Great lifetime and reliability is the key aim of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) design. As for prolonging
lifetime of this type of network, energy is the most important resource; all recent researches are focused on more
and more energy efficient techniques. Proposed work is Weighted Clustering Approach based on Weighted
Cluster Head Selection, which is highly energy efficient and reliable in mobile network scenario. Weight
calculation using different attributes of the nodes like SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), Remaining Energy, Node
Degree, Mobility, and Buffer Length gives efficient Cluster Head (CH) on regular interval of time. CH rotation
helps in optimum utilization of energy available with all nodes; results in prolonged network lifetime.
Implementation is done using the NS2 network simulator and performance evaluation is carried out in terms of
PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio), End to End Delay, Throughput, and Energy Consumption. Demonstration of the
obtained results shows that proposed work is adaptable for improving the performance. In order to justify the
solution, the performance of proposed technique is compared with the performance of traditional approach. The
performance of proposed technique is found optimum as compared to the traditional techniques.
Sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna for ultra-wideband applications IJECEIAES
Microstrip antenna is broadly used in the modern communication system due to its significant features such as light weight, inexpensive, low profile, and ease of integration with radio frequency devices. The fractal shape is applied in antenna geometry to obtain the ultra-wideband antennas. In this paper, the sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna (SCFMA) is developed for base case, first iteration and second iteration to obtain the wideband based on its space filling and self-similar characteristics. The dimension of the monopole patch size is optimized to minimize the overall dimension of the fractal antenna. Moreover, the optimized planar structure is proposed using the microstrip line feed. The monopole antenna is mounted on the FR4 substrate with the thickness of 1.6 mm with loss tangent of 0.02 and relative permittivity of 4.4. The performance of this SCFMA is analyzed in terms of area, bandwidth, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, radiation pattern and gain. The proposed fractal antenna achieves three different bandwidth ranges such as 2.6-4.0 GHz, 2.5-4.3 GHz and 2.4-4.4 GHz for base case, first and second iteration respectively. The proposed SCFMA is compared with existing fractal antennas to prove the efficiency of the SCFMA design. The area of the SCFMA is 25×20 푚푚 2 , which is less when compared to the existing fractal antennas.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON QOSIAEME Publication
Energy is a serious resource parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks. Utilizing energy in an effectual manner is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presents an overview on various energy efficient routing protocols which fulfills the criteria of QoS parameters. Various energy effective and QoS based routing protocols have been compared. To improve the QoS in a network, data fusion and data accumulation is considered to be one of major energy saving technique. The routing protocols based on data aggregation, reduced cost routing and secure routing are also discussed in detail. Simulation tools like NS2, NS3, OMNET etc can be used to evaluate the network performance.
Novel Optimization to Reduce Power Drainage in Mobile Devices for Multicarrie...IJECEIAES
With increasing adoption of multicarrier-based communications e.g. 3G and 4G, the users are significantly benefited with impressive data rate but at the cost of battery life of their mobile devices. We reviewed the existing techniques to find an open research gap in this regard. This paper presents a novel framework where an optimization is carried out with the objective function to maintain higher level of equilibrium between maximized data delivery and minimized transmit power. An analytical model considering multiple radio antennae in the mobile device is presented with constraint formulations of data quality and threshold power factor. The model outcome is evaluated with respect to amount of power being conserved as performance factor. The study was found to offer maximum energy conservation and the framework also suits well with existing communication system of mobile networks.
Load Balancing for Achieving the Network Lifetime in WSN-A SurveyAM Publications
a wireless sensor network is network form of sense compute, and communication elements which helps to
observe, events in a specified environment. Sensor nodes in wireless sensor network are depends on battery power they
have limited transmission range that’s why energy efficiency plays a vital role to minimize the overhead through which
the Network Lifetime can be achieved. The lifetime of network, depends on number of nodes, strength, range of area
and connectivity of nodes in the network. In this paper we are over viewing techniques which are used in wireless sensor
network for load balancing. Wireless sensor network having different nodes with different kind of energy which can be
improve the lifetime of the network and its dependability. This paper will provide the person who reads with the
groundwork for research in load balancing techniques for wireless sensor networks.
Approach to minimizing consumption of energy in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology has benefited from a central position in the research space of future emerging networks by its diversity of applications fields and also by its optimization techniques of its various constraints, more essentially, the minimization of nodal energy consumption to increase the global network lifetime. To answer this saving energy problem, several solutions have been proposed at the protocol stack level of the WSN. In this paper, after presenting a state of the art of this technology and its conservation energy techniques at the protocol stack level, we were interested in the network layer to propose a routing solution based on a localization aspect that allows the creation of a virtual grid on the coverage area and introduces it to the two most well-known energy efficiency hierarchical routing protocols, LEACH and PEGASIS. This allowed us to minimize the energy consumption and to select the clusters heads in a deterministic way unlike LEACH which is done in a probabilistic way and also to minimize the latency in PEGASIS, by decomposing its chain into several independent chains. The simulation results, under "MATLABR2015b", have shown the efficiency of our approach in terms of overall residual energy and network lifetime.
Mobile Agents based Energy Efficient Routing for Wireless Sensor NetworksEswar Publications
Energy Efficiency and prolonged network lifetime are few of the major concern areas. Energy consumption rated of sensor nodes can be reduced in various ways. Data aggregation, result sharing and filtration of aggregated data among sensor nodes deployed in the unattended regions have been few of the most researched areas in the field of wireless sensor networks. While data aggregation is concerned with minimizing the information transfer from source to sink to reduce network traffic and removing congestion in network, result sharing focuses on sharing of information among agents pertinent to the tasks at hand and filtration of aggregated data so as to remove redundant information. There exist various algorithms for data aggregation and filtration using different mobile agents. In this proposed work same mobile agent is used to perform both tasks data aggregation and data filtration. This approach advocates the sharing of resources and reducing the energy consumption level of sensor nodes.
Solution for intra/inter-cluster event-reporting problem in cluster-based pro...IJECEIAES
In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been considered one of the important topics for researchers due to their wide applications in our life. Several researches have been conducted to improve WSNs performance and solve their issues. One of these issues is the energy limitation in WSNs since the source of energy in most WSNs is the battery. Accordingly, various protocols and techniques have been proposed with the intention of reducing power consumption of WSNs and lengthen their lifetime. Cluster-oriented routing protocols are one of the most effective categories of these protocols. In this article, we consider a major issue affecting the performance of this category of protocols, which we call the intra/inter-cluster event-reporting problem (IICERP). We demonstrate that IICERP severely reduces the performance of a cluster-oriented routing protocol, so we suggest an effective Solution for IICERP (SIICERP). To assess SIICERP’s performance, comprehensive simulations were performed to demonstrate the performance of several cluster-oriented protocols without and with SIICERP. Simulation results revealed that SIICERP substantially increases the performance of cluster-oriented routing protocols.
Sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna for ultra-wideband applications IJECEIAES
Microstrip antenna is broadly used in the modern communication system due to its significant features such as light weight, inexpensive, low profile, and ease of integration with radio frequency devices. The fractal shape is applied in antenna geometry to obtain the ultra-wideband antennas. In this paper, the sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna (SCFMA) is developed for base case, first iteration and second iteration to obtain the wideband based on its space filling and self-similar characteristics. The dimension of the monopole patch size is optimized to minimize the overall dimension of the fractal antenna. Moreover, the optimized planar structure is proposed using the microstrip line feed. The monopole antenna is mounted on the FR4 substrate with the thickness of 1.6 mm with loss tangent of 0.02 and relative permittivity of 4.4. The performance of this SCFMA is analyzed in terms of area, bandwidth, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, radiation pattern and gain. The proposed fractal antenna achieves three different bandwidth ranges such as 2.6-4.0 GHz, 2.5-4.3 GHz and 2.4-4.4 GHz for base case, first and second iteration respectively. The proposed SCFMA is compared with existing fractal antennas to prove the efficiency of the SCFMA design. The area of the SCFMA is 25×20 푚푚 2 , which is less when compared to the existing fractal antennas.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON QOSIAEME Publication
Energy is a serious resource parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks. Utilizing energy in an effectual manner is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presents an overview on various energy efficient routing protocols which fulfills the criteria of QoS parameters. Various energy effective and QoS based routing protocols have been compared. To improve the QoS in a network, data fusion and data accumulation is considered to be one of major energy saving technique. The routing protocols based on data aggregation, reduced cost routing and secure routing are also discussed in detail. Simulation tools like NS2, NS3, OMNET etc can be used to evaluate the network performance.
Novel Optimization to Reduce Power Drainage in Mobile Devices for Multicarrie...IJECEIAES
With increasing adoption of multicarrier-based communications e.g. 3G and 4G, the users are significantly benefited with impressive data rate but at the cost of battery life of their mobile devices. We reviewed the existing techniques to find an open research gap in this regard. This paper presents a novel framework where an optimization is carried out with the objective function to maintain higher level of equilibrium between maximized data delivery and minimized transmit power. An analytical model considering multiple radio antennae in the mobile device is presented with constraint formulations of data quality and threshold power factor. The model outcome is evaluated with respect to amount of power being conserved as performance factor. The study was found to offer maximum energy conservation and the framework also suits well with existing communication system of mobile networks.
Load Balancing for Achieving the Network Lifetime in WSN-A SurveyAM Publications
a wireless sensor network is network form of sense compute, and communication elements which helps to
observe, events in a specified environment. Sensor nodes in wireless sensor network are depends on battery power they
have limited transmission range that’s why energy efficiency plays a vital role to minimize the overhead through which
the Network Lifetime can be achieved. The lifetime of network, depends on number of nodes, strength, range of area
and connectivity of nodes in the network. In this paper we are over viewing techniques which are used in wireless sensor
network for load balancing. Wireless sensor network having different nodes with different kind of energy which can be
improve the lifetime of the network and its dependability. This paper will provide the person who reads with the
groundwork for research in load balancing techniques for wireless sensor networks.
Approach to minimizing consumption of energy in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology has benefited from a central position in the research space of future emerging networks by its diversity of applications fields and also by its optimization techniques of its various constraints, more essentially, the minimization of nodal energy consumption to increase the global network lifetime. To answer this saving energy problem, several solutions have been proposed at the protocol stack level of the WSN. In this paper, after presenting a state of the art of this technology and its conservation energy techniques at the protocol stack level, we were interested in the network layer to propose a routing solution based on a localization aspect that allows the creation of a virtual grid on the coverage area and introduces it to the two most well-known energy efficiency hierarchical routing protocols, LEACH and PEGASIS. This allowed us to minimize the energy consumption and to select the clusters heads in a deterministic way unlike LEACH which is done in a probabilistic way and also to minimize the latency in PEGASIS, by decomposing its chain into several independent chains. The simulation results, under "MATLABR2015b", have shown the efficiency of our approach in terms of overall residual energy and network lifetime.
Mobile Agents based Energy Efficient Routing for Wireless Sensor NetworksEswar Publications
Energy Efficiency and prolonged network lifetime are few of the major concern areas. Energy consumption rated of sensor nodes can be reduced in various ways. Data aggregation, result sharing and filtration of aggregated data among sensor nodes deployed in the unattended regions have been few of the most researched areas in the field of wireless sensor networks. While data aggregation is concerned with minimizing the information transfer from source to sink to reduce network traffic and removing congestion in network, result sharing focuses on sharing of information among agents pertinent to the tasks at hand and filtration of aggregated data so as to remove redundant information. There exist various algorithms for data aggregation and filtration using different mobile agents. In this proposed work same mobile agent is used to perform both tasks data aggregation and data filtration. This approach advocates the sharing of resources and reducing the energy consumption level of sensor nodes.
Solution for intra/inter-cluster event-reporting problem in cluster-based pro...IJECEIAES
In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been considered one of the important topics for researchers due to their wide applications in our life. Several researches have been conducted to improve WSNs performance and solve their issues. One of these issues is the energy limitation in WSNs since the source of energy in most WSNs is the battery. Accordingly, various protocols and techniques have been proposed with the intention of reducing power consumption of WSNs and lengthen their lifetime. Cluster-oriented routing protocols are one of the most effective categories of these protocols. In this article, we consider a major issue affecting the performance of this category of protocols, which we call the intra/inter-cluster event-reporting problem (IICERP). We demonstrate that IICERP severely reduces the performance of a cluster-oriented routing protocol, so we suggest an effective Solution for IICERP (SIICERP). To assess SIICERP’s performance, comprehensive simulations were performed to demonstrate the performance of several cluster-oriented protocols without and with SIICERP. Simulation results revealed that SIICERP substantially increases the performance of cluster-oriented routing protocols.
Novel approach for hybrid MAC scheme for balanced energy and transmission in ...IJECEIAES
Hybrid medium access control (MAC) scheme is one of the prominent mechanisms to offer energy efficiency in wireless sensor network where the potential features for both contention-based and schedule-based approaches are mechanized. However, the review of existing hybrid MAC scheme shows many loopholes where mainly it is observed that there is too much inclusion of time-slotting or else there is an inclusion of sophisticated mechanism not meant for offering flexibility to sensor node towards extending its services for upcoming applications of it. Therefore, this manuscript introduces a novel hybrid MAC scheme which is meant for offering cost effective and simplified scheduling operation in order to balance the performance of energy efficiency along with data aggregation performance. The simulated outcome of the study shows that proposed system offers better energy consumption, better throughput, reduced memory consumption, and faster processing in contrast to existing hybrid MAC protocols.
Novel framework of retaining maximum data quality and energy efficiency in re...IJECEIAES
There are various unseen and unpredictable networking states in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) that adversely affect the aggregated data quality. After reviewing the existing approaches of data quality in WSN, it was found that the solutions are quite symptomatic and they are applicable only in a static environment; however their successful applicability on dynamic and upcoming reconfigurable network is still a big question. Moreover, data quality directly affects energy conservation among the nodes. Therefore, the proposed system introduces a simple and novel framework that jointly addresses the data quality and energy efficiency using probability-based design approach. Using a simplified analytical methodology, the proposed system offers solution in the form of selection transmission of an aggergated data on the basis of message priority in order to offer higher data utilization factor. The study outcome shows proposed system offers a good balance between data quality and energy efficiency in contrast to existing system.
Analysis of Genetic Algorithm for Effective power Delivery and with Best Upsurgeijeei-iaes
Wireless network is ready for hundreds or thousands of nodes, where each node is connected to one or sometimes more sensors. WSN sensor integrated circuits, embedded systems, networks, modems, wireless communication and dissemination of information. The sensor may be an obligation to technology and science. Recent developments underway to miniaturization and low power consumption. They act as a gateway, and prospective clients, I usually have the data on the server WSN. Other components separate routing network routers, called calculating and distributing routing tables. Discussed the routing of wireless energy balance. Optimization solutions, we have created a genetic algorithm. Before selecting an algorithm proposed for the construction of the center console. In this study, the algorithms proposed model simulated results based on "parameters depending dead nodes, the number of bits transmitted to a base station, where the number of units sent to the heads of fuel consumption compared to replay and show that the proposed algorithm has a network of a relative.
A New Method for Reducing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks usin...Editor IJCATR
Nowadays, wireless sensor networks, clustering protocol based on the neighboring nodes into separate clusters and fault
tolerance for each cluster exists for sensors to send information to the base station, to gain the best performance in terms of increased
longevity and maintain tolerance than with other routing methods. However, most clustering protocols proposed so far, only
geographical proximity (neighboring) cluster formation is considered as a parameter. In this study, a new clustering protocol and fault
tolerance based on the fuzzy algorithms are able to clustering nodes in sensor networks based on fuzzy logic and fault tolerance. This
protocol uses clustering sensor nodes and fault tolerance exist in the network to reduce energy consumption, so that faulty sensors
from neighboring nodes are used to cover the errors, work based on the most criteria overlay neighbor sensors with defective sensors,
distance neighbor sensors from fault sensor and distance neighbor sensors from central station is done. Superior performance of the
protocol can be seen in terms of increasing the network lifetime and maintain the best network tolerance in comparison with previous
protocols such as LEACH in the simulation results.
Development of real-time indoor human tracking system using LoRa technology IJECEIAES
Industrial growth has increased the number of jobs hence increase thenumber of employees. Therefore, it is impossible to track the location of allemployees in the same building at the same time as they are placed in adifferent department. In this work, a real-time indoor human tracking systemis developed to determine the location of employees in a real-timeimplementation. In this work, the long-range (LoRa) technology is used asthe communication medium to establish the communication between thetracker and the gateway in the developed system due to its low power withhigh coverage range besides requires low cost for deployment. The receivedsignal strength indicator (RSSI) based positioning method is used to measurethe power level at the receiver which is the gateway to determine thelocation of the employees. Different scenarios have been considered toevaluate the performance of the developed system in terms of precision andreliability. This includes the size of the area, the number of obstacles in theconsidered area, and the height of the tracker and the gateway. A real-timetestbed implementation has been conducted to evaluate the performance ofthe developed system and the results show that the system has high precisionand are reliable for all considered scenarios.
The paper presents a technique called as Mobility-enabled Multi Level Optimization (MeMLO) that addressing the existing problem of clustering in wireless sensor net-work (WSN). The technique enables selection of aggregator node based on multiple optimi-zation attribute which gives better decision capability to the clustering mechanism by choosing the best aggregator node. The outcome of the study shows MeMLO is highly capable of minimizing the halt time of mobile node that significantly lowers the transmit power of aggregator node. The simulation outcome shows negligible computational com-plexity, faster response time, and highly energy efficient for large scale WSN for longer simulation rounds as compared to conventional LEACH algorithm.
Wireless sensor network is the combination of sensor nodes where sensor nodes are distributed all over the network. There are some challenges that come into the wireless sensor network n context to energy efficiency, network lifetime, storage and battery backup. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we have analyzed various routing techniques for WSN that increases the network lifetime and energy consumption.
Intrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems Using NICE ...IJERA Editor
The cloud computing has increased in many organizations. It provides many benefits in terms of low cost and accessibility of data. Ensuring the security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud computing environment, as users often store sensitive information with cloud storage providers but these providers may be untrusted. In this project we propose anIntrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems mechanism called NICE to prevent vulnerable virtual machines from being compromised in the cloud. NICE detects and mitigates collaborative attacks in the cloud virtual networking environment. The system performance evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of NICE and shows that the proposed solution can significantly reduce the risk of the cloud system from being exploited and abused by internal and external attackers.
P LACEMENT O F E NERGY A WARE W IRELESS M ESH N ODES F OR E-L EARNING...IJCI JOURNAL
Energy efficiency solutions are more vital for Gree
n Mesh Network (GMN) campuses. Today students are
benefited using these e-learning methodologies. Ren
ewable energies such as solar, wind, hydro has
tremendous applications on energy efficient wireles
s networks for sustaining the ever growing traffic
demands. One of the major issues in designing a GMN
is minimizing the number of deployed mesh routers
and gateways and satisfying the sustainable QOS bas
ed energy constraints. During low traffic periods t
he
mesh routers are switched to power save or sleep mo
de. In this paper we have mathematically formulated
a
single objective function with multi constraints to
optimize the energy. The objective is to place min
imum
number of Mesh routers and gateways in a set of can
didate location. The mesh nodes are powered using
the solar energy to meet the traffic demands. Two g
lobal optimisation algorithms are compared in this
paper to optimize the energy sustainability, to gua
rantee seamless connectivity
CONTEXT-AWARE ENERGY CONSERVING ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR INTERNET OF THINGSIJCNCJournal
Internet of Things (IoT) is the fast- growing technology, mostly used in smart mobile devices such as notebooks, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDA), smartphones, etc. Due to its dynamic nature and the limited battery power of the IoT enabled smart mobile nodes, the communication links between intermediate relay nodes may fail frequently, thus affecting the routing performance of the network and also the availability of the nodes. Existing algorithm does not concentrate about communication links and battery power/energy, but these node links are a very important factor for improving the quality of routing in IoT. In this paper, Context-aware Energy Conserving Algorithm for routing (CECA) was proposed which employs QoS routing metrics like Inter-Meeting Time and residual energy and has been applied to IoT enabled smart mobile devices using different technologies with different microcontroller which resulted in an increased network lifetime, throughput and reduced control overhead and the end to end delay. Simulation results show that, with respect to the speed of the mobile nodes from 2 to 10m/s, CECA increases the network lifetime, thereby increasing the average residual energy by 11.1% and increasing throughput there by reduces the average end to end delay by 14.1% over the Energy-Efficient Probabilistic Routing (EEPR) algorithm. With respect to the number of nodes increases from 10 to 100 nodes, CECA algorithms increase the average residual energy by16.1 % reduces the average end to end delay by 15.9% and control overhead by 23.7% over the existing EEPR
AN ENERGY EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTED PROTOCOL FOR ENSURING COVERAGE AND CONNECTIVI...ijasuc
As wireless sensor networks (WSNs) continue to attract more and more researchers attention, new ideas for
applications are continually being developed, many of which involve consistent coverage with good
network connectivity of a given area of interest. For the successful operation of the wireless Sensor
Network, the active sensor nodes must maintain both coverage and also connectivity. These are two closely
related essential prerequisites and they are also very important measurements of quality of service (QoS)
for wireless sensor networks. This paper presents the design and analysis of novel protocols that can
dynamically configure a sensor network to result in guaranteed degrees of coverage and connectivity. This
protocol is simulated using NS2 simulated and compared against a distributed probabilistic coveragepreserving configuration protocol (DPCCP) with SPAN [1] protocol in the literature and show that it
activates lesser number of sensor nodes, consumes much lesser energy and maximises the network lifetime
significantly.
AN EFFICIENT INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM WITH CUSTOM FEATURES USING FPA-GRADIE...IJCNCJournal
An efficient Intrusion Detection System has to be given high priority while connecting systems with a network to prevent the system before an attack happens. It is a big challenge to the network security group to prevent the system from a variable types of new attacks as technology is growing in parallel. In this paper, an efficient model to detect Intrusion is proposed to predict attacks with high accuracy and less false-negative rate by deriving custom features UNSW-CF by using the benchmark intrusion dataset UNSW-NB15. To reduce the learning complexity, Custom Features are derived and then Significant Features are constructed by applying meta-heuristic FPA (Flower Pollination algorithm) and MRMR (Minimal Redundancy and Maximum Redundancy) which reduces learning time and also increases prediction accuracy. ENC (ElasicNet Classifier), KRRC (Kernel Ridge Regression Classifier), IGBC (Improved Gradient Boosting Classifier) is employed to classify the attacks in the datasets UNSW-CF, UNSW and recorded that UNSW-CF with derived custom features using IGBC integrated with FPA provided high accuracy of 97.38% and a low error rate of 2.16%. Also, the sensitivity and specificity rate for IGB attains a high rate of 97.32% and 97.50% respectively.
Lifetime centric load balancing mechanism in wireless sensor network based Io...IJECEIAES
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a vital form of the underlying technology of the internet of things (IoT); WSN comprises several energy-constrained sensor nodes to monitor various physical parameters. Moreover, due to the energy constraint, load balancing plays a vital role considering the wireless sensor network as battery power. Although several clustering algorithms have been proposed for providing energy efficiency, there are chances of uneven load balancing and this causes the reduction in network lifetime as there exists inequality within the network. These scenarios occur due to the short lifetime of the cluster head. These cluster head (CH) are prime responsible for all the activity as it is also responsible for intra-cluster and inter-cluster communications. In this research work, a mechanism named lifetime centric load balancing mechanism (LCLBM) is developed that focuses on CH-selection, network design, and optimal CH distribution. Furthermore, under LCLBM, assistant cluster head (ACH) for balancing the load is developed. LCLBM is evaluated by considering the important metrics, such as energy consumption, communication overhead, number of failed nodes, and one-way delay. Further, evaluation is carried out by comparing with ES-Leach method, through the comparative analysis it is observed that the proposed model outperforms the existing model.
Testing DRAM and Correcting errorsby using Adaptive TechniqueIJERA Editor
DRAM(dynamic random access memory) is most widely used in memorytoday. Leakage power is the main
issue of DRAM cell. Iteffects the performance of the DRAM. In this paper introduce a new technique ie
adaptive technique a spare wire is used to reroute the data in cell which is damaged
A Mathematical Modeling Approach of the Failure Analysis for the Real-Time Me...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a simulation of the Mathematical Model for Real-Time Satellite Launch Platform approach in
Mexico is presented. Mexico holds the fourth best place in the world for building a platform to launch space
satellites, since its geographic location is optimal for its construction. It is essential to have the Probabilistic
Failure Analysis in Space Systems Engineering from its design, in order to minimize risks and avoid any
possible catastrophe. The mathematical approach of Failure Analysis presented throughout this paper, is
complementary to the simulation results, previously obtained with Windchill Quality Software. The final results
were performed with the Failure Analysis through fault trees (FTA) by means of a probabilistic approach
Quantitative Mathematical Model. This is the first step to propose and build the first Satellite Launch Platform
in Mexico.
Implementation of “Traslator Strategy” For Migration of Ipv4 to Ipv6IJERA Editor
This paper is focused on the Translator strategy for migration of IPv4 to Ipv6 implemented in Cisco packet
tracer. It describes the design and configuration of network devices and packet transfer between devices of IPv4
and IPv6 networks using NAT-PT as transition mechanism. First major version of IP, IPv4 is the dominant
protocol of internet.IPv6 is developed to deal with long anticipated problem of IPv4 running out of addresses.
The migration from IPv4 to IPv6 must be implemented node by node by using auto-configuration procedures to
eliminate the need to configure IPv6 hosts manually.
Research on the characteristics and evaluation of nightscape along the LRT lineIJERA Editor
With people's increasing demand of nightlife activities, the nightscape has become more important than ever to
enhance the image of city. In this study, we tried to analyze the effects and influence of the landscape lighting
that produced the nightscape and pointed out that the optimal nightscapes along the LRT (Light Rail Transit)
line. We selected the urban landscapes along the LRT wayside as the research objects, used the SD (Semantic
Differential) technique to compare the difference between the daytime and the nighttime landscapes by the
vision engineering and measurement psychology. As a result, it became clear as follows: 1) image evaluation of
the nightscapes got higher estimation than that of daytime landscapes. The importance of the nightscape has been
recognized once again; 2) landscape lighting played the important role in the charming nightscape; 3) the
optimal nightscapes along the LRT routes could be chosen with the results of factor analysis.
Mainly talks about the traffic jams and management countermeasuresIJERA Editor
With the economic development of China's large and medium-sized cities and city scale expands unceasingly, city
traffic congestion problem is also growing, has become a bottleneck hindering the development of the city further.
At present, governance urban traffic problem is the first strategic task of traffic congestion. Congestion,
maximizing efficiency, convenient travel is to be solved.
Novel approach for hybrid MAC scheme for balanced energy and transmission in ...IJECEIAES
Hybrid medium access control (MAC) scheme is one of the prominent mechanisms to offer energy efficiency in wireless sensor network where the potential features for both contention-based and schedule-based approaches are mechanized. However, the review of existing hybrid MAC scheme shows many loopholes where mainly it is observed that there is too much inclusion of time-slotting or else there is an inclusion of sophisticated mechanism not meant for offering flexibility to sensor node towards extending its services for upcoming applications of it. Therefore, this manuscript introduces a novel hybrid MAC scheme which is meant for offering cost effective and simplified scheduling operation in order to balance the performance of energy efficiency along with data aggregation performance. The simulated outcome of the study shows that proposed system offers better energy consumption, better throughput, reduced memory consumption, and faster processing in contrast to existing hybrid MAC protocols.
Novel framework of retaining maximum data quality and energy efficiency in re...IJECEIAES
There are various unseen and unpredictable networking states in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) that adversely affect the aggregated data quality. After reviewing the existing approaches of data quality in WSN, it was found that the solutions are quite symptomatic and they are applicable only in a static environment; however their successful applicability on dynamic and upcoming reconfigurable network is still a big question. Moreover, data quality directly affects energy conservation among the nodes. Therefore, the proposed system introduces a simple and novel framework that jointly addresses the data quality and energy efficiency using probability-based design approach. Using a simplified analytical methodology, the proposed system offers solution in the form of selection transmission of an aggergated data on the basis of message priority in order to offer higher data utilization factor. The study outcome shows proposed system offers a good balance between data quality and energy efficiency in contrast to existing system.
Analysis of Genetic Algorithm for Effective power Delivery and with Best Upsurgeijeei-iaes
Wireless network is ready for hundreds or thousands of nodes, where each node is connected to one or sometimes more sensors. WSN sensor integrated circuits, embedded systems, networks, modems, wireless communication and dissemination of information. The sensor may be an obligation to technology and science. Recent developments underway to miniaturization and low power consumption. They act as a gateway, and prospective clients, I usually have the data on the server WSN. Other components separate routing network routers, called calculating and distributing routing tables. Discussed the routing of wireless energy balance. Optimization solutions, we have created a genetic algorithm. Before selecting an algorithm proposed for the construction of the center console. In this study, the algorithms proposed model simulated results based on "parameters depending dead nodes, the number of bits transmitted to a base station, where the number of units sent to the heads of fuel consumption compared to replay and show that the proposed algorithm has a network of a relative.
A New Method for Reducing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks usin...Editor IJCATR
Nowadays, wireless sensor networks, clustering protocol based on the neighboring nodes into separate clusters and fault
tolerance for each cluster exists for sensors to send information to the base station, to gain the best performance in terms of increased
longevity and maintain tolerance than with other routing methods. However, most clustering protocols proposed so far, only
geographical proximity (neighboring) cluster formation is considered as a parameter. In this study, a new clustering protocol and fault
tolerance based on the fuzzy algorithms are able to clustering nodes in sensor networks based on fuzzy logic and fault tolerance. This
protocol uses clustering sensor nodes and fault tolerance exist in the network to reduce energy consumption, so that faulty sensors
from neighboring nodes are used to cover the errors, work based on the most criteria overlay neighbor sensors with defective sensors,
distance neighbor sensors from fault sensor and distance neighbor sensors from central station is done. Superior performance of the
protocol can be seen in terms of increasing the network lifetime and maintain the best network tolerance in comparison with previous
protocols such as LEACH in the simulation results.
Development of real-time indoor human tracking system using LoRa technology IJECEIAES
Industrial growth has increased the number of jobs hence increase thenumber of employees. Therefore, it is impossible to track the location of allemployees in the same building at the same time as they are placed in adifferent department. In this work, a real-time indoor human tracking systemis developed to determine the location of employees in a real-timeimplementation. In this work, the long-range (LoRa) technology is used asthe communication medium to establish the communication between thetracker and the gateway in the developed system due to its low power withhigh coverage range besides requires low cost for deployment. The receivedsignal strength indicator (RSSI) based positioning method is used to measurethe power level at the receiver which is the gateway to determine thelocation of the employees. Different scenarios have been considered toevaluate the performance of the developed system in terms of precision andreliability. This includes the size of the area, the number of obstacles in theconsidered area, and the height of the tracker and the gateway. A real-timetestbed implementation has been conducted to evaluate the performance ofthe developed system and the results show that the system has high precisionand are reliable for all considered scenarios.
The paper presents a technique called as Mobility-enabled Multi Level Optimization (MeMLO) that addressing the existing problem of clustering in wireless sensor net-work (WSN). The technique enables selection of aggregator node based on multiple optimi-zation attribute which gives better decision capability to the clustering mechanism by choosing the best aggregator node. The outcome of the study shows MeMLO is highly capable of minimizing the halt time of mobile node that significantly lowers the transmit power of aggregator node. The simulation outcome shows negligible computational com-plexity, faster response time, and highly energy efficient for large scale WSN for longer simulation rounds as compared to conventional LEACH algorithm.
Wireless sensor network is the combination of sensor nodes where sensor nodes are distributed all over the network. There are some challenges that come into the wireless sensor network n context to energy efficiency, network lifetime, storage and battery backup. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we have analyzed various routing techniques for WSN that increases the network lifetime and energy consumption.
Intrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems Using NICE ...IJERA Editor
The cloud computing has increased in many organizations. It provides many benefits in terms of low cost and accessibility of data. Ensuring the security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud computing environment, as users often store sensitive information with cloud storage providers but these providers may be untrusted. In this project we propose anIntrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems mechanism called NICE to prevent vulnerable virtual machines from being compromised in the cloud. NICE detects and mitigates collaborative attacks in the cloud virtual networking environment. The system performance evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of NICE and shows that the proposed solution can significantly reduce the risk of the cloud system from being exploited and abused by internal and external attackers.
P LACEMENT O F E NERGY A WARE W IRELESS M ESH N ODES F OR E-L EARNING...IJCI JOURNAL
Energy efficiency solutions are more vital for Gree
n Mesh Network (GMN) campuses. Today students are
benefited using these e-learning methodologies. Ren
ewable energies such as solar, wind, hydro has
tremendous applications on energy efficient wireles
s networks for sustaining the ever growing traffic
demands. One of the major issues in designing a GMN
is minimizing the number of deployed mesh routers
and gateways and satisfying the sustainable QOS bas
ed energy constraints. During low traffic periods t
he
mesh routers are switched to power save or sleep mo
de. In this paper we have mathematically formulated
a
single objective function with multi constraints to
optimize the energy. The objective is to place min
imum
number of Mesh routers and gateways in a set of can
didate location. The mesh nodes are powered using
the solar energy to meet the traffic demands. Two g
lobal optimisation algorithms are compared in this
paper to optimize the energy sustainability, to gua
rantee seamless connectivity
CONTEXT-AWARE ENERGY CONSERVING ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR INTERNET OF THINGSIJCNCJournal
Internet of Things (IoT) is the fast- growing technology, mostly used in smart mobile devices such as notebooks, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDA), smartphones, etc. Due to its dynamic nature and the limited battery power of the IoT enabled smart mobile nodes, the communication links between intermediate relay nodes may fail frequently, thus affecting the routing performance of the network and also the availability of the nodes. Existing algorithm does not concentrate about communication links and battery power/energy, but these node links are a very important factor for improving the quality of routing in IoT. In this paper, Context-aware Energy Conserving Algorithm for routing (CECA) was proposed which employs QoS routing metrics like Inter-Meeting Time and residual energy and has been applied to IoT enabled smart mobile devices using different technologies with different microcontroller which resulted in an increased network lifetime, throughput and reduced control overhead and the end to end delay. Simulation results show that, with respect to the speed of the mobile nodes from 2 to 10m/s, CECA increases the network lifetime, thereby increasing the average residual energy by 11.1% and increasing throughput there by reduces the average end to end delay by 14.1% over the Energy-Efficient Probabilistic Routing (EEPR) algorithm. With respect to the number of nodes increases from 10 to 100 nodes, CECA algorithms increase the average residual energy by16.1 % reduces the average end to end delay by 15.9% and control overhead by 23.7% over the existing EEPR
AN ENERGY EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTED PROTOCOL FOR ENSURING COVERAGE AND CONNECTIVI...ijasuc
As wireless sensor networks (WSNs) continue to attract more and more researchers attention, new ideas for
applications are continually being developed, many of which involve consistent coverage with good
network connectivity of a given area of interest. For the successful operation of the wireless Sensor
Network, the active sensor nodes must maintain both coverage and also connectivity. These are two closely
related essential prerequisites and they are also very important measurements of quality of service (QoS)
for wireless sensor networks. This paper presents the design and analysis of novel protocols that can
dynamically configure a sensor network to result in guaranteed degrees of coverage and connectivity. This
protocol is simulated using NS2 simulated and compared against a distributed probabilistic coveragepreserving configuration protocol (DPCCP) with SPAN [1] protocol in the literature and show that it
activates lesser number of sensor nodes, consumes much lesser energy and maximises the network lifetime
significantly.
AN EFFICIENT INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM WITH CUSTOM FEATURES USING FPA-GRADIE...IJCNCJournal
An efficient Intrusion Detection System has to be given high priority while connecting systems with a network to prevent the system before an attack happens. It is a big challenge to the network security group to prevent the system from a variable types of new attacks as technology is growing in parallel. In this paper, an efficient model to detect Intrusion is proposed to predict attacks with high accuracy and less false-negative rate by deriving custom features UNSW-CF by using the benchmark intrusion dataset UNSW-NB15. To reduce the learning complexity, Custom Features are derived and then Significant Features are constructed by applying meta-heuristic FPA (Flower Pollination algorithm) and MRMR (Minimal Redundancy and Maximum Redundancy) which reduces learning time and also increases prediction accuracy. ENC (ElasicNet Classifier), KRRC (Kernel Ridge Regression Classifier), IGBC (Improved Gradient Boosting Classifier) is employed to classify the attacks in the datasets UNSW-CF, UNSW and recorded that UNSW-CF with derived custom features using IGBC integrated with FPA provided high accuracy of 97.38% and a low error rate of 2.16%. Also, the sensitivity and specificity rate for IGB attains a high rate of 97.32% and 97.50% respectively.
Lifetime centric load balancing mechanism in wireless sensor network based Io...IJECEIAES
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a vital form of the underlying technology of the internet of things (IoT); WSN comprises several energy-constrained sensor nodes to monitor various physical parameters. Moreover, due to the energy constraint, load balancing plays a vital role considering the wireless sensor network as battery power. Although several clustering algorithms have been proposed for providing energy efficiency, there are chances of uneven load balancing and this causes the reduction in network lifetime as there exists inequality within the network. These scenarios occur due to the short lifetime of the cluster head. These cluster head (CH) are prime responsible for all the activity as it is also responsible for intra-cluster and inter-cluster communications. In this research work, a mechanism named lifetime centric load balancing mechanism (LCLBM) is developed that focuses on CH-selection, network design, and optimal CH distribution. Furthermore, under LCLBM, assistant cluster head (ACH) for balancing the load is developed. LCLBM is evaluated by considering the important metrics, such as energy consumption, communication overhead, number of failed nodes, and one-way delay. Further, evaluation is carried out by comparing with ES-Leach method, through the comparative analysis it is observed that the proposed model outperforms the existing model.
Testing DRAM and Correcting errorsby using Adaptive TechniqueIJERA Editor
DRAM(dynamic random access memory) is most widely used in memorytoday. Leakage power is the main
issue of DRAM cell. Iteffects the performance of the DRAM. In this paper introduce a new technique ie
adaptive technique a spare wire is used to reroute the data in cell which is damaged
A Mathematical Modeling Approach of the Failure Analysis for the Real-Time Me...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a simulation of the Mathematical Model for Real-Time Satellite Launch Platform approach in
Mexico is presented. Mexico holds the fourth best place in the world for building a platform to launch space
satellites, since its geographic location is optimal for its construction. It is essential to have the Probabilistic
Failure Analysis in Space Systems Engineering from its design, in order to minimize risks and avoid any
possible catastrophe. The mathematical approach of Failure Analysis presented throughout this paper, is
complementary to the simulation results, previously obtained with Windchill Quality Software. The final results
were performed with the Failure Analysis through fault trees (FTA) by means of a probabilistic approach
Quantitative Mathematical Model. This is the first step to propose and build the first Satellite Launch Platform
in Mexico.
Implementation of “Traslator Strategy” For Migration of Ipv4 to Ipv6IJERA Editor
This paper is focused on the Translator strategy for migration of IPv4 to Ipv6 implemented in Cisco packet
tracer. It describes the design and configuration of network devices and packet transfer between devices of IPv4
and IPv6 networks using NAT-PT as transition mechanism. First major version of IP, IPv4 is the dominant
protocol of internet.IPv6 is developed to deal with long anticipated problem of IPv4 running out of addresses.
The migration from IPv4 to IPv6 must be implemented node by node by using auto-configuration procedures to
eliminate the need to configure IPv6 hosts manually.
Research on the characteristics and evaluation of nightscape along the LRT lineIJERA Editor
With people's increasing demand of nightlife activities, the nightscape has become more important than ever to
enhance the image of city. In this study, we tried to analyze the effects and influence of the landscape lighting
that produced the nightscape and pointed out that the optimal nightscapes along the LRT (Light Rail Transit)
line. We selected the urban landscapes along the LRT wayside as the research objects, used the SD (Semantic
Differential) technique to compare the difference between the daytime and the nighttime landscapes by the
vision engineering and measurement psychology. As a result, it became clear as follows: 1) image evaluation of
the nightscapes got higher estimation than that of daytime landscapes. The importance of the nightscape has been
recognized once again; 2) landscape lighting played the important role in the charming nightscape; 3) the
optimal nightscapes along the LRT routes could be chosen with the results of factor analysis.
Mainly talks about the traffic jams and management countermeasuresIJERA Editor
With the economic development of China's large and medium-sized cities and city scale expands unceasingly, city
traffic congestion problem is also growing, has become a bottleneck hindering the development of the city further.
At present, governance urban traffic problem is the first strategic task of traffic congestion. Congestion,
maximizing efficiency, convenient travel is to be solved.
Analysis on different Data mining Techniques and algorithms used in IOTIJERA Editor
In this paper, we discusses about five functionalities of data mining in IOT that affects the performance and that
are: Data anomaly detection, Data clustering, Data classification, feature selection, time series prediction. Some
important algorithm has also been reviewed here of each functionalities that show advantages and limitations as
well as some new algorithm that are in research direction. Here we had represent knowledge view of data
mining in IOT.
Sustainable development in agriculture: a socio-ecological approachIJERA Editor
In this paper is presented a perspective on sustainability in agriculture - which derives from a notion of
development tied to the idea of growth - supported by technological advances aimed at ensuring sustainable
management of natural resources. In this sense, we consider here a socio-ecological approach in order to bring
together the individual and their environment, showing that this relationship is fundamental for a process of coevolution,
where nature and human being together can define the organization society.
Ionospheric Behaviour Analysis over Thailand Using Radio Occultation TechniqueIJERA Editor
With the advent in the development of science and technology in the field of space and atmospheric science in
order to obtain accurate result, hence the use of radio occultation technique in the investigation of the amount of
electron density and Total Electron Content presence in equatorial region particularly over Thailand. In this
research, radio occultation data obtained from UCAR/CDAAC was used to observe daily, monthly, seasonal and
the entire year 2013 Ionospheric TEC and electron density variation due to changes and instability of solar
activities from time to time. It was observed that TEC was high (ionosphere was more disturbed or violent) in
May and spread over a wide range of altitude and summer season has the highest TEC value for the year 2013
which means at this period GNSS measurements was more prone to error. It was noted that ionospheric
variations or fluctuations was maximum between 200km and 450km altitude. The results of the study show that
ionospheric perturbation effects or irregularities depend on season and solar activity.
Harmonic analysis and Power factor improvement with UPQC under two Novel cont...IJERA Editor
This paper presents unified power quality conditioner (UPQC)for power quality improvements in terms of
harmonics compensation and power factor correction in a three-phase four-wire distribution system.The UPQC
is implemented with PWM controlled voltage source converter (VSC) and switching patterns are generated
through Indirect PI and Synchronous Reference Frame controller. The selected topology for voltage source
converter is the three-leg and six-leg VSC for Indirect PI and Synchronous reference frame (SRF) control
strategies respectively. The behavior of UPQC has been analyzed by considering a case study with switching of
three phase half bridge diode rectifier and a parallel star connected unbalanced R-L loads. Harmonic spectrum
of the source current and load voltage are compared in between without UPQC and with UPQC by considering
both control strategies. The complete system has been modeled using MATLAB software with its stimulus’s
sim power system toolboxes.
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ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BASED ON QOSIAEME Publication
Energy is a serious resource parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks. Utilizing energy in an effectual manner is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presents an overview on various energy efficient routing protocols which fulfills the criteria of QoS parameters. Various energy effective and QoS based routing protocols have been compared. To improve the QoS in a network, data fusion and data accumulation is considered to be one of major energy saving technique. The routing protocols based on data aggregation, reduced cost routing and secure routing are also discussed in detail. Simulation tools like NS2, NS3, OMNET etc can be used to evaluate the network performance.
Energy Proficient and Security Protocol for WSN: A Reviewtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Novel Optimization to Reduce Power Drainage in Mobile Devices for Multicarrie...IJECEIAES
With increasing adoption of multicarrier-based communications e.g. 3G and 4G, the users are significantly benefited with impressive data rate but at the cost of battery life of their mobile devices. We reviewed the existing techniques to find an open research gap in this regard. This paper presents a novel framework where an optimization is carried out with the objective function to maintain higher level of equilibrium between maximized data delivery and minimized transmit power. An analytical model considering multiple radio antennae in the mobile device is presented with constraint formulations of data quality and threshold power factor. The model outcome is evaluated with respect to amount of power being conserved as performance factor. The study was found to offer maximum energy conservation and the framework also suits well with existing communication system of mobile networks.
Design and implementation of grid based clustering in WSN using dynamic sink ...journalBEEI
A wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a significant application, especially in the monitored remoting environmental, which enables by the availability of sensors which are cheaper, smaller, and intelligent. The equipment of such sensors be with wireless interfaces, which a communication with other sensors occurs for creating a network, that contains many distributed nodes. The closest nodes to the sink are exploited at an enormous traffic load while the data from the whole regions are forwarded between them to reach the sink. This result in exhausting their energy quickly and partitioning the network. This is solved by changing the sink node position in Grid based clustering technique, which considers the optimal method for this purpose. A simulation with MATLAB can be applied for grid based clustering technique to evaluate the performance of WSN. The expected results deal with outperforms in throughput, reducing energy consumption and increasing residual energy, in addition to prolong the network lifetime of the sensor network.
Energy-aware strategy for data forwarding in IoT ecosystem IJECEIAES
The Internet of Things (IoT) is looming technology rapidly attracting many industries and drawing research attention. Although the scale of IoT-applications is very large, the capabilities of the IoT-devices are limited, especially in terms of energy. However, various research works have been done to alleviate these shortcomings, but the schemes introduced in the literature are complex and difficult to implement in practical scenarios. Therefore, considering the energy consumption of heterogeneous nodes in IoT eco-system, a simple energy-efficient routing technique is proposed. The proposed system has also employed an SDN controller that acts as a centralized manager to control and monitor network services, there by restricting the access of selfish nodes to the network. The proposed system constructs an analytical algorithm that provides reliable data transmission operations and controls energy consumption using a strategic mechanism where the path selection process is performed based on the remaining energy of adjacent nodes located in the direction of the destination node. The proposed energy-efficient data forwarding mechanism is compared with the existing AODV routing technique. The simulation result demonstrates that the protocol is superior to AODV in terms of packet delivery rate, throughput, and end-to-end delay.
Routing Optimization with Load Balancing: an Energy Efficient ApproachEswar Publications
The area of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is covered with considerable range of problems, where majority of research attempts were carried out to enhance the network lifetime of WSN. But very few of the studies have proved successful. This manuscript discusses about a structure for optimizing routing and load balancing that uses standard radio and energy model to perform energy optimization by introducing a novel routing agent. The routing agent is built within aggregator node and base station to perform self motivated reconfiguration in case of energy depletion. Compared with standard LEACH algorithm, the proposed technique has better energy efficiency within optimal data aggregation duration.
E FFICIENT E NERGY U TILIZATION P ATH A LGORITHM I N W IRELESS S ENSOR...IJCI JOURNAL
With limited amount of energy, nodes are powered by
batteries in wireless networks. Increasing the lif
e
span of the network and reducing the usage of energ
y are two severe problems in Wireless Sensor
Networks. A small number of energy utilization path
algorithms like minimum spanning tree reduces tota
l
energy consumption of a Wireless Sensor Network, ho
wever very heavy load of sending data packets on
many key nodes is used with the intention that the
nodes quickly consumes battery energy, by raising t
he
life span of the network reduced. Our proposal work
aimed on presenting an Energy Conserved Fast and
Secure Data Aggregation Scheme for WSN in time and
security logic occurrence data collection
application. To begin with, initially the goal is m
ade on energy preservation of sensed data gathering
from
event identified sensor nodes to destination. Inven
tion is finished on Energy Efficient Utilization Pa
th
Algorithm (EEUPA), to extend the lifespan by proces
sing the collecting series with path mediators
depending on gene characteristics sequencing of nod
e energy drain rate, energy consumption rate, and
message overhead together with extended network lif
e span. Additionally, a mathematical programming
technique is designed to improve the lifespan of th
e network. Simulation experiments carried out among
different relating conditions of wireless sensor ne
twork by different path algorithms to analyze the
efficiency and effectiveness of planned Efficient E
nergy Utilization Path Algorithm in wireless sensor
network (EEUPA)
Energy Efficient Techniques for Data aggregation and collection in WSNIJCSEA Journal
A multidisciplinary research area such as wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been invoked the monitoring of remote physical environment and are used for a wide range of applications ranging from defense personnel to many scientific research, statistical application, disaster area and War Zone. These networks are constraint with energy, memory and computing power enhance efficient techniques are needed for data aggregation, data collection, query processing, decision making and routing in sensor networks. The problem encountered in the recent past was of the more battery power consumption as activity increases, need more efficient data aggregation and collection techniques with right decision making capabilities. Therefore, this paper proposed the efficient and effective architecture and mechanism of energy efficient techniques for data aggregation and collection in WSN using principles like global weight calculation of nodes, data collection for cluster head and data aggregation techniques using data cube aggregation.
Bottleneck Detection Algorithm to Enhance Lifetime of WSNjosephjonse
In recent years, a wireless sensor network is gaining much more importance due to its immense contribution in numerous applications. Deployment of sensor nodes that would reduce computation, minimize cost and gaining high degree of network connectivity is an challenging task. Random deployment of sensor nodes causes the wireless sensor networks to face topological weaknesses such as communication bottlenecks, network partitions and sensing holes. These problems lead to uneven energy utilization, reduction in reliability of network and reduction in network lifetime. Bottleneck detection algorithm is proposed to identify bottleneck and minimal bottleneck zones in network. Additional sensor node deployment strategy is used in bottleneck detection algorithm to extend network lifetime. Random additional sensor node deployment and Targeted additional sensor node deployment are proposed to enhance network lifetime. Deployment strategies are compared with respect to network parameters such as throughput, packet delivery fraction and network lifetime.
BOTTLENECK DETECTION ALGORITHM TO ENHANCE LIFETIME OF WSNijngnjournal
In recent years, a wireless sensor network is gaining much more importance due to its immense
contribution in numerous applications. Deployment of sensor nodes that would reduce computation,
minimize cost and gaining high degree of network connectivity is an challenging task. Random deployment
of sensor nodes causes the wireless sensor networks to face topological weaknesses such as communication
bottlenecks, network partitions and sensing holes. These problems lead to uneven energy utilization,
reduction in reliability of network and reduction in network lifetime. Bottleneck detection algorithm is
proposed to identify bottleneck and minimal bottleneck zones in network. Additional sensor node
deployment strategy is used in bottleneck detection algorithm to extend network lifetime. Random
additional sensor node deployment and Targeted additional sensor node deployment are proposed to
enhance network lifetime. Deployment strategies are compared with respect to network parameters such as
throughput, packet delivery fraction and network lifetime.
Bottleneck Detection Algorithm to Enhance Lifetime of WSNjosephjonse
In recent years, a wireless sensor network is gaining much more importance due to its immense contribution in numerous applications. Deployment of sensor nodes that would reduce computation, minimize cost and gaining high degree of network connectivity is an challenging task. Random deployment of sensor nodes causes the wireless sensor networks to face topological weaknesses such as communication bottlenecks, network partitions and sensing holes. These problems lead to uneven energy utilization, reduction in reliability of network and reduction in network lifetime. Bottleneck detection algorithm is proposed to identify bottleneck and minimal bottleneck zones in network. Additional sensor node deployment strategy is used in bottleneck detection algorithm to extend network lifetime. Random additional sensor node deployment and Targeted additional sensor node deployment are proposed to enhance network lifetime. Deployment strategies are compared with respect to network parameters such as throughput, packet delivery fraction and network lifetime.
Survey: energy efficient protocols using radio scheduling in wireless sensor ...IJECEIAES
An efficient energy management scheme is crucial factor for design and implementation of any sensor network. Almost all sensor networks are structured with numerous small sized, low cost sensor devices which are scattered over the large area. To improvise the network performance by high throughput with minimum energy consumption, an energy efficient radio scheduling MAC protocol is effective solution, since MAC layer has the capability to collaborate with distributed wireless networks. The present survey study provides relevant research work towards radio scheduling mechanism in the design of energy efficient wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The various radio scheduling protocols are exist in the literature, which has some limitations. Therefore, it is require developing a new energy efficient radio scheduling protocol to perform multi tasks with minimum energy consumption (e.g. data transmission). The most of research studies paying more attention towards to enhance the overall network lifetime with the aim of using energy efficient scheduling protocol. In that context, this survey study overviews the different categories of MAC based radio scheduling protocols and those protocols are measured by evaluating their data transmission capability, energy efficiency, and network performance. With the extensive analysis of existing works, many research challenges are stated. Also provides future directions for new WSN design at the end of this survey.
A NODE DEPLOYMENT MODEL WITH VARIABLE TRANSMISSION DISTANCE FOR WIRELESS SENS...ijwmn
The deployment of network nodes is essential to ensure the wireless sensor network's regular operation and affects the multiple network performance metrics, such as connectivity, coverage, lifetime, and cost. This paper focuses on the problem of minimizing network costs while meeting network requirements, and proposes a corona-based deployment method by using the variable transmission distance sensor. Based on the analysis of node energy consumption and network cost, an optimization model to minimize Cost Per Unit Area is given. The transmission distances and initial energy of the sensors are obtained by solving the model. The optimization model is improved to ensure the energy consumption balance of nodes in the same corona. Based on these parameters, the process of network node deployment is given. Deploying the
network through this method will greatly reduce network costs.
Energy-efficient data-aggregation for optimizing quality of service using mo...IJECEIAES
Quality of service (QoS) is essential for carrying out data transmission using resource-constrained sensor nodes in wireless sensor network (WSN). The introduction of mobile agent-based data aggregation is reported to offer energy efficiency; however, it has limitations, especially using a single mobile agent, where QoS optimization is not feasible. A review of existing studies showcases some dedicated attempts to use a mobile agent-based approach and address QoS enhancements. However, they were never combined studied. Therefore, this paper introduces a unique concept of retaining maximum QoS performance during data aggregation using a single mobile agent. The model introduces a unique communication framework, transmission provisioning using exceptional routine management, and simplified energy modeling. The proposed model has aimed for a lower delay and faster data aggregation speed with lower consumption of transmittance energy. The implementation and assessment of the model are carried out considering the challenging environment of WSN with multiple scales of data priority. The proposed model also contributes to evolving out with simplified communication vectors in a highly decentralized method. MATLAB's simulation outcome shows that the proposed system offers better delay performance, optimal energy management, and faster response time than existing schemes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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The family offers a choice of engines
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
A Novel Weighted Clustering Based Approach for Improving the Wireless Sensor Network lifetime
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 11, (Part - 3) November 2015, pp.23-31
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A Novel Weighted Clustering Based Approach for Improving the
Wireless Sensor Network lifetime
Vivek kumar *, Ramratan Ahirwal**, Yogendra Kumar Jain***
* Research Scholar (CSE), Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha (M.P.), India
** Ramratan Ahirwar, Asst Professor (CSE), Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha (M.P.), India
*** Y. K. Jain, Head of the Department (CSE), Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha (M.P.), India
ABSTRACT
Great lifetime and reliability is the key aim of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) design. As for prolonging
lifetime of this type of network, energy is the most important resource; all recent researches are focused on more
and more energy efficient techniques. Proposed work is Weighted Clustering Approach based on Weighted
Cluster Head Selection, which is highly energy efficient and reliable in mobile network scenario. Weight
calculation using different attributes of the nodes like SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), Remaining Energy, Node
Degree, Mobility, and Buffer Length gives efficient Cluster Head (CH) on regular interval of time. CH rotation
helps in optimum utilization of energy available with all nodes; results in prolonged network lifetime.
Implementation is done using the NS2 network simulator and performance evaluation is carried out in terms of
PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio), End to End Delay, Throughput, and Energy Consumption. Demonstration of the
obtained results shows that proposed work is adaptable for improving the performance. In order to justify the
solution, the performance of proposed technique is compared with the performance of traditional approach. The
performance of proposed technique is found optimum as compared to the traditional techniques.
Keywords - Wireless Sensor Network, Energy preserving, Weighted clustering, Network lifetime, Cluster head
selection.
I. INTRODUCTION
Among different technologies, Communication
technology really plays a big role in exploring human
life and making world a small place. As a part of
communication technology, quick growing networks
are taking considerable attention in recent years.
Modern techniques are serving revolution in this
domain. According to the structure of network, it is
categorized in two main domains wired and wireless.
While, according to their utility and applications the
wireless communication is also illustrated in two
parts, short range or indoor communication and broad
range or outdoor communication. Among them the
wireless technologies are growing more rapidly as
compared to the wired network.
The wireless sensor network is one of the most
popular wireless networks. It is a distributed real-
time system which contains all the basic
computational functions inbuilt. Unfortunately yet
very little work is applied in this new system and
always new improvements are essential in all areas of
the system [1]. Most of the earlier distributed systems
are developed with limited power and fixed
resources. In contrast, the designing of a wireless
sensor network should be formulated, keeping in
view terms and conditions, such as the systems is
completely ad-hoc and works with wireless channel,
have scarce power, is real-time, utilizes the sensors
and actuators as interfaces with dynamically
changing sets of resources; aggregate behaviour is
also important there and location is very critical.
Various wireless sensor networks also exploit
negligible capability devices which place a further
strain on the ability to use precedent solutions [2].
In this work the wireless sensor network has
been investigated for finding the solution for the
energy efficiency and exploring the issue to preserve
energy during communication. Additionally for
overcoming the gap a new solution using weighted
clustering technique is proposed.
II. BACKGROUND
A more general issue in sensor network design
for static network is coverage problem. In order to
make it clear, let it given a set of sensors deployed in
an area, required to determine if the area is
sufficiently k-covered, it means every point in the
target area is covered by at least k sensors, where k is
a given parameter. For finding the result, the
aforementioned work [3] can be taken as reference in
this special case with k = 1. Applications requiring k
> 1 may be needed in situations, where monitoring
capability is desired for more sensitive and
unpredictable environments, such as military
applications. It also happens when multiple sensors
are required to detect an event. For example, the
triangulation-based positioning protocols [4] require
at least three sensors (i.e., k ≥ 3) at any moment to
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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monitor a moving object. Enforcing k ≥ 2 is also
desirable for fault-tolerant purpose. The article also
considers the same coverage problem combined with
the communication connectivity issue [5].
Unlike the static network, mobile network
doesn’t having the positioning problem but they have
the connectivity issues [6].Therefore the key aim is to
find the solution against the mobility and
connectivity issues in wireless sensor networks [7].
In order to find the solution of connectivity issues in
mobile network one of the essential contribution is
cluster based network functioning [8]. Thus the next
section provides the recent contributions which are
based on clustering approaches to enhance the
performance of network and reduce the losses due to
connectivity issues.
III. RELATED WORK
This section provides the study of various
approaches and algorithms, which have been recently
developed.
From the power preservation viewpoint in
WSNs, grouping of antenna nodes is a challenging
assignment. Grouping method in routing procedures
occupies a key position to extend the constancy phase
and the lifetime of the network. Knowing the
applications of WSNs in wide range and looking
forward for energy efficient ways of communication
in the network, Heinzelman et al [9] proposed a
clustering protocol called LEACH (Low-Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), which is a clustering
protocol uses random rotations of cluster heads in
order to achieve equal distribution of energy among
the sensors of the network. Furthermore, it cuts down
the overall energy utilization by performing a load
distribution to various points of the network. The
authors presented evidences of its working by
depicting the simulation results. They further
concluded that it offers 8 times more energy
efficiency in the network.
WSNs comprise a number of network sensors
alternatively actuators. These are implemented at
large geographical areas and often unattended. Also,
requirement of energy efficiency in these networks
remains as it is. Therefore, Yan Yu, Ramesh
Govindan and Deborah Estrin [10] presented an
energy efficient routing protocol, designed for
wireless sensor networks implemented in
geographical areas. They named it as Geographic and
Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) algorithm that
incorporates neighbour selection procedure, attentive
towards energy for routing the packet towards the
destination. For dissemination of the packet inside
the destination region, flooding procedure is used. To
demonstrate positive effects of the algorithm, they
also presented simulation results and confirmed the
longer energy lifetime of the network.
WSNs are different from those typical networks,
in terms of energy constraints, redundancy and low
rate of data and many-to-one flows. In this scenario,
end-to-end routing cannot be applied. Therefore,
data-centric techniques are needed here in order to
have energy efficient packet dissemination by data
aggregation. Into this context Bhaskar
Krishnamachari, Deborah Estrin and Stephen Wicker
[11] proposed a data-centric routing mechanism and
demonstrated its performance in comparison with
traditional networks. Basic idea of this method is to
combine data coming from different sources and then
remove redundancy as well as minimizing the
transmissions. To this, the conclusion drawn clearly
states that this routing scheme puts positive effects on
source-destination placement and communication
network density, on the energy costs, delay, and
robustness of data aggregation.
Above mentioned technique of data-centric
routing falls short in some terms. Since network these
days contain large amount of data and data
redundancy, it is likely that data may be dissociated
from the specific node. Therefore, it becomes natural
to deliver queries to the events being occurred in the
network. David Braginsky and Deborah Estrin [12]
proposed a novel scheme named as “Rumor Routing”
for routing queries to nodes that have observed a
particular network without having concern to
geography or addressing method of the underlying
network. It is designed to be adaptable in a variety of
applications and their requirements. The authors
demonstrated its working and claimed that this
algorithm is capable to deal with node failure as well
as supports promising delivery rate and route repair.
Imaging and video data transmission demands
higher amount of energy QoS. In such cases special
mechanisms of routing must be implemented with
significant awareness of energy and Quality of
Service to achieve efficient sensor usage. For this
Kemal Akkaya and Mohamed Younis [13] projected
a routing mechanism based on energy and QoS
effective constraint. It considered only end-to-end
delay, and using a path function least cost path is
calculated for each link. A path is chosen which has
least delay and maximum throughput, in order to
achieve a best effort routing service. Simulation
results show that our protocol consistently performs
well with respect to QoS metrics, e.g. throughput and
average delay as well as energy-based metric such as
average lifetime of a node.
Along with the advances of internet and
communication technology, mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs) and wireless sensor networks have
attracted extensive research efforts in recent years. In
the past, Chatterjee et al. proposed an efficient
approach, called the weighted clustering algorithm, to
determine the cluster heads dynamically in mobile ad
hoc networks. Wireless sensor networks are,
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however, a little different from traditional networks
due to some more constraints. Besides, in wireless
sensor networks, prolonging network lifetime is
usually an important issue. Tzung-Pei Hong et al
[14], an improved algorithm based on the weighted
clustering algorithm is proposed with additional
constraints for selection of cluster heads in mobile
wireless sensor networks. The cluster heads chosen
will act as the application nodes in a two-tired
wireless sensor network and may change in different
time intervals. After a fixed interval of time, the
proposed algorithm re-run again to find new
applications nodes such that the system lifetime can
be expected to last longer. Experimental results also
show the proposed algorithm behaves better than
Chatterjee’s on wireless sensor networks for long
system lifetime.
This section provides the details about the sensor
network routing protocols that help to improve the
connectivity issues and for enhancing the
performance in terms of energy consumption.
IV. PROPOSED WORK
WSNs (wireless sensor Networks) is a
technology with huge potential which is mainly used
in difficult sensitive environments like battlefield
surveillance (in military), disaster management,
combat field reconnaissance, border protection etc.
where human involvement is not possible for solving
any type of network related problem or improvement.
In Wireless Sensor Networks, optimum utilization of
energy is the most important concern, because in this
type of network it is not possible to change or
recharge the batteries of nodes at all. Due to this
reason to prolong network lifetime is a challenging
task.
In either static or dynamic WSNs, active nodes
lose its energy uninterruptedly and readily because of
being in continuous working state. Hence the limited
energy of these nodes has been exhausted earlier
which results in network failure.
In static WSNs since nodes are static, they can’t
change their positions and the energy of all nodes is
not being used optimally. The nodes which are nearer
to the target will be more active as compare to the
other nodes which are far away from the target.
Active node consumes more energy because they
have more loads. Due to this reason limited energy of
active node has been exhausted and it results into a
network failure despite of remaining unused energy
present in those nodes which are away from the
target. So, for making the nodes again useable which
was remained unused in static network, we are
proposing a new dynamic cluster head based
Clustering Approach for improving the lifetime of
whole network.
In our proposed technique, Network has been
divided in different clusters. Each cluster posses
some nodes. For each cluster one random node is
being selected as CH (Cluster Head). Due to the
mobility of nodes, single node is not bound to work
as cluster head all the time, as the process of cluster
head selection has been repeated after particular time
interval, because of this all nodes have the
opportunity to be selected as cluster head. That node
is being selected as cluster head which have higher
percentage of available resources and due to this
rotation energy utilisation is optimum here and it
helps to protect network failure by using energy
available with all nodes.
In proposed dynamic WSNs approach, to select
the cluster head, first we create the clusters according
to the clustering method [15] and generally select
those nodes which are directly connected to the
randomly selected node.
After creating the cluster, our proposed
technique works according to following steps for
selection of better nodes on regular interval of time.
1. Node quality estimation
After completing the clustering process, five
important attributes or parameter we identify, as
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Connectivity (c),
Remaining Energy (e), Mobility (M) and Buffer
Length (B) of each node. With the help of these
parameters or attributes, first we estimate quality of
each node and then calculated comparative weight of
nodes for selection of cluster head. SNR gives the
comparison between the levels of the desired signal
to the levels of background noise. It is defined as the
ratio of signal power to the noise power, often
expressed in decibels. The node sends a data packet
to neighbour node and between both the nodes during
the data exchange signal strength values are
estimated [16]. In order to obtain the SNR for the
network nodes the sender node sends the packet to
receiver nodeA_signal and receiver node send
acknowledge to sender nodeA_noise. During
receiving the acknowledgement the sender node
compute the SNR of receiver node for receiving the
signal. This calculation finds that node, which
performs data delivery in critical scenarios. Therefore
optimal SNR ratio is less for good quality of node
selection. Second attribute Connectivity facilitates to
find such node which is connected with maximum
number of nodes. In this type network the nodes are
said to connect, which are in radio range of a node.
This is sometimes also called the Degree of node.
Therefore the selected node that has higher degree
can communicate with greater number of nodes [17].
Further Remaining Energy is essential attribute for
node service quality estimation. As nodes in WSNs,
are with limited amount of energy and loses energy
for sending and receiving data and for its liveliness.
Therefore with the help of remaining energy, we
become able to find such nodes which possess
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sufficient energy for better performance [18].
Another attribute of nodes in WSNs is mobility.
Nodes frequently move from one place to other, in
the dynamic networks. The computation of node
mobility demonstrates the rate of change in their
mobility pattern. If a node is less frequently changes
its place, then, that node can create such group of
nodes which will be connected for long time with
each other. In other words the low mobile nodes are
able to form more stable clusters. [19]. As far as
Buffer Length is concerned. It makes us able to find
better performing nodes for receiving more data. The
buffer is a temporary storage that holds the
information during the data exchange. If the buffer is
almost full then the node will not be able to accept
new coming data and that can drop the essential
information. In this way free node will serve better
for the network. Thus the available buffer for
accepting upcoming stream is given as buffer length.
During calculations the buffer length is denoted using
B [20].
Therefore with the help of these five attributes
we estimate quality of nodes. But, only by estimation
on the basis of separate attribute we can’t be able to
say that which node will be most suitable to become
cluster head node. So, for selection of such node
there is need of combined analysis of all attributes for
all nodes. And for this our next step is weight
calculation.
2. Weight calculation
In weight calculation we use all five attributes,
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Connectivity (c),
Remaining Energy (e), Mobility (M) and Buffer
Length (B) as discussed in first step. In a cluster, all
nodes broadcast estimated value of its attributes to
neighbour nodes. Then all nodes store values of
attribute broadcasted by neighbour nodes, with its
own attributes value, in a table available with each
node known as evaluated parameters table. For this
we take an example as shown in table 1 for evaluated
parameters.
Table 1: Evaluated parameters
Node id C E M SNR B
1 3 87 2 23.54 46
2 2 62 6 12.53 67
3 3 65 3 17.43 82
4 5 59 5 23.53 41
As evaluated values of all the attributes are
shown in table1 for each node, but the problem here
is that all attributes have not similar measurement
scale because measurement unit for each attribute is
entirely different from other. So, to calculate the
weight it is necessary to find values of attributes at
similar scale. For this, first of all we normalize the
values of evaluated parameters with the help of
proposed formula 1 as show below.
𝑁𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Where,
𝑁𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Current value = value of particular attribute of given
node
Minimum value=minimum value of particular
attribute in the table.
Maximum value=maximum value of particular
attribute in the table.
After normalizing the values of attributes given
in table 1, following normalized values are obtained
which are shown in table 2.
Table 2: Normalized parameters
Node id C E M SNR B
1 0.33 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.12
2 0.00 0.11 1.00 0.00 0.63
3 0.33 0.21 0.25 0.44 1.00
4 1.00 0.00 0.75 0.99 0.00
Now for more nearer approximated values, these
normalized values of attributes are factorised using
the factor 𝑤1, 𝑤2, 𝑤3, 𝑤4 and 𝑤5, for Connectivity
(c), Remaining Energy (e), Mobility (M), SNR, and
Buffer Length comparatively. For constructing these
factors, the random values can be used between 0-1
and it is required to have sum of these factors exactly
to be 1. In other words 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + 𝑤3 + 𝑤4 + 𝑤5 =
1.For example, in a specified scenario, where the
nodes having good energy, and almost they are
having 100% energy, here the factor energy is less
important to utilize for energy constrain thus the
weight distribution can be 0.3
+0.05+0.25+0.20+0.20=1. In other case where the
mobility is rare in all the nodes, the factor mobility is
less important for weight computation thus that can
be 0.30+0.25+0.05+0.20+0.20=1.
After that by using formula 2, we calculate final
weight of all attributes of each node as given below.
𝑊 = 𝑤1 ∗ 𝑐 + 𝑤2 ∗ 𝑒 + 𝑤3 ∗ 𝑀 + 𝑤4 ∗ 𝑆𝑁𝑅 − 𝑤5
∗ 𝐵
In order to compute final weight of normalized
parameters of nodes given in table 2.
Let,
𝑤1 = 0.30
𝑤2 = 0.25
𝑤3 = 0.05
𝑤4 = 0.20
𝑤5 = 0.20
By using above assumed value
of 𝑤1, 𝑤2, 𝑤3, 𝑤4 and 𝑤5, we calculate final weight as
shown in table 3.
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Table 3: Weight estimation
Node
Id
C E M SNR B W
1 0.33*
0.30
1.00*
0.25
0.00*
0.20
1.00*
0.20
0.12*
0.20
0.525
2 0.00*
0.30
0.11*
0.25
1.00*
0.05
0.00*
0.20
0.63*
0.20
-
0.048
3 0.33*
0.30
0.21*
0.25
0.25*
0.05
0.44*
0.20
1.00*
0.20
0.025
4 1.00*
0..30
0.00*
0.25
0.75*
0.05
0.99*
0.20
0.00*
0.20
0.565
3. Cluster head selection
Further after weight calculation, now in order to
select a head node for each cluster the next most
important step is cluster head selection.
As with the help of weight calculation method, all
nodes compute the weight of their neighbour nodes
using a neighbour table. The example of neighbour
table is shown as table (4) for four nodes defined in
the figure1.
Figure 1: Sample network nodes
Table 4: Neighbour table
nodes 1 2 3 4
1 0 T T T
2 T 0 F T
3 T F 0 T
4 T T T 0
Figure 1 shows sample network node 1,2,3,4.
Above nodes with the use of neighbour table (4), find
their neighbour nodes as shown in table. In given
table T represents direct connection between two
nodes.
The nodes use this neighbour table to identify its
neighbours and become able to broadcast its
attributes to neighbour nodes and receive information
about attributes broadcasted by neighbour nodes.
Further nodes use this information about attributes in
calculation of combined weight for all nodes with its
own weight as described in detail in weight
calculation method.
Thus as shown in table 3, now each node has
information about weights of its neighbour nodes
with its own weight, Finally cluster head selection
depends on these weight information available with
all nodes in a cluster. All nodes compare own weight
with weight of its neighbour. If a node finds that self
weight is greater than weight of its neighbour nodes
then it broadcast self as cluster head. Otherwise if it
finds self weight is smaller than weight of any
neighbour node then it ignore self weight and update
itself with cluster head information and declare self
as Clint node. In rare case, there may be a situation in
which weights of more than one node are optimum
and equal. In such case there will be confusion in
selection of cluster head. So, in this condition to deal
with this confusion, further energy of equal weighted
nodes is being compared. Among these nodes, that
node will be selected as cluster head, which possess
optimum energy.
The entire process of cluster head based
clustering approach is shown below in the form of
proposed algorithm.
Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Initialize set of Node in network
3. Anonymous node A initiating cluster request by
broadcasting a hello packet
4. If entire node’s acknowledgement is received
5. Initiate step 9.
6. Else
7. Wait for acknowledgement
8. End if
9. Broadcast SNR, C, E, M and B to first hop
neighbours.
10. For each node in network
I. Signal to noise ratio SNR
II. Remaining Energy E
III. Connectivity C
IV. Mobility M
V. Buffer Length B
End for
11. Weight Calculation
𝑊 = 𝑤1 ∗ 𝑐 + 𝑤2 ∗ 𝑒 + 𝑤3 ∗ 𝑀 + 𝑤4 ∗ 𝑆𝑁𝑅
− 𝑤5 ∗ 𝐵
12. Weight Comparison
If (self-weight > neighbours weight)
I. broadcast self as Cluster Head
13. Else if(self-weight < neighbours weight)
I. ignore self-weight and update self with cluster
head information
II. Declare self as client node
14. Else if (self-weight=neighbour weight)
If (𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 > 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟 )
a. Broadcast self as cluster head
b. Else
c. Broadcast neighbour as cluster head
d. End if
15. End if
16. Wait for new clustering request
The summarized steps of the algorithm are
demonstrated using the flow chart of the algorithm
using the figure 2. In this diagram the processes
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involved in the cluster head selection is demonstrated
in a flow.
Figure 2: Algorithm flow
V. SIMULATION
The proposed cluster head selection algorithm is
simulated using the NS2 network simulator. That
simulation is configured on the basis of the following
simulation setup and scenarios.
A. Simulation setup
This section provides the required network
parameters which are used for network simulation.
The key parameters and their corresponding values
are reported using table 5.
Table 5: Simulation setup
Simulation properties Values
Antenna model Omni Antenna
Dimension 750 X 550
Radio-propagation Two Ray Ground
Channel Type Wireless Channel
No of Mobile Nodes 15
Routing protocol AODV
Time of simulation 10.0 Sec.
B. Simulation scenario
This section provides the simulation scenarios on
which the proposed and traditional algorithm [4] for
network performance evaluation is based.
1. Simulation using the traditional approach: In
this simulation a static network is prepared using the
given network configuration. Additionally in this
static network the issues of covering set and the
performance improvement in terms of network life
time is simulated. The simulation scenario is given
using figure 3.
Figure 3: Traditional network
2. Simulation of proposed clustering scheme: In
this scenario the proposed cluster head selection
technique is implemented in the mobile network
scenario and their performance improvement is
provided and compared with the previous network
technology. The simulation screen of the proposed
simulation scenario is given using figure 4.
Figure 4: Proposed network
In this section the network simulation strategy is
provided and further in next section the results
evaluation of proposed methodology is provided.
VI. RESULTS ANALYSIS
This section provides the study of the
performance parameters obtained during simulation
of the proposed cluster head selection approach.
Additionally the detailed description of each
parameter is also reported in this section.
A. End to end delay
End to end delay is the amount of additional time
consumed during communication scenario in the
network, which refers to the time taken by a packet to
be transmitted across a network from source to
destination device, this delay is calculated using the
below given formula.
𝐸2𝐸 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 – 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
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Figure 5: End to end delay
The comparative end to end delays for both the
network techniques are given using figure 5. In this
graph the amount of time overhead is given using Y
axis, and the X axis shows the number of nodes in
network. According to the obtained performance of
the proposed technique, it has less end to end delay as
compared to the traditional (old) technique [4]. Thus
the proposed technique is much promising as
compared to the traditional one.
B. Packet drop ratio
The amount of packet which is transmitted to
destination node is not successfully delivered is
known as the packet drop ratio. The figure 6 shows
the packet drop ratio of both the techniques. In order
to show the performance of network protocols the X
axis contains the number of nodes in network and the
Y axis shows the amount of dropped packets in terms
of percentage. According to the obtained result the
proposed technique drop less amount of packets as
compared to the traditional technique.
Figure 6: Packet drop ratio
C. Energy consumption
The amount of energy reduced from initial
energy of nodes during the active communication
sessions of network is known as energy consumption.
The energy consumption is responsible to provide the
efficient network life time
Figure 7: Energy consumption
The comparative performance in terms of energy
consumption is given in the figure 7. In this graph the
X axis shows the amount of nodes in network and the
Y axis shows the consumed energy in terms of Jules.
According to the obtained results the proposed
technique consumes less amount of energy as
compared to the traditional technique.
D. Packet delivery ratio
The performance parameter Packet delivery ratio
sometimes termed as the PDR ratio provides
information about the performance of any routing
protocols by the successfully delivered packets to the
destination, where PDR can be estimated using the
formula given
𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠
The packet delivery ratio of the proposed and
traditional network performance improvement
technique is given using figure 8. In this graph the X
axis shows the amount of nodes in network and the Y
axis shows the packet delivery ratio in terms of
percentage. According to the obtained performance
the proposed technique provides higher PDR as
compared to traditional technique.
Figure 8: Packet delivery ratio
E. Throughput
Network throughput is the average rate of
successful message delivery over a communication
channel. This data may be delivered over a physical
or logical link, or pass through a certain network
node. The throughput is usually measured in bits per
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second (bit/s or bps), and sometimes in data packets
per second or data packets per time slot.The obtained
performance of both the algorithms for network life
time improvement is given using figure 9. In this
graph the green line shows the performance of
proposed technique and red line shows the
performance of the traditional technique. In order to
shows the performance the X axis contains the
number of nodes in network and the Y axis shows the
performance in terms of consumed bandwidth in
terms of kbps.
Figure 9: Throughput
This section reports the performance analysis of
the proposed and traditional algorithms. Additionally
their comparative performances with increasing
number of nodes are presented. The next section
provides the conclusion of the entire project
development and the results analysis.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, techniques are explored and
studied for improving the performance of wireless
sensor networks, focused on connectivity issues and
energy efficiency. The cover set problem in static
network is studied and their different solutions are
also investigated. Further it is found that the cover set
problem of static network can be converted into
connectivity issue in mobile network. Therefore for
optimizing the connectivity issues the clustering
algorithms are studied. Among different clustering
algorithms, weighted clustering algorithm is found
more suitable for improving the performance of
network.
Thus a weighted clustering scheme is proposed
and implemented using the NS2 simulator. The given
approach utilizes the network parameters to find the
optimum cluster head (CH) for each cluster on
regular time interval. It provides uniform load
distribution to the nodes during network functioning
in mobile network scenarios, results in optimum
energy utilization and avoidance of network failure
like situation. Furthermore the proposed clustering
approach is compared with the exiting covering set
solution. The performance evaluation of the proposed
cluster head selection approach is provided in terms
of end to end delay, packet delivery ratio, packet drop
ratio, throughput, and energy consumption.
According to the obtained performance the proposed
cluster head algorithm consumes less energy and
increases the packet delivery ratio even for the
mobile networks. Thus the proposed clustering
algorithm is more efficient and effective.
VIII. Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the anonymous referees
for their helpful guidance that have improved the
quality of this paper.
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