This document summarizes a survey of intelligent approaches for efficient energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. Artificial intelligence techniques have been applied to optimize routing protocols and aggregate sensor data more efficiently to conserve limited battery power. Some key approaches discussed are directed diffusion for data dissemination, low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) for randomized clustering, and energy aware distributed aggregation trees for in-network data aggregation. The goal is to extend the lifetime of battery-powered sensor networks through intelligent energy management strategies.
LIFETIME IMPROVEMENT USING MOBILE AGENT IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKJournal For Research
Wireless sensor networks have attracted much attention in the research community over the last few years, driven by a wealth of theoretical and practical challenges and an increasing number of practical civilian application. ‘one deployment, multiple applications’ is an emerging trend in the development of WSN, due to the high cost of deploying hundreds and thousands of sensors nodes over a wide geographical area and the application-specific nature of tasking a WSN. A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network. To reduce the energy consumption, the transmission of data between sensor nodes must be reduced in order to preserve the remaining energy in cluster node. We propose a new energy balancing architecture based on cluster with hexagonal geometry with radius R.select the base station and after select the cluster head with maximum energy of the node and after select mobile agent in minimum distance to cluster head and second highest maximum energy. And then send the data mobile agent to cluster head and cluster head to base station.and we have energy management must be followed to balance the energy in the whole network and improving network lifetime.
Current issue- International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems...ijassn
With the availability of low cost, short range sensor technology along with advances in wireless networking, sensor networks has become a hot topic of discussion. The International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems is an open access peer-reviewed journal which focuses on applied research and applications of sensor networks. While sensor networks provide ample opportunities to provide various services, its effective deployment in large scale is still challenging due to various factors. This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of high performance computing solutions to problems arising due to the complexities of sensor network systems. It also acts as a path to exchange novel ideas about impacts of sensor networks research.
DEVELOPMENT OF SOM NEURAL NETWORK BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING HIERARCHI...ijassn
Cluster-Based Routing Protocols is a renowned scheme to extend the lifetime and energy consumption simultaneously for the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Every sensor node work homogenously or heterogeneously which is energy constrained when energy and memory capacity is limited. Congregating information resourcefully in perilous situations in the sensor network for a large-scale area and huge time is required an effectual protocol. In this paper, we proposed a cluster-based hierarchical routing path protocol, namely SOM-PEG protocol, which is a modified PEGASIS protocol based on traditional
PEGASIS with the employment of Self Organizing Map (SOM) neural network (NN). The simulation is performed on MATLAB simulation tool as well as NN GUI. The performance comparison shows that the proposed protocol provides better network lifetime and ensures less energy consumption compared with
traditional PEGASIS protocol.
NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVING LIFETIME IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ...chokrio
The major challenge for wireless sensor networks is energy consumption minimization. Wireless transmission consumes much more of energy. In the clustered network, a few nodes become cluster heads which causes the energetic heterogeneity. Therefore the behavior of the sensor network becomes very unstable. Hence, the need to apply the balancing of energy consumption across all nodes of the heterogeneous network is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the
lifetime of the network. DEEC (Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering) is one of routing protocols
designed to extend the stability time of the network by reducing energy consumption. A disadvantage of
DEEC, which doesn’t takes into account the cluster size and the density of nodes in this cluster to elect the
cluster heads. When multiple cluster heads are randomly selected within a small area, a big extra energy
loss occurs. The amount of lost energy is approximately proportional to the number of cluster heads in this
area. In this paper, we propose to improve DEEC by a modified energy efficient algorithm for choosing
cluster heads that exclude a number of low energy levels nodes due to their distribution density and their
dimensions area. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases the number of
received messages and prolong the lifetime of the network compared to DEEC. We conclude by studying
the parameters of heterogeneity that proposed technique provides a longer stability period which increases
by increasing the number of nodes which are excluded from the cluster head selection.
E FFICIENT E NERGY U TILIZATION P ATH A LGORITHM I N W IRELESS S ENSOR...IJCI JOURNAL
With limited amount of energy, nodes are powered by
batteries in wireless networks. Increasing the lif
e
span of the network and reducing the usage of energ
y are two severe problems in Wireless Sensor
Networks. A small number of energy utilization path
algorithms like minimum spanning tree reduces tota
l
energy consumption of a Wireless Sensor Network, ho
wever very heavy load of sending data packets on
many key nodes is used with the intention that the
nodes quickly consumes battery energy, by raising t
he
life span of the network reduced. Our proposal work
aimed on presenting an Energy Conserved Fast and
Secure Data Aggregation Scheme for WSN in time and
security logic occurrence data collection
application. To begin with, initially the goal is m
ade on energy preservation of sensed data gathering
from
event identified sensor nodes to destination. Inven
tion is finished on Energy Efficient Utilization Pa
th
Algorithm (EEUPA), to extend the lifespan by proces
sing the collecting series with path mediators
depending on gene characteristics sequencing of nod
e energy drain rate, energy consumption rate, and
message overhead together with extended network lif
e span. Additionally, a mathematical programming
technique is designed to improve the lifespan of th
e network. Simulation experiments carried out among
different relating conditions of wireless sensor ne
twork by different path algorithms to analyze the
efficiency and effectiveness of planned Efficient E
nergy Utilization Path Algorithm in wireless sensor
network (EEUPA)
LIFETIME IMPROVEMENT USING MOBILE AGENT IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKJournal For Research
Wireless sensor networks have attracted much attention in the research community over the last few years, driven by a wealth of theoretical and practical challenges and an increasing number of practical civilian application. ‘one deployment, multiple applications’ is an emerging trend in the development of WSN, due to the high cost of deploying hundreds and thousands of sensors nodes over a wide geographical area and the application-specific nature of tasking a WSN. A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network. To reduce the energy consumption, the transmission of data between sensor nodes must be reduced in order to preserve the remaining energy in cluster node. We propose a new energy balancing architecture based on cluster with hexagonal geometry with radius R.select the base station and after select the cluster head with maximum energy of the node and after select mobile agent in minimum distance to cluster head and second highest maximum energy. And then send the data mobile agent to cluster head and cluster head to base station.and we have energy management must be followed to balance the energy in the whole network and improving network lifetime.
Current issue- International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems...ijassn
With the availability of low cost, short range sensor technology along with advances in wireless networking, sensor networks has become a hot topic of discussion. The International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems is an open access peer-reviewed journal which focuses on applied research and applications of sensor networks. While sensor networks provide ample opportunities to provide various services, its effective deployment in large scale is still challenging due to various factors. This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of high performance computing solutions to problems arising due to the complexities of sensor network systems. It also acts as a path to exchange novel ideas about impacts of sensor networks research.
DEVELOPMENT OF SOM NEURAL NETWORK BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING HIERARCHI...ijassn
Cluster-Based Routing Protocols is a renowned scheme to extend the lifetime and energy consumption simultaneously for the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Every sensor node work homogenously or heterogeneously which is energy constrained when energy and memory capacity is limited. Congregating information resourcefully in perilous situations in the sensor network for a large-scale area and huge time is required an effectual protocol. In this paper, we proposed a cluster-based hierarchical routing path protocol, namely SOM-PEG protocol, which is a modified PEGASIS protocol based on traditional
PEGASIS with the employment of Self Organizing Map (SOM) neural network (NN). The simulation is performed on MATLAB simulation tool as well as NN GUI. The performance comparison shows that the proposed protocol provides better network lifetime and ensures less energy consumption compared with
traditional PEGASIS protocol.
NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVING LIFETIME IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ...chokrio
The major challenge for wireless sensor networks is energy consumption minimization. Wireless transmission consumes much more of energy. In the clustered network, a few nodes become cluster heads which causes the energetic heterogeneity. Therefore the behavior of the sensor network becomes very unstable. Hence, the need to apply the balancing of energy consumption across all nodes of the heterogeneous network is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the
lifetime of the network. DEEC (Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering) is one of routing protocols
designed to extend the stability time of the network by reducing energy consumption. A disadvantage of
DEEC, which doesn’t takes into account the cluster size and the density of nodes in this cluster to elect the
cluster heads. When multiple cluster heads are randomly selected within a small area, a big extra energy
loss occurs. The amount of lost energy is approximately proportional to the number of cluster heads in this
area. In this paper, we propose to improve DEEC by a modified energy efficient algorithm for choosing
cluster heads that exclude a number of low energy levels nodes due to their distribution density and their
dimensions area. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases the number of
received messages and prolong the lifetime of the network compared to DEEC. We conclude by studying
the parameters of heterogeneity that proposed technique provides a longer stability period which increases
by increasing the number of nodes which are excluded from the cluster head selection.
E FFICIENT E NERGY U TILIZATION P ATH A LGORITHM I N W IRELESS S ENSOR...IJCI JOURNAL
With limited amount of energy, nodes are powered by
batteries in wireless networks. Increasing the lif
e
span of the network and reducing the usage of energ
y are two severe problems in Wireless Sensor
Networks. A small number of energy utilization path
algorithms like minimum spanning tree reduces tota
l
energy consumption of a Wireless Sensor Network, ho
wever very heavy load of sending data packets on
many key nodes is used with the intention that the
nodes quickly consumes battery energy, by raising t
he
life span of the network reduced. Our proposal work
aimed on presenting an Energy Conserved Fast and
Secure Data Aggregation Scheme for WSN in time and
security logic occurrence data collection
application. To begin with, initially the goal is m
ade on energy preservation of sensed data gathering
from
event identified sensor nodes to destination. Inven
tion is finished on Energy Efficient Utilization Pa
th
Algorithm (EEUPA), to extend the lifespan by proces
sing the collecting series with path mediators
depending on gene characteristics sequencing of nod
e energy drain rate, energy consumption rate, and
message overhead together with extended network lif
e span. Additionally, a mathematical programming
technique is designed to improve the lifespan of th
e network. Simulation experiments carried out among
different relating conditions of wireless sensor ne
twork by different path algorithms to analyze the
efficiency and effectiveness of planned Efficient E
nergy Utilization Path Algorithm in wireless sensor
network (EEUPA)
Data Centric Approach Based Protocol using Evolutionary Approach in WSNijsrd.com
The evolution of wireless communication and circuit technology has enabled the development of an infrastructure consists of sensing, computation and communication units that makes administrator capable to observe and react to a phenomena in a particular environment. In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), nodes are scattered densely in a large area. Sensor nodes can communicate with the sink node directly or through other nodes. Data transmission is the major issue in WSN. Each node has limited energy which is used in transmitting and receiving the data. Various routing protocols have been proposed to save the energy during the transmission of data. data centric approach based routing protocol which efficiently propagates information between sensor nodes in an energy constrained mode. This paper proposes a data centric routing Using evolutionary apporoach in WSN.The main objective of this protocol with evolutionary apporoach is to use artificial intelligence, to reduce the energy consumption by the nodes in transmitting and receiving the data. Implementation of Basic SEP, intelligence cluster routing and proposed protocols will be done using MATLAB.
Energy Efficient Enhancement of TDEEC Wireless Sensors Network Protocol Based...chokrio
Radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor networks are two important wireless technologies which have a wide variety of applications in current and in future systems. By integration of these technologies, it is
feasible to improve the operating functionalities. In the heterogeneous network, the need to apply the balancing of
energy consumption across all nodes is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the lifetime of the network .The most part of the network energy is consumed in the localization and in the communication stages, when nodes are sending HELLO packet, this energy can be recovered by implementing a passive RFID circuit in each node. This approach extends the network lifetime and increase the number of packet messages sent to the base station. Computer simulation in MATLAB with different scenarios comparison shows that the proposed method presents an efficient solution to enhance the energy network performance.
A New Method for Reducing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks usin...Editor IJCATR
Nowadays, wireless sensor networks, clustering protocol based on the neighboring nodes into separate clusters and fault
tolerance for each cluster exists for sensors to send information to the base station, to gain the best performance in terms of increased
longevity and maintain tolerance than with other routing methods. However, most clustering protocols proposed so far, only
geographical proximity (neighboring) cluster formation is considered as a parameter. In this study, a new clustering protocol and fault
tolerance based on the fuzzy algorithms are able to clustering nodes in sensor networks based on fuzzy logic and fault tolerance. This
protocol uses clustering sensor nodes and fault tolerance exist in the network to reduce energy consumption, so that faulty sensors
from neighboring nodes are used to cover the errors, work based on the most criteria overlay neighbor sensors with defective sensors,
distance neighbor sensors from fault sensor and distance neighbor sensors from central station is done. Superior performance of the
protocol can be seen in terms of increasing the network lifetime and maintain the best network tolerance in comparison with previous
protocols such as LEACH in the simulation results.
WEIGHTED DYNAMIC DISTRIBUTED CLUSTERING PROTOCOL FOR HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS S...ijwmn
In wireless sensor networks (WSN), conserving energy and increasing lifetime of the network are a critical issue that has been addressed by substantial research works. The clustering technique has been proven particularly energy-efficient in WSN. The nodes form groups (clusters) that include one cluster head and member clusters. Cluster heads (CHs) are able to process, filter, gather the data sent by sensors
belonging to their cluster and send it to the base station. Many routing protocols which have been proposed are based on heterogeneity and use the clustering scheme such as SEP and DEEC. In this paper we introduce a new approach called WDDC in which cluster heads are chosen on the basis
of probability of ratio of residual energy and average energy of the network. It also takes into consideration distances between nodes and the base station to favor near nodes with more energy to be cluster heads. Furthermore, WDDC is dynamic; it divides network lifetime in two zones in which it changes its behavior. Simulation results show that our approach performs better than the other distributed clustering protocols such as SEP and DEEC in terms of energy efficiency and lifetime of the network.
Intrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems Using NICE ...IJERA Editor
The cloud computing has increased in many organizations. It provides many benefits in terms of low cost and accessibility of data. Ensuring the security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud computing environment, as users often store sensitive information with cloud storage providers but these providers may be untrusted. In this project we propose anIntrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems mechanism called NICE to prevent vulnerable virtual machines from being compromised in the cloud. NICE detects and mitigates collaborative attacks in the cloud virtual networking environment. The system performance evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of NICE and shows that the proposed solution can significantly reduce the risk of the cloud system from being exploited and abused by internal and external attackers.
BOTTLENECK DETECTION ALGORITHM TO ENHANCE LIFETIME OF WSNijngnjournal
In recent years, a wireless sensor network is gaining much more importance due to its immense
contribution in numerous applications. Deployment of sensor nodes that would reduce computation,
minimize cost and gaining high degree of network connectivity is an challenging task. Random deployment
of sensor nodes causes the wireless sensor networks to face topological weaknesses such as communication
bottlenecks, network partitions and sensing holes. These problems lead to uneven energy utilization,
reduction in reliability of network and reduction in network lifetime. Bottleneck detection algorithm is
proposed to identify bottleneck and minimal bottleneck zones in network. Additional sensor node
deployment strategy is used in bottleneck detection algorithm to extend network lifetime. Random
additional sensor node deployment and Targeted additional sensor node deployment are proposed to
enhance network lifetime. Deployment strategies are compared with respect to network parameters such as
throughput, packet delivery fraction and network lifetime.
Wireless sensor network is the combination of sensor nodes where sensor nodes are distributed all over the network. There are some challenges that come into the wireless sensor network n context to energy efficiency, network lifetime, storage and battery backup. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we have analyzed various routing techniques for WSN that increases the network lifetime and energy consumption.
A Review Study on Shortest Path in WSN to detect the Abnormal Packet for savi...Editor IJMTER
The main motive of this research is to study energy-efficient data-gathering mechanisms to
abnormal packet data for saving the energy. To detect the abnormal packet irregularities is useful for
saving energy, as well as for management of network, because the patterns found can be used for
both decision making in applications and system performance tuning. Node distribution in WSNs is
either deterministic or self-organizing and application dependant. The sensor nodes in WSNs have
minimum energy and they use their energy for communication and sensing.
Optimized Projected Strategy for Enhancement of WSN Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
This paper put forward a new strategy for selecting the most favorable cluster head in Stable
Election Protocol (SEP). The planned approach selects a node as cluster head if it has the maximum
energy among all the available nodes in that particular cluster. It considers diverse nodes and divides
nodes among normal, transitional and advance nodes. To handle the heterogeneity of the nodes, different
optimized probability density functions are selected. First node dead time explain the network stability
period and last node dead explain the overall network lifetime. The main pressure is to increase the time
when first node dies and also when last node dies. The projected strategy is designed and implemented in
the Matlab using mathematics toolbox. The projected algorithm is also compared with the some prominent
protocols like leach, E-LEACH, SEP and extended SEP
Design and implementation of grid based clustering in WSN using dynamic sink ...journalBEEI
A wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a significant application, especially in the monitored remoting environmental, which enables by the availability of sensors which are cheaper, smaller, and intelligent. The equipment of such sensors be with wireless interfaces, which a communication with other sensors occurs for creating a network, that contains many distributed nodes. The closest nodes to the sink are exploited at an enormous traffic load while the data from the whole regions are forwarded between them to reach the sink. This result in exhausting their energy quickly and partitioning the network. This is solved by changing the sink node position in Grid based clustering technique, which considers the optimal method for this purpose. A simulation with MATLAB can be applied for grid based clustering technique to evaluate the performance of WSN. The expected results deal with outperforms in throughput, reducing energy consumption and increasing residual energy, in addition to prolong the network lifetime of the sensor network.
DESIGN OF ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WSN...cscpconf
Development of energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) routing protocol is nowadays main area of interest amongst researchers. This research is an effort in designing energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) routing protocol under certain parameters consideration. Research report discusses various existing WSN routing protocols and propose a new WSN energy efficient routing protocol. Results show a significant improvement in life cycle of the nodes and enhancement in energy efficiency of WSN. In this paper, an attempt has been made to design a wireless sensor network involving the extraction of Pascal Graph features. The standard task involves designing a suitable topology using Pascal Graph. As per the definition of interconnection network it is equivalent that a suitable graph can represent the different computer network topologies very efficiently. Different characteristics of Pascal Graph Topology has been discovered and used in network topology design. Since Pascal Graph gives
better result in terms of finding the dependable and reliable nodes in topology, it has been considered for network analysis. Moreover, we propose a methodology that involves the Pascal
Graph Topology for wireless sensor network which can analyse and represent the network and help in routing.
Data Centric Approach Based Protocol using Evolutionary Approach in WSNijsrd.com
The evolution of wireless communication and circuit technology has enabled the development of an infrastructure consists of sensing, computation and communication units that makes administrator capable to observe and react to a phenomena in a particular environment. In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), nodes are scattered densely in a large area. Sensor nodes can communicate with the sink node directly or through other nodes. Data transmission is the major issue in WSN. Each node has limited energy which is used in transmitting and receiving the data. Various routing protocols have been proposed to save the energy during the transmission of data. data centric approach based routing protocol which efficiently propagates information between sensor nodes in an energy constrained mode. This paper proposes a data centric routing Using evolutionary apporoach in WSN.The main objective of this protocol with evolutionary apporoach is to use artificial intelligence, to reduce the energy consumption by the nodes in transmitting and receiving the data. Implementation of Basic SEP, intelligence cluster routing and proposed protocols will be done using MATLAB.
Energy Efficient Enhancement of TDEEC Wireless Sensors Network Protocol Based...chokrio
Radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor networks are two important wireless technologies which have a wide variety of applications in current and in future systems. By integration of these technologies, it is
feasible to improve the operating functionalities. In the heterogeneous network, the need to apply the balancing of
energy consumption across all nodes is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the lifetime of the network .The most part of the network energy is consumed in the localization and in the communication stages, when nodes are sending HELLO packet, this energy can be recovered by implementing a passive RFID circuit in each node. This approach extends the network lifetime and increase the number of packet messages sent to the base station. Computer simulation in MATLAB with different scenarios comparison shows that the proposed method presents an efficient solution to enhance the energy network performance.
A New Method for Reducing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks usin...Editor IJCATR
Nowadays, wireless sensor networks, clustering protocol based on the neighboring nodes into separate clusters and fault
tolerance for each cluster exists for sensors to send information to the base station, to gain the best performance in terms of increased
longevity and maintain tolerance than with other routing methods. However, most clustering protocols proposed so far, only
geographical proximity (neighboring) cluster formation is considered as a parameter. In this study, a new clustering protocol and fault
tolerance based on the fuzzy algorithms are able to clustering nodes in sensor networks based on fuzzy logic and fault tolerance. This
protocol uses clustering sensor nodes and fault tolerance exist in the network to reduce energy consumption, so that faulty sensors
from neighboring nodes are used to cover the errors, work based on the most criteria overlay neighbor sensors with defective sensors,
distance neighbor sensors from fault sensor and distance neighbor sensors from central station is done. Superior performance of the
protocol can be seen in terms of increasing the network lifetime and maintain the best network tolerance in comparison with previous
protocols such as LEACH in the simulation results.
WEIGHTED DYNAMIC DISTRIBUTED CLUSTERING PROTOCOL FOR HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS S...ijwmn
In wireless sensor networks (WSN), conserving energy and increasing lifetime of the network are a critical issue that has been addressed by substantial research works. The clustering technique has been proven particularly energy-efficient in WSN. The nodes form groups (clusters) that include one cluster head and member clusters. Cluster heads (CHs) are able to process, filter, gather the data sent by sensors
belonging to their cluster and send it to the base station. Many routing protocols which have been proposed are based on heterogeneity and use the clustering scheme such as SEP and DEEC. In this paper we introduce a new approach called WDDC in which cluster heads are chosen on the basis
of probability of ratio of residual energy and average energy of the network. It also takes into consideration distances between nodes and the base station to favor near nodes with more energy to be cluster heads. Furthermore, WDDC is dynamic; it divides network lifetime in two zones in which it changes its behavior. Simulation results show that our approach performs better than the other distributed clustering protocols such as SEP and DEEC in terms of energy efficiency and lifetime of the network.
Intrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems Using NICE ...IJERA Editor
The cloud computing has increased in many organizations. It provides many benefits in terms of low cost and accessibility of data. Ensuring the security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud computing environment, as users often store sensitive information with cloud storage providers but these providers may be untrusted. In this project we propose anIntrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems mechanism called NICE to prevent vulnerable virtual machines from being compromised in the cloud. NICE detects and mitigates collaborative attacks in the cloud virtual networking environment. The system performance evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of NICE and shows that the proposed solution can significantly reduce the risk of the cloud system from being exploited and abused by internal and external attackers.
BOTTLENECK DETECTION ALGORITHM TO ENHANCE LIFETIME OF WSNijngnjournal
In recent years, a wireless sensor network is gaining much more importance due to its immense
contribution in numerous applications. Deployment of sensor nodes that would reduce computation,
minimize cost and gaining high degree of network connectivity is an challenging task. Random deployment
of sensor nodes causes the wireless sensor networks to face topological weaknesses such as communication
bottlenecks, network partitions and sensing holes. These problems lead to uneven energy utilization,
reduction in reliability of network and reduction in network lifetime. Bottleneck detection algorithm is
proposed to identify bottleneck and minimal bottleneck zones in network. Additional sensor node
deployment strategy is used in bottleneck detection algorithm to extend network lifetime. Random
additional sensor node deployment and Targeted additional sensor node deployment are proposed to
enhance network lifetime. Deployment strategies are compared with respect to network parameters such as
throughput, packet delivery fraction and network lifetime.
Wireless sensor network is the combination of sensor nodes where sensor nodes are distributed all over the network. There are some challenges that come into the wireless sensor network n context to energy efficiency, network lifetime, storage and battery backup. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we have analyzed various routing techniques for WSN that increases the network lifetime and energy consumption.
A Review Study on Shortest Path in WSN to detect the Abnormal Packet for savi...Editor IJMTER
The main motive of this research is to study energy-efficient data-gathering mechanisms to
abnormal packet data for saving the energy. To detect the abnormal packet irregularities is useful for
saving energy, as well as for management of network, because the patterns found can be used for
both decision making in applications and system performance tuning. Node distribution in WSNs is
either deterministic or self-organizing and application dependant. The sensor nodes in WSNs have
minimum energy and they use their energy for communication and sensing.
Optimized Projected Strategy for Enhancement of WSN Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
This paper put forward a new strategy for selecting the most favorable cluster head in Stable
Election Protocol (SEP). The planned approach selects a node as cluster head if it has the maximum
energy among all the available nodes in that particular cluster. It considers diverse nodes and divides
nodes among normal, transitional and advance nodes. To handle the heterogeneity of the nodes, different
optimized probability density functions are selected. First node dead time explain the network stability
period and last node dead explain the overall network lifetime. The main pressure is to increase the time
when first node dies and also when last node dies. The projected strategy is designed and implemented in
the Matlab using mathematics toolbox. The projected algorithm is also compared with the some prominent
protocols like leach, E-LEACH, SEP and extended SEP
Design and implementation of grid based clustering in WSN using dynamic sink ...journalBEEI
A wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a significant application, especially in the monitored remoting environmental, which enables by the availability of sensors which are cheaper, smaller, and intelligent. The equipment of such sensors be with wireless interfaces, which a communication with other sensors occurs for creating a network, that contains many distributed nodes. The closest nodes to the sink are exploited at an enormous traffic load while the data from the whole regions are forwarded between them to reach the sink. This result in exhausting their energy quickly and partitioning the network. This is solved by changing the sink node position in Grid based clustering technique, which considers the optimal method for this purpose. A simulation with MATLAB can be applied for grid based clustering technique to evaluate the performance of WSN. The expected results deal with outperforms in throughput, reducing energy consumption and increasing residual energy, in addition to prolong the network lifetime of the sensor network.
DESIGN OF ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WSN...cscpconf
Development of energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) routing protocol is nowadays main area of interest amongst researchers. This research is an effort in designing energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) routing protocol under certain parameters consideration. Research report discusses various existing WSN routing protocols and propose a new WSN energy efficient routing protocol. Results show a significant improvement in life cycle of the nodes and enhancement in energy efficiency of WSN. In this paper, an attempt has been made to design a wireless sensor network involving the extraction of Pascal Graph features. The standard task involves designing a suitable topology using Pascal Graph. As per the definition of interconnection network it is equivalent that a suitable graph can represent the different computer network topologies very efficiently. Different characteristics of Pascal Graph Topology has been discovered and used in network topology design. Since Pascal Graph gives
better result in terms of finding the dependable and reliable nodes in topology, it has been considered for network analysis. Moreover, we propose a methodology that involves the Pascal
Graph Topology for wireless sensor network which can analyse and represent the network and help in routing.
Kelompok-kelompok warga dari Suku Anak Dalam Batin 9 di Jambi sejak 1986 berkonflik dengan PT Asiatic Persada yang mengantungi konsesi 20.000 hektar kebun sawit. Warga mengklaim sebagian lahan yang dipakai perusahaan—sekurangnya 3.550 hektar—adalah milik mereka, dan berhak mendapatkan kembali lahan ulayat mereka.
Sementara pemerintah provinsi Jambi, menjelang bulan-bulan terakhir pemerintahan Yudhoyono, mengklaim telah menyelesaikan sengketa lahan itu dengan skema membagi sekitar 2.000 hektar kepada kelompok-kelompok Batin 9 dari lahan PT Asiatic. Skema ini makin bikin rumit karena lahan itu dalam status “tanah tak bertuan” dan termasuk dalam konsesi dua anak perusahaan Asiatic, yang juga melanggar izin. Sebagian lahan yang diberikan lewat “skema kemitraan” itu juga tumpang-tindih dengan klaim dari masyarakat lain di sekitar areal perusahaan. Masyarakat sipil dan adat di sekeliling perkebunan sawit dibikin untuk saling berkonflik. Sementara perlawanan mereka dihadang lewat kekerasan oleh aparat keamanan dari tentara dan kepolisian. Kriminalisasi kerap diterima warga yang memprotes, selain tindak kekerasan hingga jatuh korban tewas dan luka serius.
PT Asiatic Persada memiliki hubungan bisnis dengan jaringan perusahaan global, termasuk dalam skema-skema keuangan melalui Bank Dunia.
Mayoritas orang Batin 9, akibat konflik yang bertahun-tahun, sulit secara serius memikirkan masa depan untuk generasinya, termasuk untuk mengakses pendidikan. Sekitar 80 persen penduduknya buta huruf. Konflik agraria melesapkan masyarakat Batin 9 ke dalam implikasi serius secara sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya.
Common Sense by Alex Krahling, Dan Flora - #BHMASLife16Brandhome
Brandhome returned to the Miami Ad School to assist the students with one of the most challenging briefings of the entire quarter.
The students were asked to brand and campaign Wharton Business School’s latest book, Beyond Advertising. The book serves as the basis for the new Wharton Future of Advertising Program. Once again we reminded the students that there is nothing as important as a solid strategic foundation for channelling their big future of advertising ideas. The students tackled the briefing with our guidance – involvement is what it’s all about – and came up with some strong creative output.
Cluster Head Selection Techniques for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networ...ijsrd.com
Wireless sensor networks are widely considered as one of the most important technologies. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of ten to thousand small nodes with sensing, computing and wireless communication capabilities. They have been applied to numerous fields such as healthcare, monitoring system, military, and so forth. Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Energy efficiency is thus a primary issue in maintaining the network. Innovative techniques that improve energy efficiency to prolong the network lifetime are highly required. Clustering is an effective topology control approach in wireless sensor networks. This paper elaborates several techniques like LEACH, HEED, LEACH-B, PEACH, EEUC of cluster head selection for energy efficient in wireless sensor networks.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
Designing an Energy Efficient Clustering in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Net...IJCNCJournal
Designing an energy-efficient scheme in a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HWSN) is a critical issue that degrades the network performance. Recharging and providing security to the sensor devices is very difficult in an unattended environment once the energy is drained off. A Clustering scheme is an important and suitable approach to increase energy efficiency and transmitting secured data which in turn enhances the performance in the network. The proposed algorithm Energy Efficient Clustering (EEC) works for optimum energy utilization in sensor nodes. The algorithm is proposed by combining the rotation-based clustering and energy-saving mechanism for avoiding the node failure and prolonging the network lifetime. This shows MAC layer scheduling is based on optimum energy utilization depending on the residual energy. In the proposed work, a densely populated network is partitioned into clusters and all the cluster heads are formed at a time and selected on rotation based on considering the highest energy of the sensor nodes. Other cluster members are accommodated in a cluster based on Basic Cost Maximum flow (BCMF) to allow the cluster head for transmitting the secured data. Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), a contention window based protocol is used at the MAC layer for collision detection and to provide channel access prioritization to HWSN of different traffic classes with reduction in End to End delay, energy consumption, and improved throughput and Packet delivery ratio(PDR) and allowing the cluster head for transmission without depleting the energy. Simulation parameters of the proposed system such as Throughput, Energy, and Packet Delivery Ratio are obtained and compared with the existing system.
DESIGNING AN ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
Designing an energy-efficient scheme in a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HWSN) is a critical
issue that degrades the network performance. Recharging and providing security to the sensor devices is
very difficult in an unattended environment once the energy is drained off. A Clustering scheme is an
important and suitable approach to increase energy efficiency and transmitting secured data which in turn
enhances the performance in the network. The proposed algorithm Energy Efficient Clustering (EEC)
works for optimum energy utilization in sensor nodes. The algorithm is proposed by combining the
rotation-based clustering and energy-saving mechanism for avoiding the node failure and prolonging the
network lifetime. This shows MAC layer scheduling is based on optimum energy utilization depending on
the residual energy. In the proposed work, a densely populated network is partitioned into clusters and all
the cluster heads are formed at a time and selected on rotation based on considering the highest energy of
the sensor nodes. Other cluster members are accommodated in a cluster based on Basic Cost Maximum
flow (BCMF) to allow the cluster head for transmitting the secured data. Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA), a contention window based protocol is used at the MAC layer for collision detection and to
provide channel access prioritization to HWSN of different traffic classes with reduction in End to End
delay, energy consumption, and improved throughput and Packet delivery ratio(PDR) and allowing the
cluster head for transmission without depleting the energy. Simulation parameters of the proposed system
such as Throughput, Energy, and Packet Delivery Ratio are obtained and compared with the existing
system.
Maximizing Lifetime of Homogeneous Wireless Sensor Network through Energy Eff...CSCJournals
The objective of this paper is to develop a mechanism to increase the lifetime of homogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) through minimizing long range communication, efficient data delivery and energy balancing. Energy efficiency is a very important issue for sensor nodes which affects the lifetime of sensor networks. To achieve energy balancing and maximizing network lifetime we divided the whole network into different clusters. In cluster based architecture, the role of aggregator node is very crucial because of extra processing and long range communication. Once the aggregator node becomes non functional, it affects the whole cluster. We introduced a candidate cluster head node on the basis of node density. We proposed a modified cluster based WSN architecture by introducing a server node (SN) that is rich in terms of resources. This server node (SN) takes the responsibility of transmitting data to the base station over longer distances from the cluster head. We proposed cluster head selection algorithm based on residual energy, distance, reliability and degree of mobility. The proposed method can save overall energy consumption and extend the lifetime of the sensor network and also addresses robustness against even/uneven node deployment.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER HEAD ELECTION USING EXPONENTIAL DECAY F...ijwmn
In the recent years, wireless sensor network (WSN) have witnessed increased interest in information gathering in applications such as combat field reconnaissance, security surveillance, environmental monitoring, patient health monitoring and so on. Thus, there is a need for scalable and energy-efficient routing, data gathering and aggregation protocols in these WSN environments. Various hierarchical
clustering Protocols have been proposed by authors for WSN to improve system stability, lifetime, and energy efficiency. Clustering involves grouping nodes into disjoint and non-overlapping clusters. In this paper we motivate the need for clustering. Secondly, we present general classification of published clustering schemes. Thirdly, we review some existing clustering algorithms proposed for WSNs; highlighting their objectives, features, and so on. Finally, we develop an Average Energy (AvE) prediction algorithm using exponential decay function y=Ae-ax+B. We then combine this function with the
probabilistic distributed LEACH of algorithm to determine suitable CHs. The combined algorithm was implemented on MATLAB simulator and tested for homogenous network. The result gathered from the simulation shows that the extended algorithm in homogenous network mode is able to achieve 39%
stability, 11% Average energy Dissipation per round and 40% Lifespan better than LEACH-Homo. This paper proposes a new direction in improving energy efficiency of WSN routing protocol, which is desirable in some critical WSN applications. .
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A QoI Based Energy Efficient Clustering for Dense Wireless Sensor Networkijassn
In a wireless sensor network Quality of Information (QoI), Energy Efficiency, Redundant data avoidance,
congestion control are the important metrics that affect the performance of wireless sensor network. As
many approaches were proposed to increase the performance of a wireless sensor network among them
clustering is one of the efficient approaches in sensor network. Many clustering algorithms concentrate
mainly on power Optimization like FSCH, LEACH, and EELBCRP. There is necessity of the above
metrics in wireless sensor network where nodes are densely deployed in a given network area. As the nodes
are deployed densely there is maximum possibility of nodes appear in the sensing region of other nodes. So
there exists an option that nodes have to send the information that is already reached the base station by its
own cluster members or by members of other clusters. This mechanism will affect the QoI, Energy factor
and congestion control of the wireless sensor networks. Even though clustering uses TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) for avoiding congestion control for intra clustering data transmission, but it may fail in
some critical situation. This paper proposed a energy efficient clustering which avoid data redundancy in a
dense sensor network until the network becomes sparse and hence uses the TDMA efficiently during high
density of the nodes.
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
Energy Efficient Multipath Data Fusion Technique for Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
In wireless sensor networks (WSN), data fusion
should be energy efficient. But, determining the optimal
number of aggregators in an energy efficient manner is a
challenging task. Moreover, the existing data fusion
techniques mostly use the same path for transmitting
aggregated data to the sink which reduces the nodes lifetime.
In this paper, we propose a technique which combines energy
efficiency and multiple path selection for data fusion in WSN.
The network is partitioned into various clusters and the node
with highest residual energy is selected as the cluster head.
The sink computes multiple paths to each cluster head for
data transmission. The distributed source coding and the
lifting scheme wavelet transform are used for compressing
the data at the CH. During each round of transmission, the
path is changed in a round robin manner, to conserve the
energy. This process is repeated for each cluster. From our
simulation results we show that this data fusion technique
has less energy consumption with increased packet delivery
ratio, when compared with the existing schemes.
International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems ( IJASSN )ijassn
With the availability of low cost, short range sensor technology along with advances in wireless networking, sensor networks has become a hot topic of discussion. The International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems is an open access peer-reviewed journal which focuses on applied research and applications of sensor networks. While sensor networks provide ample opportunities to provide various services, its effective deployment in large scale is still challenging due to various factors. This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of high performance computing solutions to problems arising due to the complexities of sensor network systems. It also acts as a path to exchange novel ideas about impacts of sensor networks research.
Spread Spectrum Based Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is
considered to be one of the most promising emerging
technologies. However one of the main constraints which
is holding back its wide range of applications is the
battery life of the sensor node and thus effecting the
network life. A new approach to this problem has been
presented in this paper. The proposed method is suitable
for event driven applications where the event occurrence
is very rare. The system uses spread spectrum as a means
of communication.
Energy Proficient and Security Protocol for WSN: A Reviewtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
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What Does the Active Steering Malfunction Warning Mean for Your BMWTanner Motors
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What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
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2. development of low-cost wireless sensor networks. Akyildiz has argued that sensor networks represent a
significant improvement over traditional sensors [2]. The design challenges of sensor networks lie in three
key areas. Firstly, energy consumption is a common problem. Secondly, how sensors sense and interact with
the physical world is of great interest. Finally, with tens, hundreds, or even thousands of sensor nodes, the
network and applications as a whole must be self-configuring and intelligent.
The architecture of sensor networks can be either layered or clustered. In the layered architecture, the
nodes that have the same hop-counts to a sink node form a layer or circle. The nodes will be responsible to
relay messages to and from neighbouring nodes in a multi-hop manner. UNPF [4] is an example of a layered
architecture which consists of a set of protocols for the implementation: network initialization and
maintenance, MAC, and routing protocols. To facilitate scalable operations within sensor networks, sensor
nodes can be aggregated to form clusters based on their power levels and proximity. In a clustered
architecture, sensor nodes are organized as a cluster in which one node is selected as the cluster head. The
message exchanges of sensor nodes are directed by the cluster head to the sink node and vice versa from the
sink node to sensor nodes. Due to the loose structure of sensor networks, the form of a cluster and the
election of cluster head should be autonomous and self-organized through network protocols.
Shen et al. introduced a sensor information networking architecture called SINA to facilitate querying,
monitoring, and tasking [5]. In this architecture, SINA plays the role of middleware that abstracts a network
of sensor nodes as a collection of massively distributed objects. The SINA’s execution environment provides
a set of adaptive configuration and communication primitives that enable scalable and energy-efficient
organization of and interactions among sensor objects. On top the execution environment is a programmable
substrate that provides mechanisms to create associations and coordinate activities among sensor nodes.
Users then access information within a sensor network using declarative queries, or perform tasks using
programming scripts. Talukder et al. presented a new maximum discriminating feature (MDF) neural
network for data discrimination in pattern recognition applications [6]. In the MDF neural network, the
weights are obtained in closed-form and neuron activation functions are dynamically chosen based on the
application. A generic optimization algorithm is used to control the system in the presence of dynamic events,
while ensuring that system constraints are met. This tight integration of control optimization and machine
learning algorithms results in a highly efficient intelligent sensor network.
3. Efficient Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless sensor nodes have limited energy resources. Advance in battery technology has been very much
limited compared to the development of sensor networks. Energy conservation is essential in many scenarios
due to the impossibility of extending or replacing the battery power. In addition, the multi-hop routing in a
typical sensor network from the layered or clustered architecture has introduced a large portion or relay
traffic which depletes the power quickly as in a traditional wireless network. Deployment of mobile sensors
in a wireless sensor network is an energy consuming process and it should be carefully designed.
Simunic et al. analysed the potential power saving in the micro-controlled unit [7]. It discussed the
choice of different processors for specific applications. The dynamic power management (DPM) technique
can be used to shut down some components in a sensor node to conserve energy when it becomes idle for a
period. The software part in a sensor network such as the operating system, network communication
protocols, and application protocols should also be optimized to reduce the consumption of energy by
reducing the unnecessary broadcast messages for the handshaking or other redundant design in a traditional
wireless network protocols.
The Directed Diffusion (DD) is a data dissemination paradigm in that all communications is for the
named data [8]. The sink node requests named data of attribute-value pairs. Data aggregations and
disseminations are determined locally among the neighbour node message exchanges within the vicinity.
This paradigm does not need to keep track of global network topology and thus it is very efficient as an on-demand
query schedule. The query is disseminated (flooded) throughout the network and gradients are set up
to draw data satisfying the query toward the requesting nodes. Events (data) start flowing toward the
requesting node from multiple paths.
145
3. Heinzelman et al. proposed the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) to reduce energy
consumption in sensor networks [9]. The idea is the randomization of cluster head nodes in the lifetime of a
sensor network to balance the communication traffic loads across all the nodes in the network. In the initial
setup, some nodes will become the cluster-head depending on the random number generated locally by
comparing to a predefined threshold value. In the steady phase of longer duration, the cluster head will
perform the message relay between the sensor nodes in the cluster and the sink node. Cluster heads are
elected again after a certain period of time to avoid the energy depletion of these nodes. The energy
consumption is minimal considering the fact that the sink node only communicates with cluster heads instead
of a large number of sensor nodes in the network.
In sensor networks, the communication cost is often much higher compared to the computation cost.
Ding proposed energy aware distributed aggregation tree (EADAT) for the in-network data aggregation [10].
In a tree topology of the sensor network, the non-leaf nodes collected and aggregate the data from leaf nodes
and forward to the sink node. Each node waits for some time before sending data depending on the
remaining energy level. The more the energy, the shorter time a node needs to wait. This is to ensure the
proper equal depletion of energy of non-leaf nodes and thus extend the total life time of the network.
Intanagonwiwat et al. proposed a novel approach of using a greedy incremental tree (GIT) in [11] to adjust
aggregation points to increase the amount of path sharing, reducing energy consumption. The greedy
approach constructs an energy-efficient aggregation tree using data-centric reinforcement mechanisms and
prunes inefficient paths using a greedy heuristic for weighted set-covering problems.
Pham et al. proposed a new metric, data aggregation quality (DAQ), for the performance evaluation of
in-network data gathering and aggregation [12]. They presented two new protocols: the enhanced LEACH
and the clustered PEGASIS, enhanced from two major existing protocols: the cluster-based LEACH and the
chain-based PEGASIS. The paper concluded that chain-based protocols are more energy efficient than
cluster-based protocols though they suffer from poor data aggregation quality. DAQ does not assume any
prior knowledge on values or on statistical distributions of sensing data and thus the author argued that DAQ
may be applied to most data gathering protocols.
Fan et al. proposed a data aggregation protocols to reduce the communication cost and thus conserve the
energy for a longer network lifetime [13]. Tree-based or cluster-based data aggregation protocols incur high
maintenance overhead. Two mechanisms - Data-Aware Anycast (DAA) at the MAC layer and Randomized
Waiting (RW) at the application layer are proposed as packets need to converge spatially and temporally.
DAA is based on anycasting at the MAC layer to determine the next-hop for each transmission. In the
Randomized Waiting, nodes send packets along the shortest path to sink with random delay at the source.
In contrast with the traditional random deployment, Heo et al. proposed an intelligent energy-efficient
deployment algorithm [14] for cluster-based wireless sensor network by a synergistic combination of cluster
structuring and a peer-to-peer deployment scheme. The key idea of the algorithm is the introduction of local
clustering during the deployment process so as to increase the amount of local control over a fraction of the
entire region of interest (ROI). Each node decides its own mode to be either in a clustering mode or a peer-to-
peer mode based on its local density and the remaining energy level in a distributed and adaptive manner.
The goals are the realization of largest possible coverage, the formation of an energy efficient node topology
for a longer system lifetime, and the organization of a hierarchical structure for easier management and
scalability that supports collaboration among nodes.
Kulik et al. designed a family of adaptive protocols called SPIN (Sensor Protocols for Information via
Negotiation) [15], which disseminate the information among all the nodes in an energy-constrained wireless
sensor network. Nodes running a SPIN communication protocol name their data using high-level data
descriptors, called metadata. They use meta-data negotiations to eliminate the transmission of redundant data
throughout the network. In addition, SPIN nodes can base their communication decisions both upon
application-specific knowledge of the data and upon knowledge of the resources that are available to them.
This allows the sensors to efficiently distribute data given a limited energy supply.
Lindsey and Raghavendra have proposed power-efficient gathering for sensor information systems
(PEGASIS) [16] to transmit the collected data from sensor nodes to the sink node. It is based on the
146
4. assumption of a relatively static network topology in which each node knows the location of other nodes in
the network. Any node that is within the transmission range to the sink node in one hop will be selected as a
leader. A chain is constructed from the farthest nodes to the sink before the data is transmitted. The message
will be passed from one node to the next until the leader transmits the message to the sink.
Since efficient energy consumption is a key problem in the sensor networks, lots of work lies in the
algorithms for energy efficiency, less attention has been paid in area of providing QoS (Quality of Service).
Perillo et al. conducted research on how to balance the application QoS and energy consumption through
intelligent sensor management [17]. They argued that the network should be designed to provide enough data
to their application so that a reliable description of the environment can be derived, while operating as
energy-efficiently as possible to meet bandwidth constraints. The joint optimization of sensor scheduling and
data routing is proposed to extend the lifetime of a network considerably.
Bandyopadhyay et al. presented an energy efficient hierarchical clustering scheme to enable nodes
communication within long distance [18]. The sensors are organized into groups and communicate
information only to cluster heads and then the cluster heads communicate the aggregated information to the
processing center. The processing center determines the final estimates of the parameters in question using
the information communicated by the cluster heads. Since the sensors are now communicating data over
smaller distances in the clustered environment, the energy spent in the network will be much lower than the
energy spent when every sensor communicates directly to the information processing center.
4. Intelligent Approaches for Wireless Sensor Networks
The functionality of an intelligent sensor includes self-calibration, self-validation and self-compensation.
In a broad category, an intelligent agent can be a mobile application able to move from one node to another
for information acquisition. Team of such agents can solve a wide range of tasks related to information
acquisition and delivering it to the customer. The self-organization of collective mobile intelligent agents is
proposed by Botchkariov [19]. Each sensor takes the role of a functional agent and the basic tasks of multi-agent
information acquisition are distributed sensing, mapping, searching, and tracking.
Petriu developed a wireless network of mobile autonomous Robotic Intelligent Sensor Agents (RSAs)
deployed in the field for active investigation of multiple environmental parameters [20]. The collected sensor
data are fused in a model, which is available to remote human supervisors as an interactive virtualized reality
environment model. The intelligent, autonomous RSAs use a combination of intrinsic reactive behaviours
with higher-order world model representations of the environment. A forward model-learning method is used
to recover explicit structural representations of the dynamic environments from the sensor data and robot
navigational experience.
Srisathapornphat et al. proposed the use of Genetic algorithms for real-time control of sensor network
system [21]. They proposed a new machine learning architecture with integrated system control and resource
management capability for use in autonomous sensing applications with limited resources. A genetic
optimisation algorithm is used to control the system in the presence of dynamic events, while ensuring that
system constraints are met. This tight integration of control optimisation and machine learning algorithms
results in a highly efficient intelligent sensor network. Genetic algorithms do not require computation of a
gradient and/or inversion of complex, large matrices, which makes them suitable for applications with
limited computing power.
5. Conclusion
Efficient energy consumption and conservation is a key problem in the sensor networks, lots of work lies
in the algorithms for energy efficiency, less attention has been paid in area of alternative intelligent sensors.
This research is trying to conduct a survey of intelligent approaches which could be applied in wireless
sensor networks considering the capabilities and collaborating of mobile sensors to aggregate information
and make decisions.
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