3G and 4G mobile systems provide faster data transfer rates and improved internet services compared to previous generations. 3G supports broadband internet and lower resolution mobile TV, while 4G supports ultra broadband speeds and high resolution mobile TV. Key differences include higher bandwidth and frequencies used for 4G. Wireless mobile technology has evolved from early radio telephone demonstrations in the 1920s to modern 3G and 4G networks. Cellular principles divide coverage areas into cells to improve capacity and reuse radio frequencies. This allows mobile networks to support increased numbers of users.
The document provides an overview of mobile communications, beginning with first generation cellular systems using analog transmission and frequency division multiple access. It then discusses the development of second generation digital cellular systems, focusing on the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) standard which uses digital transmission, time division multiple access, and employs techniques like Gaussian minimum shift keying modulation and mobile-assisted hard handover. Finally, it outlines key GSM network elements and services like short message service.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless communication technologies through generations from 2G to 4G. It describes the key characteristics and speed capabilities of each generation. It also provides details on various wireless networking components and concepts such as channel access schemes, radio signals, BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, AuC, EIR and SMSC.
The presentation provides an overview of Reliance Communications Ltd and summarizes key topics about wireless communication technologies used by the company. It discusses the founder of Reliance Communications, outlines the presentation topics, and provides details about the company profile, departments, GSM and CDMA technologies, and generations of internet from 1G to 5G. Figures and diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like network architecture and components for GSM and CDMA networks.
The document discusses cellular communication systems and mobile network technologies including:
- The basic components and principles of cellular networks including cells, frequency reuse, and handoff.
- Early analog cellular standards like AMPS and their limitations in capacity and features.
- Digital cellular standards including TDMA, CDMA, and GSM, with details on GSM network architecture and services.
- 3G networks providing broadband multimedia including messaging, applications, and requirements.
- Challenges include handover, screen size, functionality for convergence of mobile and consumer electronics.
The document provides an overview of GSM networks including:
1. GSM was developed in the 1980s to standardize cellular networks in Europe and is now used globally.
2. The key components of a GSM network are the mobile station (phone), base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the network switching subsystem centered around mobile switching centers.
3. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the same radio channel simultaneously. It operates in the 900MHz and 1800MHz bands and supports data rates up to 9.6kbps along with services like SMS.
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) standard. It describes GSM as an integrated European mobile system that enables international roaming. The key objectives of GSM are outlined as well as the basic system elements, including mobile stations, base station systems, and mobile switching centers. The document also discusses concepts such as frequency reuse, cellular networks, handover, and multiple access methods used in GSM like TDMA.
The document provides information about mobile telecommunication systems and GSM architecture. It discusses:
1) Cellular systems divide geographic areas into smaller regions called cells served by base stations to allow frequency reuse and increase capacity.
2) GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed for digital voice and data services using TDMA. It has global roaming capabilities and supports SMS, voice calls, and data services.
3) The GSM architecture consists of a radio subsystem with mobile stations and base stations, a network and switching subsystem, and an operation subsystem. The radio subsystem handles wireless transmission using TDMA while the network subsystem contains MSCs, HLRs, and switches.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network. It discusses the history and development of GSM from 1982 to the present, outlines the key specifications and components of GSM including frequency bands used, cellular generations, and network architecture. The architecture includes the mobile station (MS), base station subsystem (BSS) consisting of base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), and the network switching subsystem (NSS) containing the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and authentication center (AUC).
The document provides an overview of mobile communications, beginning with first generation cellular systems using analog transmission and frequency division multiple access. It then discusses the development of second generation digital cellular systems, focusing on the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) standard which uses digital transmission, time division multiple access, and employs techniques like Gaussian minimum shift keying modulation and mobile-assisted hard handover. Finally, it outlines key GSM network elements and services like short message service.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless communication technologies through generations from 2G to 4G. It describes the key characteristics and speed capabilities of each generation. It also provides details on various wireless networking components and concepts such as channel access schemes, radio signals, BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, AuC, EIR and SMSC.
The presentation provides an overview of Reliance Communications Ltd and summarizes key topics about wireless communication technologies used by the company. It discusses the founder of Reliance Communications, outlines the presentation topics, and provides details about the company profile, departments, GSM and CDMA technologies, and generations of internet from 1G to 5G. Figures and diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like network architecture and components for GSM and CDMA networks.
The document discusses cellular communication systems and mobile network technologies including:
- The basic components and principles of cellular networks including cells, frequency reuse, and handoff.
- Early analog cellular standards like AMPS and their limitations in capacity and features.
- Digital cellular standards including TDMA, CDMA, and GSM, with details on GSM network architecture and services.
- 3G networks providing broadband multimedia including messaging, applications, and requirements.
- Challenges include handover, screen size, functionality for convergence of mobile and consumer electronics.
The document provides an overview of GSM networks including:
1. GSM was developed in the 1980s to standardize cellular networks in Europe and is now used globally.
2. The key components of a GSM network are the mobile station (phone), base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the network switching subsystem centered around mobile switching centers.
3. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the same radio channel simultaneously. It operates in the 900MHz and 1800MHz bands and supports data rates up to 9.6kbps along with services like SMS.
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) standard. It describes GSM as an integrated European mobile system that enables international roaming. The key objectives of GSM are outlined as well as the basic system elements, including mobile stations, base station systems, and mobile switching centers. The document also discusses concepts such as frequency reuse, cellular networks, handover, and multiple access methods used in GSM like TDMA.
The document provides information about mobile telecommunication systems and GSM architecture. It discusses:
1) Cellular systems divide geographic areas into smaller regions called cells served by base stations to allow frequency reuse and increase capacity.
2) GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed for digital voice and data services using TDMA. It has global roaming capabilities and supports SMS, voice calls, and data services.
3) The GSM architecture consists of a radio subsystem with mobile stations and base stations, a network and switching subsystem, and an operation subsystem. The radio subsystem handles wireless transmission using TDMA while the network subsystem contains MSCs, HLRs, and switches.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network. It discusses the history and development of GSM from 1982 to the present, outlines the key specifications and components of GSM including frequency bands used, cellular generations, and network architecture. The architecture includes the mobile station (MS), base station subsystem (BSS) consisting of base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), and the network switching subsystem (NSS) containing the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and authentication center (AUC).
The document summarizes third generation (3G) mobile technology standards including GSM, EDGE, CDMA2000, UMTS, DECT, and WiMAX. 3G allows for simultaneous voice and data services, higher data rates up to 14 Mbps download and 5.8 Mbps upload, and enables more advanced services and greater network capacity. Key 3G standards include UMTS which uses W-CDMA, security, and roaming capabilities between operators.
1) The document discusses the basics and evolution of cellular technology, including the architecture and functionality of GSM, 3G, and future goals for 2010 and beyond.
2) It describes key aspects of GSM such as frequency bands, architecture including the base station subsystem and network switching subsystem, and support for data services through GPRS.
3) The document also covers UMTS and 3G technologies including WCDMA, HSDPA, frequency bands, and the evolution of cellular services towards 4G networks as envisioned by the NGMN with targets for seamless mobility and high data rates.
Multiple access techniques for wireless communicationDr.Umadevi V
This document discusses multiple access techniques for wireless communication. It begins with an introduction to how multiple access schemes allow efficient sharing of limited radio spectrum among multiple users. It then provides a brief history of wireless communication and pioneers. The document goes on to explain various multiple access techniques in detail including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA, and CSMA. It describes their applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Forward and reverse link power control in CDMA is also summarized.
This presentation provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network. It discusses the history and development of GSM, the key components of GSM architecture including the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network switching subsystem. It also describes the technical specifications of GSM such as frequency spectrum, modulation, encryption, and authentication methods. Finally, it outlines the services provided by GSM like teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services as well as current and future applications of GSM technology.
4G is a successor to 3G and 2G wireless networks. It aims to provide high speed data rates of up to 20 Mbps and above using technologies like OFDM and MIMO. Some key goals of 4G include supporting all-IP networks with a variety of multimedia services and voice/data convergence over IP with high quality of service. However, 4G also faces challenges like higher battery usage and more complex hardware requirements.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is the second generation (2G) digital cellular standard developed in Europe in the 1980s. It uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The key components of a GSM network are the base station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. GSM networks operate on various frequency bands and use logical channels to transmit different types of information like voice calls, SMS messages, and signaling data. GSM became the most widely used 2G standard globally due to its widespread adoption in Europe and other regions.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on the key aspects of each generation including:
- 1G introduced in 1982 used analog signals for voice calls. 2G launched in late 1980s used digital signals for voice and low-speed data.
- 3G launched in 2000 aimed to offer higher data speeds up to 14 Mbps using packet switching. 4G offers speeds up to 100 Mbps for high-speed internet.
- 5G is still under development to support applications requiring high data rates like wireless broadband, multimedia messaging, mobile TV, and digital video broadcasting.
- Mobile technologies have progressed from simplex to full duplex transmission and 2
3G technologies provide improved digital voice and higher bandwidth data services over 2G. The key 3G standards are WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. WCDMA addresses issues like handover and power control. 4G will offer even higher data rates and bandwidth below 5GHz, along with lower costs per bit than 3G.
This presentation covers:
How evolution has happened from First Generation Mobile Communication Systems to present day 3G/UMTS/WCMDA systems
Brief introduction of each Generation: GSM - 2G, 2.5 G - GPRS, 2.75G - EDGE, 3G and then LTE/4G
Gsm Global System For Mobile Comm[1]. Really Niceer_tiwari
The document provides an introduction to cellular technology and the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). [1] GSM was established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard and has become a globally accepted standard. [2] GSM networks use a combination of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and include mobile stations, base stations, switching centers, databases, and interfaces that allow connection to other networks. [3] GSM supports various services including telephony, data transmission, and messaging and provides features such as security, mobility, and roaming.
Gsm Global System For Mobile Comm[1]. Really Niceer_tiwari
The document provides an introduction to cellular technology and the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). [1] GSM was established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard and has become a globally accepted standard. [2] GSM networks use a combination of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and include mobile stations, base stations, switching centers, databases, and interfaces that allow connectivity to other networks. [3] GSM provides various subscriber services including telephony, data, messaging, and supplementary services.
This document provides an overview of mobile communications and wireless telecommunication systems, with a focus on GSM. It describes the key components and subsystems of GSM networks, including the radio subsystem made up of mobile stations, base transceiver stations, and base station controllers. It also covers the network and switching subsystem, composed of mobile switching centers, databases like the home location register and visitor location register, and interfaces to other networks. The document discusses GSM network architecture and operations in detail over several pages, with diagrams illustrating the system components and signaling flows.
This document provides an overview of wireless telecommunication systems, focusing on GSM. It discusses the market for mobile subscribers over time, introduces 1G-3G mobile systems, and provides detailed information on GSM including its history, standards, network architecture, components, interfaces, services, and protocols. Key aspects covered include GSM's global adoption, use of TDMA/FDMA, cellular network design with frequency reuse, and mobility management functions to enable roaming between cells.
GSM and CDMA are two mobile network technologies. GSM was developed in Europe in the 1980s and uses TDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. CDMA was developed later and uses code division multiple access, assigning each user a unique code. CDMA provides better voice quality and spectral efficiency compared to GSM. However, GSM networks and compatible devices are more widespread globally. Both technologies have continued to evolve with newer standards like GSM's EDGE and CDMA2000.
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is a 3G mobile communication standard that uses WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) as its underlying air interface technology. A UMTS network consists of three domains - the core network, UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), and user equipment. UMTS offers high-speed data and multimedia services along with traditional voice services through its core network and radio access network architecture and protocols. UMTS provides a platform for various services with different quality of service requirements.
Cellular networks have evolved from 0G to 5G over several generations of technology. 1G networks in the early 1980s used analog transmission for primarily voice calls. 2G digital networks in the late 1980s enabled services like text messages. 3G networks in the 2000s supported broadband multimedia with speeds up to 2Mbps. 4G networks since 2010 provide faster "anytime, anywhere" services using IP. Research into 5G beyond 2020 aims for speeds over 10Gbps and connectivity of billions of devices. Each generation brought major improvements in speed and capabilities.
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is a 3G mobile communication standard that provides improved speed and capacity over 2G networks. UMTS uses WCDMA technology to provide voice and data services over a 5MHz channel at speeds up to 2Mbps. For higher speeds, HSPA technologies were introduced as 3.5G. 4G networks such as LTE promise speeds over 100Mbps using OFDMA and other technologies with an all-IP architecture. Small cells using micro and pico base stations are needed to boost 4G capacity and coverage, especially at high frequencies.
Early Mobile Telephone System Architecture.docxPaulMuthenya
This document discusses several key aspects of cellular network architecture and technology:
- Traditional mobile networks used one powerful transmitter, while cellular networks use many low-power transmitters divided into cells to increase capacity and allow handoffs between transmitters.
- Modern networks divide both rural and urban areas into cells using specific deployment guidelines.
- Mobile networks employ different multiple access techniques including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously.
The document provides an introduction to AngularJS including:
- An overview of the features and benefits of AngularJS such as data binding, directives, dependency injection and routing.
- Details on the different versions and transitions of AngularJS from version 1.X to the current version 9, highlighting improvements made at each stage.
- Instructions on setting up the Angular development environment including installing Node.js, Angular CLI and different IDE options for Angular development.
Graphs can represent relationships between objects. The historical problem that inspired graphs was finding a route to cross all 7 bridges in Konigsberg, Poland without crossing any bridge twice. Graphs use nodes to represent objects and edges to represent relationships between nodes, allowing problems like routes to be modeled mathematically.
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The document summarizes third generation (3G) mobile technology standards including GSM, EDGE, CDMA2000, UMTS, DECT, and WiMAX. 3G allows for simultaneous voice and data services, higher data rates up to 14 Mbps download and 5.8 Mbps upload, and enables more advanced services and greater network capacity. Key 3G standards include UMTS which uses W-CDMA, security, and roaming capabilities between operators.
1) The document discusses the basics and evolution of cellular technology, including the architecture and functionality of GSM, 3G, and future goals for 2010 and beyond.
2) It describes key aspects of GSM such as frequency bands, architecture including the base station subsystem and network switching subsystem, and support for data services through GPRS.
3) The document also covers UMTS and 3G technologies including WCDMA, HSDPA, frequency bands, and the evolution of cellular services towards 4G networks as envisioned by the NGMN with targets for seamless mobility and high data rates.
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This document discusses multiple access techniques for wireless communication. It begins with an introduction to how multiple access schemes allow efficient sharing of limited radio spectrum among multiple users. It then provides a brief history of wireless communication and pioneers. The document goes on to explain various multiple access techniques in detail including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA, and CSMA. It describes their applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Forward and reverse link power control in CDMA is also summarized.
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4G is a successor to 3G and 2G wireless networks. It aims to provide high speed data rates of up to 20 Mbps and above using technologies like OFDM and MIMO. Some key goals of 4G include supporting all-IP networks with a variety of multimedia services and voice/data convergence over IP with high quality of service. However, 4G also faces challenges like higher battery usage and more complex hardware requirements.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is the second generation (2G) digital cellular standard developed in Europe in the 1980s. It uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The key components of a GSM network are the base station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. GSM networks operate on various frequency bands and use logical channels to transmit different types of information like voice calls, SMS messages, and signaling data. GSM became the most widely used 2G standard globally due to its widespread adoption in Europe and other regions.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on the key aspects of each generation including:
- 1G introduced in 1982 used analog signals for voice calls. 2G launched in late 1980s used digital signals for voice and low-speed data.
- 3G launched in 2000 aimed to offer higher data speeds up to 14 Mbps using packet switching. 4G offers speeds up to 100 Mbps for high-speed internet.
- 5G is still under development to support applications requiring high data rates like wireless broadband, multimedia messaging, mobile TV, and digital video broadcasting.
- Mobile technologies have progressed from simplex to full duplex transmission and 2
3G technologies provide improved digital voice and higher bandwidth data services over 2G. The key 3G standards are WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. WCDMA addresses issues like handover and power control. 4G will offer even higher data rates and bandwidth below 5GHz, along with lower costs per bit than 3G.
This presentation covers:
How evolution has happened from First Generation Mobile Communication Systems to present day 3G/UMTS/WCMDA systems
Brief introduction of each Generation: GSM - 2G, 2.5 G - GPRS, 2.75G - EDGE, 3G and then LTE/4G
Gsm Global System For Mobile Comm[1]. Really Niceer_tiwari
The document provides an introduction to cellular technology and the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). [1] GSM was established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard and has become a globally accepted standard. [2] GSM networks use a combination of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and include mobile stations, base stations, switching centers, databases, and interfaces that allow connection to other networks. [3] GSM supports various services including telephony, data transmission, and messaging and provides features such as security, mobility, and roaming.
Gsm Global System For Mobile Comm[1]. Really Niceer_tiwari
The document provides an introduction to cellular technology and the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). [1] GSM was established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard and has become a globally accepted standard. [2] GSM networks use a combination of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and include mobile stations, base stations, switching centers, databases, and interfaces that allow connectivity to other networks. [3] GSM provides various subscriber services including telephony, data, messaging, and supplementary services.
This document provides an overview of mobile communications and wireless telecommunication systems, with a focus on GSM. It describes the key components and subsystems of GSM networks, including the radio subsystem made up of mobile stations, base transceiver stations, and base station controllers. It also covers the network and switching subsystem, composed of mobile switching centers, databases like the home location register and visitor location register, and interfaces to other networks. The document discusses GSM network architecture and operations in detail over several pages, with diagrams illustrating the system components and signaling flows.
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GSM and CDMA are two mobile network technologies. GSM was developed in Europe in the 1980s and uses TDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. CDMA was developed later and uses code division multiple access, assigning each user a unique code. CDMA provides better voice quality and spectral efficiency compared to GSM. However, GSM networks and compatible devices are more widespread globally. Both technologies have continued to evolve with newer standards like GSM's EDGE and CDMA2000.
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is a 3G mobile communication standard that uses WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) as its underlying air interface technology. A UMTS network consists of three domains - the core network, UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), and user equipment. UMTS offers high-speed data and multimedia services along with traditional voice services through its core network and radio access network architecture and protocols. UMTS provides a platform for various services with different quality of service requirements.
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- Mobile networks employ different multiple access techniques including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously.
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Chapter 2v4 Pervasive Computing systems, design and infrastructure 1.pptxahmadfaisal744721
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4. Technology 3G 4G
Data Transfer Rate 2Mbps 100Mbps
Internet services Broadband Ultra Broadband
Mobile -TV Resolution Low High
Bandwidth 5 - 20 MHz 100 +MHz
Frequency 1.6- 2 GHZ 2 – 8 GHz
Network Architecture Wide Area Network Hybrid Network
3G vs 4G
5. WIRELESS MOBILE HISTORY
1924: First Mobile Radio Telephone
1901: Marconi first wireless radio
reception across the Atlantic Ocean
You can have any color,
as long as its black !
6. WIRELESS MOBILE HISTORY
As early as the 1930s travelers could place phone calls
from and to ocean liners in the middle of the Atlantic
Ocean.
The process was driven by Marine VHF Radio and cost $7
a minute (roughly $100 a minute when adjusted for inflation
to today’s money).
7. EARLY MOBILE PHONE
SYSTEM
First fully automated mobile phone system for
vehicles was launched in Sweden by TeliaSonera and
Ericsson in 1956
Named MTA (Mobile Telephone system A), first time
calls could be made and received in the car using the
public telephone network.
8. EARLY MOBILE PHONE
SYSTEM
Radio Common Carrier or RCC was a service
introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone
companies.
RCC systems used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and
VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies.
9. The first handheld mobile phone
was demonstrated
by Motorola in 1973
EVOLUTION OF MOBILE
PHONES
10. EARLY CELLULAR SYSTEMS
1st Generation (1G) : Analog:1940s-1980s
1940s: cellular concept discovered (AT&T)
1981: NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) deployed in Norway,
Sweden, Denmark, Finland
1983: AMPS deployed in USA, FDMA with 30 KHz FM-modulated
voice channels.
1983: TACS/ETACS: FDMA with 25 space KHz channel used in
European countries (JTACS in Japan and Hong Kong)
2nd generation (2G) : digital: early 90s
1991: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), 200KHz
spacing channel
1993: D-AMPS
11. The telecommunications in Malaysia
•1985, the ATUR, first wireless telephone system was introduced by Jabatan
Telekom Malaysia (JTM).
•1987, JTM was incorporated as Syarikat Telekom Malaysia Berhad (STMB)
or Telekom Malaysia (TM) following the National Corporatization Policy, which
was launched in the 1980s.
•1988, Celcom Malaysia Sdn Bhd was the first to provide GSM based mobile
services.
•1997, Telekom Malaysia introduced CDMA based mobile homeline services
• 2003, Celcom Malaysia Sdn Bhd became the first provider to introduce video
call base on 3G WCDMA technology.
•2013, Maxis Malaysia Sdn Bhd became the first provider to introduce "4G LTE"
mobile network before any other service provider.
13. ADVANTAGES OF CELLULAR/MOBILE
NETWORKS
More capacity due to spectral reuse
Lower transmission power due to smaller transmitter/receiver
distances
More robust system as Base Station problem only effects the
immediate cell
More predictable propagation environment due to shorter
distances
14. DISADVANTAGES OF CELLULAR/M
NETWORKS
Need for more infrastructure
Need for fixed network to connect Base Stations
Some residual interference from co-channel cells
Handover procedure required
15. THE CELLULAR
PRINCIPLE
Relies on the concept of concurrency
delivered through channel reuse i.e. reusing
channels in different cells
Total coverage area is divided into cells
only a subset of channels available in each cell
All channels partitioned into sets
sets assigned to cells
Rule: assign the same set to two cells that
are sufficient geographically distant so that
interference is small
Net result: increased capacity!
25. MULTIPLE ACCESS
SCHEMES
Four ways to divide the spectrum
among active users
frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
time-division multiplexing (TDM)
code-division multiplexing (CDM)
space-division multiplexing (SDM)
26. CHOICE OF ACCESS
METHODS
A random access scheme using FDM, TDM, CDM
or SDM to dynamically assign sub-channels to
users is called random access method, e.g.
FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA.
FDM, used in 1st generation systems, wastes
spectrum
Debate over TDMA vs CDMA for 2nd generation
TDMA advocates argue there is more
successful experience with TDMA.
CDMA proponents argue that CDMA offers
additional features such as increased range.
CDMA seems to be the access method of
choice for third-generation systems
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. CELLULAR SYSTEM: GSM
GSM
formerly: Groupe Spéciale Mobile (founded
1982)
now: Global System for Mobile
Communications
Communication: voice and data services
Mobility: International access, access control
Service Domains:
bearer services: transfer of data between
points
telematic services: telephony, SMS messages
supplementary services: forwarding,
conferencing
33. CELLULAR SYSTEM
Space divided into cells
A base station is responsible to communicate with
hosts in its cell
Mobile hosts can change cells while
communicating
Hand-off occurs when a mobile host starts
communicating via a new base station
34. HAND-OFF PROCEDURE
Each base station periodically transmits beacon
Mobile host, on hearing stronger beacon from a
new BS, sends it a greeting
changes routing tables to make new BS its
default gateway
sends new BS identity of the old BS
New BS acknowledges the greeting and begins
to route Message Handling (MH)’s packets
Old
BS
New
BS
MH
2 3
5
1
4
6
35. HAND-OFF ISSUES
Hand-offs may result in temporary loss
of route to MH
with non-overlapping cells, it may be a
while before the mobile host receives a
beacon from the new BS
While routes are being reestablished
during handoff, MH and old BS may
attempt to send packets to each other,
resulting in loss of packets
36. GSM SERVICES - PHASE
1
Service Category Service Comments
Teleservices Speech
Emergency
SMS (Short Message Service)
Group 3 Fax
Full Rate 13Kbps
Point to Point & Cell Broadcast
Bearer Services Asynchronous Data
Synchronous Data
300 – 9600bps
300 – 9600bps
Supplementary Services Call Forward
Call Barring
Subscriber Busy, Not Reachable
International & Incoming Calls
37. GSM SERVICES - PHASE
2
Service Category Service Comments
Teleservices Speech
Emergency
SMS (Short Message Service)
Group 3 Fax
Half Rate 6.5Kbps
Point to Point & Cell Broadcast
Bearer Services Synchronous Packet Data Access 2400 – 9600bps
Supplementary Services CLI (Calling Line Identification)
Call Waiting
Call Hold
Multiparty
USSD (Unstructured Supplementary
Service Data)
Operator Barring
Advice on charge
38. GSM SERVICES - PHASE
2+
Primarily concerned with the improvement of
Bearer (data) services
Full data rate @ 14.4 kb/s
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Some additional supplementary services also
specified
39. ARCHITECTURE OF A GSM
NETWORK
SD
Mobile Station
BTS
MSC/
VLR
SIM
ME
BSC
Base Station
Subsystem
GMSC
Network Subsystem
AUC
EIR HLR
Other Networks
Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.
+
PSTN
PLMN
Internet
40. ARCHITECTURE OF THE
GSM SYSTEM
GSM is a (PLMN ) Public Land Mobile Network
Components
(MS ) mobile station
(BS) base station
(MSC) mobile switching center
(LR) location register
Subsystems
(RSS) radio subsystem: covers all radio aspects
(NSS) network and switching subsystem: call forwarding, handover,
switching
• Authentication Center (AUC) –verifies user identity
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR) – database for mobile equipment
identity (white, black and gray list)
(OSS) operation subsystem: network management
Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC) – manage day to day
cellular network operation
41. MOBILE STATION (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Fixed
Portable
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
number
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Personal Identification Number (PIN)
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
number
Enables access to subscribed services
Smart card
42.
43. BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION
- BTS
Usually referred to as the Base Station
Provides the interface to the network for the MS
Handles all communications with the MS
Transmitting power determines cell size
44. BASE STATION CONTROLLER
(BSC)
Controls Base Stations
Manages radio channels
Coordinates Handover
Abis interface
between BSC and BTS
A interface
between MSC and BSC
45. MOBILE SWITCHING
CENTRE (MSC)
Performs all switching/exchange functions
Handles
registration
authentication
location updating
common channel signaling
network interface
toll ticketing
GSM network must have at least one MSC
May connect to other networks
Gateway MSC (GMSC)
46. HOME LOCATION
REGISTER (HLR)
Administrative information for all subscribers
IMSI number
actual phone number
permitted supplementary services
parameters for authentication and ciphering
47. INTEGRATING GPRS
SD
Mobile Station
BTS
MSC/
VLR
BSC
Base Station
Subsystem
GMSC
Network Subsystem
AUC
EIR HLR
Other Networks
Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.
GGSN
SGSN
SIM
ME
+
PSTN
PLMN
Internet
+
TE
48. GPRS MOBILE STATION
(MS)
Two Components
Mobile Terminal (MT)+SIM card
Terminal Equipment (TE) – laptop or PDA
Three Classes of terminal
Class A - simultaneous support circuit switched (GSM)
and packet switched (GPRS) traffic
Class B- supports both GSM and GPRS connections but
not both at the same time. One call is suspended for the
duration of the other
Class C - handless either GSM or GPRS, only be
connected to one at one time.
49. GPRS NETWORK AND
SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM
(NSS)
Two new nodes introduced for packet data
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
handles all packet data for the appropriate geographic
area
monitors GPRS users
handles security and access control
may be regarded as the packet switched equivalent of the
circuit-switched MSC
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
internetworking functionality
routes incoming data to correct SGSN
translates between different protocols and formats
Details of data services added to HLR
50. GPRS - SUMMARY
Data capacity increased considerably
Depending on configuration
@ 14.4 kb/s per channel, 115.2 kb/s can be achieved
@ 21.4 kb/s per channel, 171.2 kb/s can be achieved
Up to 8 users per channel
Minimum set-up time
“always-on” connection
Charging determined by actual data not time
51. UMTS/W-CDMA
UMTS is the European vision of 3G
UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE
The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Data rates of UMTS are:
144 kbps for rural
384 kbps for urban outdoor
2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
52. UMTS/W-CDMA NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
SD
Mobile Station
MSC/
VLR
Base Station
Subsystem
GMSC
Network Subsystem
AUC
EIR HLR
Other Networks
Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.
GGSN
SGSN
BTS
BSC
Node
B
RNC
RNS
UTRAN
SIM
ME
USIM
ME
+
PSTN
PLMN
Internet
Core Network (CN)
UE
53. UMTS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Core Network (CN) : To provide switching, routing and transit for user traffic
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) : Provides the air interface
access method for User Equipment
USIM-Universal Subscriber Identity Module
ME- Mobile Equipment
UE –User Equipment
RNS- Radio Network Subsystem
RNC- Radio Network Controller
SGSN-Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN-Gateway GPRS Support Node
Node B – is Base Transceiver Station BTS in UMTS
AUC - Authentication Center
EIR - Equipment Identity Register
54. GSM EVOLUTION TO 3G
GSM
9.6kbps
GSM Data
GSM
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 171 kbps
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays
GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA
(3G)
GPRS
HSCSD
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50
kbps
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing
sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)
EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
(EDGE)
3x improvement in data rate on short distances
Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Can also be combined with HSCSD
W-CDMA /
UMTS
59. 3.5G
3.5G or High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an enhanced version
and the next intermediate generation of 3G UMTS. It comprises the
technologies that improve the Air Interface and increase the spectral
efficiency, to support data rates of 30 Mbps. 3.5G introduces many
new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in future.
4G LTE Anytime,Anywhere Connection
4th Generation Wireless Communication
Long Term Evolution
Mobile Multimedia Communication
Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone
Global Mobility Support
Integrated Wireless Solution
Up to 100 Mbps data transfer rate for high mobility
69. COURSE MATERIALS
CREDITED TO:
Richard Perlman, Lucent Technologies
Amjad Umar
Brough Turner, Marc Orange NMS Communications
Dirk H. Pesch, CIT
Shiow Yang Wu, National Dong Hwa University