uses multiple paths between source and sink. This protocol uses less energy and provides
a reliable transmission. According to their results of simulation, this routing has high performance and higher
node efficiency than directed diffusion. The researchers have as well have focused on future work like how
the delivery of packets should be guaranteed in situations where non-uniform transmission range exists.
In [14] Sharma et al. have categorized routing protocols in three main classes as follows:
1. Path establishment
2. Network structure
3. Protocol operation
Path establishment can be further classified in proactive, reactive and hybrid. Network structure can
be further classified as data centric attribute based, hierarchical and location based. Protocol operation can be
further classified as query, bio-inspired, negotiation, coherent, non coherent, QOS, multipath and mobility.
In [15] Manjeshwar et al. proposed a hybrid routing protocol (APTEEN). This protocol combines
the best features of proactive and reactive networks. The nodes in this network shows a picture of network at
periodic intervals in a very energy efficient manner and react to time critical situations as well. The user can
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request past, present and future data from the network. The performance of this protocol have been evaluated
by the researchers and observed that it gives a good performance in consumption of energy and longevity of
network.
In [16] Ehsan et al. have presented a review on research challenges on energy-aware routing
techniques for Wireless Multimedia Sensor networks (WMSN), and the advantages and performance issues
of each routing protocol and algorithm [16]. The requirements of QOS are also listed which are as follows:
1. Latency
2. Bandwidth
3. Jitter
4. Reliability
In [17] Gandham et al. proposed an energy efficient usage of multiple, mobile base stations to
increase the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. To determine the new locations for the base station, an
integer line program is used. For energy efficient routing during every round, a flow based routing protocol is
used. Some metrics are as well proposed which are listed below:
1. Time until the first node dies
2. Total number of messages received
3. Energy spent per round
In [18] Younis et al. have proposed a clustering approach for ad-hoc sensor networks. HEED
selects cluster heads according to the hybrid of node residual energy. The nodes join clusters such that
communication cost is minimized. It exploits the availability of multiple transmission power levels at sensor
nodes. According to the work done by the researchers, the results of simulation shows the extension of
duration of network lifetime, supports scalable data aggregation, more fault tolerant and good load balancing.
In [19] Liu et al. discussed a Security and Energy-efficient Disjoint Route (SEDR) which is secret-
sharing based multipath routing problem and is taken as an optimization problem. The main aim is to
maximize the lifespan and network security. The SEDR scheme has been proposed by them to deliver sliced
shares to the sink node with randomized disjoint multipath routes by utilizing the available energy of sensor
nodes, such that the network security is maximized without decreasing the lifetime of wireless sensor
networks.
In [20] Akyildiz et al. discussed the concepts of sensor networks. The flexibility, fault tolerance,
high sensing fidelity, low-cost and rapid deployment are the characteristics of sensor networks that create
many new application areas for remote sensing. The sensor networks needs to satisfy the constraints such as
fault tolerance, scalability, cost, hardware, topology change, environment and power consumption
In [21] Ghaffari et al. discussed a new routing mechanism that combines multipath routing with
network coding. According to them, it helps in decreasing the number of required paths and transmissions in
wireless sensor networks. At the time of discovering routes, the control messages which are being exchanged
between nodes are reduced. On the basis of their results it was observed that network coding routing is an
energy efficient technique. It improves load balancing and enhances reliability
In [22] Younis et al. proposed a clustering approach for ad-hoc sensor networks. HEED selects
cluster heads according to the hybrid of node residual energy. The nodes join clusters such that
communication cost is minimized. It exploits the availability of multiple transmission power levels at sensor
nodes. The result of simulation shows the extension of duration of network lifetime, supports scalable data
aggregation, more fault tolerant and good load balancing.
In [23] Yahya et al. have proposed an energy efficient multipath routing protocol. According to
them, RELAXT utilizes the relaxation effect of the battery which increases the lifetime of battery and hence
increases the overall lifetime of the sensor network. During the path construction phase, to predict the best
next hop, this protocol uses a link cost function that depends on current residual energy, available buffer size
and link quality. To balance energy consumption, to increase the throughput as well as minimizing packet
end to end delay, this protocol routes data across multiple paths. In comparison to the other protocols,
RELAX achieves lower energy consumption, high throughput and long lifetime of the node.
In [24] Schurgers et al. proposed a guideline that advocates a uniform resource utilization which
can be visualized by the energy histogram and develop a spectrum of new techniques to enhance the routing
in sensor networks. In the first approach, packet streams are aggregated in a robust way which results in
energy reduction. In second approach, it is discussed that more uniform resource utilization can be obtained
by shaping the traffic flow. The network spreading techniques are as well discussed which are listed below:
1. Stochastic Scheme
2. Energy-based Scheme
3. Stream-based Scheme
In [25] Madan et al. discussed a distributed algorithm to compute an optimal routing scheme. With
this, it maximizes the time at which the first node in the network drains out of energy. The problem is
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formulated as a linear programming problem and subgradient algorithms are used to solve it in a distributed
manner. The resulting algorithm gives an optimal routing scheme and the lifespan of the network is
increased.
In [26] Muruganathan et al. have proposed a centralized routing protocol called Base-Station
Controlled Dynamic Clustering Protocol (BCDCP). This distributes the wasted energy among all the sensor
nodes in order to increase the network lifetime. It utilizes the high-energy base station to perform most
energy-intensive tasks. There are various other clustering based schemes as well.
1. Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)
2. LEACH centralized(LEACH-C)
3. Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS).
Base-Station Controlled Dynamic Clustering Protocol is compared with the above schemes and on
the basis of simulation results of the researchers it is observed that BCDCP reduces overall energy
consumption and improves network lifetime.
In [27] Thein et al. have proposed an energy efficient cluster-head selection algorithm for adapting
clusters and rotating cluster head positions so that the energy load can be distributed among all the nodes.
The proposed model is an extension to the LEACH’s random cluster-head selection algorithm. The results of
simulation shows that this model improves load balancing and increase the lifetime of the network.
In [28] Wei et al. have proposed a distributed clustering algorithm, Energy-efficient Clustering
(EC). It determines suitable cluster sizes which depend on the hop distance to the data sink. This reduces
energy consumption. The authors have additionally proposed a simple energy-efficient multihop data
collection protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of EC and calculate the end-to-end energy consumption.
Energy efficient Clustering is suitable for any data collection protocol which focuses on energy conservation.
The performance results show that in comparison to the other two protocols, HEED and UCR, EC extends
the lifetime of network and achieves energy equalization.
In [29] Wei Ye et al. have proposed a new S-MAC, a medium access protocol for wireless sensor
networks. To reduce energy consumption and to support self –configuration S-MAC is used. In order to
reduce consumption of energy, the nodes occasionally sleep and do not work for that particular time. While
the other nodes are being transmitted, it as well sets the radio to sleep. S-MAC as well applies message
passing so as to reduce the time interval between the stimulation and response. This protocol helps in
collision avoidance and provides good scalability as well. This protocol gives better results and there is a
minimum waste of energy in comparison to IEEE 802.11. Through the experiment performed by the
researchers they analyzed that IEEE 802.11 consumes 2-6 times more energy comparatively to S-MAC. The
researchers have as well tested this protocol by using it on the nodes with which the results were quite
effective.
In [30] Johnson et al. have proposed a duty-cycle protocol which meets the demanding energy
requirements. There are existing duty-cycle MAC protocols as well like S-MAC which are power efficient
but in this paper, a new MAC protocol is introduced i.e. RMAC. RMAC exploits cross-layer routing
information to allow its control frame to setup a multihop schedule for subsequent forwarding of a data
frame. Each node along the forwarding path then wakes up at the correct scheduled time to allow it to receive
and forward the data frame. According to their paper, the simulation results show that RMAC has improved
end to end delivery latency than S-MAC. It handles traffic contention efficiently than S-MAC without
sacrificing network throughput and energy efficiency.
3. DISCUSSION
In wireless sensor network, consumption of energy and lifetime of the nodes are the important issues. The
main goal of WSN is not only to transmit the data from source to destination but also to increase the lifetime
of network. WSN’s are subject to node failures because of energy constraints. Multipath routing can reduce
need for route updates, balance traffic load and increase data transfer rate in WSN. Multipath routing
schemes is an optimal alternative to maximize lifetime of the network.
4. FUTURE SCOPE
There are various routing protocols in multipath routing which are energy efficient. Mainly, we concentrated
on the energy efficient protocols that have been developed for WSN. There are challenges in WSN such as
energy consumption, throughput and delay. Most of the current routing protocols assume that the BS and
sensor nodes are immobile. New routing protocols must be dynamic and should be able to adapt to the
mobile nodes network.
6. IJ-ICT ISSN: 2252-8776
A State of Art on Energy Efficient Multipath Routing In Wireless Sensor Networks(Swedika Sharma)
119
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