The document provides an introduction to concepts in mobile telephony. It discusses the origins and development of cellular standards like GSM in the 1980s. It also defines key terms like SIM, MS, IMEI, and describes the basic components of a mobile network including BTS, BSC, MSC. It explains basic functions like making calls, receiving calls, and handovers that occur when subscribers are moving between network cells.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on 3G cellular telephony. It discusses the evolution from 1G to 2G to 3G networks, highlighting technologies like WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. It covers applications of 3G like mobile TV and video calling. Advantages include improved voice quality and broadband data access. Challenges include a lack of killer apps and issues with global standards. The future may include 4G networks and technologies like WiMAX and greater spectral efficiency.
New mobile networking trends include mobile phones becoming media phones and the Wireless Application Protocol enabling standard connections between mobile users and content. There are now over 2 billion mobile phone users globally. The Wireless Application Protocol supports both secured and unsecured connections in 4 modes. Mobile networks are becoming increasingly complex as voice and data converge on these networks. Understanding mobile networking is important for security experts and carriers transitioning to more open networks.
The document summarizes the history of mobile communication from 1G to 4G technologies. It discusses the evolution from early analog 1G systems developed in the 1970s-80s to 2G digital GSM networks in the 1980s-90s capable of voice and limited data. 3G systems launched in the late 1990s provided improved voice quality and higher speed data up to 2Mbps. Emerging 4G technologies are expected to offer data rates from 20-100Mbps. The document also provides an overview of the fundamental principles of cellular networks and discusses GSM as the most widely used 2G digital standard globally.
This document provides an overview of third generation (3G) mobile communication systems. It discusses the motivation for 3G, including increasing demand for high-speed wireless data and multimedia services. Key aspects of 3G systems covered include the vision of supporting a wide range of new services with data rates up to 2 Mbps, the evolution from 2G systems, spectrum allocation, and potential applications. The document also summarizes wireless data service usage trends and the network architectures of different 3G technologies such as UMTS, CDMA2000, and GPRS.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
This document provides an overview of cellular technology roadmaps and standards including LTE and UMTS. It summarizes the evolution of technologies like W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ and LTE over time with increasing download/upload speeds. It describes the key aspects of LTE including OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO and LTE-Advanced. It also provides an overview of UMTS architecture and air interface standards like W-CDMA, HSDPA and HSUPA.
The document summarizes the evolution of mobile phones from early two-way radios used in vehicles to modern smartphones. It traces important developments from the first mobile radio telephone services in the 1940s-1950s to early mobile phones permanently installed in vehicles. It then covers the transition to portable bag phones and the invention of the first handheld mobile phone by Motorola in 1973. The document concludes with an overview of the four generations of cellular network technology: 1G analog, 2G digital, 2.5G packet-based data, and 3G supporting high-speed data applications.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on 3G cellular telephony. It discusses the evolution from 1G to 2G to 3G networks, highlighting technologies like WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. It covers applications of 3G like mobile TV and video calling. Advantages include improved voice quality and broadband data access. Challenges include a lack of killer apps and issues with global standards. The future may include 4G networks and technologies like WiMAX and greater spectral efficiency.
New mobile networking trends include mobile phones becoming media phones and the Wireless Application Protocol enabling standard connections between mobile users and content. There are now over 2 billion mobile phone users globally. The Wireless Application Protocol supports both secured and unsecured connections in 4 modes. Mobile networks are becoming increasingly complex as voice and data converge on these networks. Understanding mobile networking is important for security experts and carriers transitioning to more open networks.
The document summarizes the history of mobile communication from 1G to 4G technologies. It discusses the evolution from early analog 1G systems developed in the 1970s-80s to 2G digital GSM networks in the 1980s-90s capable of voice and limited data. 3G systems launched in the late 1990s provided improved voice quality and higher speed data up to 2Mbps. Emerging 4G technologies are expected to offer data rates from 20-100Mbps. The document also provides an overview of the fundamental principles of cellular networks and discusses GSM as the most widely used 2G digital standard globally.
This document provides an overview of third generation (3G) mobile communication systems. It discusses the motivation for 3G, including increasing demand for high-speed wireless data and multimedia services. Key aspects of 3G systems covered include the vision of supporting a wide range of new services with data rates up to 2 Mbps, the evolution from 2G systems, spectrum allocation, and potential applications. The document also summarizes wireless data service usage trends and the network architectures of different 3G technologies such as UMTS, CDMA2000, and GPRS.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
This document provides an overview of cellular technology roadmaps and standards including LTE and UMTS. It summarizes the evolution of technologies like W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ and LTE over time with increasing download/upload speeds. It describes the key aspects of LTE including OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO and LTE-Advanced. It also provides an overview of UMTS architecture and air interface standards like W-CDMA, HSDPA and HSUPA.
The document summarizes the evolution of mobile phones from early two-way radios used in vehicles to modern smartphones. It traces important developments from the first mobile radio telephone services in the 1940s-1950s to early mobile phones permanently installed in vehicles. It then covers the transition to portable bag phones and the invention of the first handheld mobile phone by Motorola in 1973. The document concludes with an overview of the four generations of cellular network technology: 1G analog, 2G digital, 2.5G packet-based data, and 3G supporting high-speed data applications.
1G mobile networks used analog signals and FDMA technology which resulted in inefficient spectrum usage. 2G introduced GSM, using digital TDMA technology for improved capacity and security. Key aspects of 2G included encryption, SMS messaging, and SIM cards which enabled roaming and secure authentication. The core network components of 2G like HLR, VLR, and MSC enabled location management and call routing.
The document discusses 3G networking protocols used between the air interface and UTRAN in 3G networks. It examines key concepts like connection establishment, base station handover, and network timing synchronization which are required to provide continuous high quality mobile voice and data services. It then provides an overview of 3GPP protocols used across interfaces like Iub, Iu and Iur to manage functions between network elements like the Node B, RNC and core network. These multiple protocol stacks support control and user plane functions over the ATM-based transport network in 3G.
The document discusses the development of 3G cellular networks and standards. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) established the IMT-2000 standard to harmonize 3G systems worldwide and enable global roaming. IMT-2000 outlined performance targets for 3G networks to provide high-speed data and multimedia services to mobile users. Two main proposals were developed under IMT-2000: UMTS, backed by 3GPP in Europe, and CDMA2000, backed by 3GPP2 in North America and Asia.
The document discusses wireless communication technologies and networks. It provides an overview of the evolution of wireless systems from 1G to 5G, describing their key characteristics and standards. It also discusses different types of wireless networks including wireless PAN, LAN, MAN and WAN. Finally, it provides some details on communication technologies and internet usage statistics in India.
This document provides an introduction to wireless communication and wireless application protocol (WAP). It discusses the benefits of wireless communication like freedom from wires and global coverage. It also covers some of the technical challenges in wireless communication like efficient use of spectrum, mobility support, and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links. It defines wireless communication and differentiates between wireless and mobile. It also describes various types of wireless technologies and their limitations.
This document discusses the standardization of IMT-2000, which aims to develop standards for 3G mobile networks and services in the 2000s. The objectives are to provide global services, reduce the digital divide, offer flexible services on fixed and mobile networks, and improve efficiency. IMT-2000 is expected to be dominated by data services and offer high quality voice and multimedia. Key expectations are flexibility, lower costs than 2G, improved efficiency, and global roaming. The document outlines the roles of ITU and regional standards bodies in developing IMT-2000 through consensus building and evaluations.
2G refers to second-generation wireless telephone technology that uses digital cellular networks. While 1G networks used analog signals, 2G networks transitioned to digital signals. This allowed for more efficient use of bandwidth and the introduction of data services like SMS. Common 2G standards include GSM, CDMA, and IS-136. 3G networks provided faster data speeds like 200kbps and introduced UMTS and CDMA2000. 4G aims to provide speeds up to 1Gbps for stationary users and 100Mbps for mobile through technologies like LTE Advanced.
The document discusses CDMA2000, a 3G cellular technology that provides an evolutionary upgrade path from 2G CDMA. It spreads signals across 1.25MHz of spectrum to transmit uniquely encoded signals simultaneously. CDMA2000 supports high-speed packet data through standards like 1X EV-DO that enable up to 2.4Mbps speeds. While it offers advantages like efficient spectrum use and support for advanced services, disadvantages include potential channel pollution from multiple signals and limited international roaming without multimode devices.
1. The document discusses 1G and 2G mobile communication technologies. 1G used analog FDMA technology for voice calls only, while 2G introduced digital TDMA and CDMA to support voice, data, and multimedia on mobile networks.
2. 1G speeds ranged from 28-56kbps while 2G networks supported speeds up to 115kbps. Digital encoding in 2G also made networks more spectrum efficient and enabled features like SMS and internet access.
3. The document provides details on GSM, CDMA, and GPRS as the main 2G standards and discusses frequency reuse techniques like cell sectoring to reduce interference in mobile networks.
The document summarizes the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 4G. 1G networks used analog signals and standards like NMT, AMPS, and TACS. 2G introduced digital cellular and standards like GSM, CDMA, and IS-136. 2.5G provided upgrades like GPRS, EDGE, and CDMA2000 1x to support higher data rates. 3G networks supported broadband data and included W-CDMA and CDMA2000. 4G aims to provide fully integrated IP services with speeds over 100 Mbps.
Bab 4 perkembangan dan kemajuan sistem komunikasi bergerakampas03
This document discusses the development and advancement of cellular communication systems. It describes the generations of cellular networks, including 1G analog networks, 2G digital networks, and 3G packet-switched networks. It focuses on 4G networks, explaining that they will use an Open Wireless Architecture to allow terminals to seamlessly connect to different local wireless networks. 4G aims to provide high data rates, efficiency, mobility, and integration of services through technologies like OFDM, MIMO, and convergence of various wireless standards. Major challenges for 4G include terminal mobility across networks and managing handoffs and billing across multiple operators.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
Detailed presentation on Wireless Communication Technologies.
The communication technology has evolved to provide lower latency network, faster and efficient data services.
3G provides higher bandwidth enabling new applications like video streaming and calling. Key 3G standards include WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. These standards evolved from 2G technologies like GSM and CDMA to support higher data rates up to several megabits per second. The transition involved technologies like GPRS, EDGE, EV-DO, and HSPA that served as intermediates between 2G and full 3G.
3G networks provide broadband capabilities for mobile devices, allowing users to access voice, video, graphics and other multimedia over their mobile phones. 3G networks evolved from previous 1G analog and 2G digital mobile networks. 3G networks use packet switching which splits data into packets that are transmitted and reassembled, allowing for higher speeds of up to 2 Mbps compared to previous technologies. 3G also enables new applications like web browsing and file transfer on mobile devices due to its increased bandwidth capabilities.
3G is the next generation of technology which has revolutionized the telecommunication industry. Apart from increasing the speed of communication, the objective of this technology is to provide various value-added services like video calling, live streaming, mobile internet access, IPTV, etc on the mobile phones. These services are possible because the 3G spectrum provides the necessary bandwidth.
How cell phone work?(mobile communication)kgaurav113
This seminar report discusses how cell phones work. It begins with an introduction that notes the widespread use of cell phones globally and provides background on mobile communications. The report then covers the history of cell phones from early mobile radio systems through each generation of cellular technology. It describes the basic components and uses of cell phones. The report explains that cell phones connect to networks of cell towers and masts to transmit and receive calls wirelessly using radio waves. It details the processes for setting up outgoing and incoming calls, including how phones register with networks and are assigned channels. The report also discusses how cell towers and networks help cellphone calls travel between locations.
1) The 1st generation (1G) of mobile networks in the 1980s used analog signals and had disadvantages like poor voice quality and limited capacity.
2) The 2nd generation (2G) digital networks beginning in 1991 had benefits like encrypted calls and new data services like texting. Technologies included GSM, CDMA, and TDMA.
3) Improvements like 2.5G's GPRS and 2.75G's EDGE enabled faster data rates and limited web browsing between 2G and 3G.
Evolution from 1G to 4G involves major technological advancements in wireless networks. 1G networks provided basic voice calling using analog signals, while 2G introduced digital networks like GSM. 2.5G added packet-switched data to GSM. 3G networks supported higher speeds up to 2Mbps for multimedia applications. 4G aims to provide ubiquitous high-speed mobile internet access at speeds over 100Mbps through integrated technologies like OFDM, MIMO, and software-defined radio.
3G cellular networks aimed to provide higher bandwidth and data rates, global roaming, and support for multimedia services. The ITU defined the IMT-2000 standard to enable these capabilities. Major 3G technologies included W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and UWC-136. Early 3G networks rolled out starting in 2001, with the Japanese and Koreans among the first to offer services meeting IMT-2000 specifications. Key technologies like higher bandwidths, packet switching, coherent modulation, smart antennas, and interference management helped 3G networks provide improved performance over 2G networks.
The document summarizes third generation (3G) mobile technology standards including GSM, EDGE, CDMA2000, UMTS, DECT, and WiMAX. 3G allows for simultaneous voice and data services, higher data rates up to 14 Mbps download and 5.8 Mbps upload, and enables more advanced services and greater network capacity. Key 3G standards include UMTS which uses W-CDMA, security, and roaming capabilities between operators.
This document discusses mobile communication and call detail records (CDR). It begins by providing background on the increasing use of mobile phones and their advanced capabilities. It then explains the basics of mobile communication, including cellular networks, GSM standards, and full-duplex communication systems. The document delves into technical aspects like network components, addresses/identifiers used, and multiplexing. It defines CDRs and their importance for investigations by providing location data. CDR analysis is illustrated as a tool to trace criminals based on calls made near crime scenes.
Important questions on mobile computingBhupesh Rawat
Mobile computing allows transmission of data, voice and video via wireless devices without a physical connection. It involves distributed computing systems and servers that connect through mobile protocols. The key components are portable devices like smartphones and wireless technologies that enable internet access anywhere. Mobility in mobile computing refers to the ability of users and devices to move freely across different locations and networks.
1G mobile networks used analog signals and FDMA technology which resulted in inefficient spectrum usage. 2G introduced GSM, using digital TDMA technology for improved capacity and security. Key aspects of 2G included encryption, SMS messaging, and SIM cards which enabled roaming and secure authentication. The core network components of 2G like HLR, VLR, and MSC enabled location management and call routing.
The document discusses 3G networking protocols used between the air interface and UTRAN in 3G networks. It examines key concepts like connection establishment, base station handover, and network timing synchronization which are required to provide continuous high quality mobile voice and data services. It then provides an overview of 3GPP protocols used across interfaces like Iub, Iu and Iur to manage functions between network elements like the Node B, RNC and core network. These multiple protocol stacks support control and user plane functions over the ATM-based transport network in 3G.
The document discusses the development of 3G cellular networks and standards. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) established the IMT-2000 standard to harmonize 3G systems worldwide and enable global roaming. IMT-2000 outlined performance targets for 3G networks to provide high-speed data and multimedia services to mobile users. Two main proposals were developed under IMT-2000: UMTS, backed by 3GPP in Europe, and CDMA2000, backed by 3GPP2 in North America and Asia.
The document discusses wireless communication technologies and networks. It provides an overview of the evolution of wireless systems from 1G to 5G, describing their key characteristics and standards. It also discusses different types of wireless networks including wireless PAN, LAN, MAN and WAN. Finally, it provides some details on communication technologies and internet usage statistics in India.
This document provides an introduction to wireless communication and wireless application protocol (WAP). It discusses the benefits of wireless communication like freedom from wires and global coverage. It also covers some of the technical challenges in wireless communication like efficient use of spectrum, mobility support, and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links. It defines wireless communication and differentiates between wireless and mobile. It also describes various types of wireless technologies and their limitations.
This document discusses the standardization of IMT-2000, which aims to develop standards for 3G mobile networks and services in the 2000s. The objectives are to provide global services, reduce the digital divide, offer flexible services on fixed and mobile networks, and improve efficiency. IMT-2000 is expected to be dominated by data services and offer high quality voice and multimedia. Key expectations are flexibility, lower costs than 2G, improved efficiency, and global roaming. The document outlines the roles of ITU and regional standards bodies in developing IMT-2000 through consensus building and evaluations.
2G refers to second-generation wireless telephone technology that uses digital cellular networks. While 1G networks used analog signals, 2G networks transitioned to digital signals. This allowed for more efficient use of bandwidth and the introduction of data services like SMS. Common 2G standards include GSM, CDMA, and IS-136. 3G networks provided faster data speeds like 200kbps and introduced UMTS and CDMA2000. 4G aims to provide speeds up to 1Gbps for stationary users and 100Mbps for mobile through technologies like LTE Advanced.
The document discusses CDMA2000, a 3G cellular technology that provides an evolutionary upgrade path from 2G CDMA. It spreads signals across 1.25MHz of spectrum to transmit uniquely encoded signals simultaneously. CDMA2000 supports high-speed packet data through standards like 1X EV-DO that enable up to 2.4Mbps speeds. While it offers advantages like efficient spectrum use and support for advanced services, disadvantages include potential channel pollution from multiple signals and limited international roaming without multimode devices.
1. The document discusses 1G and 2G mobile communication technologies. 1G used analog FDMA technology for voice calls only, while 2G introduced digital TDMA and CDMA to support voice, data, and multimedia on mobile networks.
2. 1G speeds ranged from 28-56kbps while 2G networks supported speeds up to 115kbps. Digital encoding in 2G also made networks more spectrum efficient and enabled features like SMS and internet access.
3. The document provides details on GSM, CDMA, and GPRS as the main 2G standards and discusses frequency reuse techniques like cell sectoring to reduce interference in mobile networks.
The document summarizes the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 4G. 1G networks used analog signals and standards like NMT, AMPS, and TACS. 2G introduced digital cellular and standards like GSM, CDMA, and IS-136. 2.5G provided upgrades like GPRS, EDGE, and CDMA2000 1x to support higher data rates. 3G networks supported broadband data and included W-CDMA and CDMA2000. 4G aims to provide fully integrated IP services with speeds over 100 Mbps.
Bab 4 perkembangan dan kemajuan sistem komunikasi bergerakampas03
This document discusses the development and advancement of cellular communication systems. It describes the generations of cellular networks, including 1G analog networks, 2G digital networks, and 3G packet-switched networks. It focuses on 4G networks, explaining that they will use an Open Wireless Architecture to allow terminals to seamlessly connect to different local wireless networks. 4G aims to provide high data rates, efficiency, mobility, and integration of services through technologies like OFDM, MIMO, and convergence of various wireless standards. Major challenges for 4G include terminal mobility across networks and managing handoffs and billing across multiple operators.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
Detailed presentation on Wireless Communication Technologies.
The communication technology has evolved to provide lower latency network, faster and efficient data services.
3G provides higher bandwidth enabling new applications like video streaming and calling. Key 3G standards include WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. These standards evolved from 2G technologies like GSM and CDMA to support higher data rates up to several megabits per second. The transition involved technologies like GPRS, EDGE, EV-DO, and HSPA that served as intermediates between 2G and full 3G.
3G networks provide broadband capabilities for mobile devices, allowing users to access voice, video, graphics and other multimedia over their mobile phones. 3G networks evolved from previous 1G analog and 2G digital mobile networks. 3G networks use packet switching which splits data into packets that are transmitted and reassembled, allowing for higher speeds of up to 2 Mbps compared to previous technologies. 3G also enables new applications like web browsing and file transfer on mobile devices due to its increased bandwidth capabilities.
3G is the next generation of technology which has revolutionized the telecommunication industry. Apart from increasing the speed of communication, the objective of this technology is to provide various value-added services like video calling, live streaming, mobile internet access, IPTV, etc on the mobile phones. These services are possible because the 3G spectrum provides the necessary bandwidth.
How cell phone work?(mobile communication)kgaurav113
This seminar report discusses how cell phones work. It begins with an introduction that notes the widespread use of cell phones globally and provides background on mobile communications. The report then covers the history of cell phones from early mobile radio systems through each generation of cellular technology. It describes the basic components and uses of cell phones. The report explains that cell phones connect to networks of cell towers and masts to transmit and receive calls wirelessly using radio waves. It details the processes for setting up outgoing and incoming calls, including how phones register with networks and are assigned channels. The report also discusses how cell towers and networks help cellphone calls travel between locations.
1) The 1st generation (1G) of mobile networks in the 1980s used analog signals and had disadvantages like poor voice quality and limited capacity.
2) The 2nd generation (2G) digital networks beginning in 1991 had benefits like encrypted calls and new data services like texting. Technologies included GSM, CDMA, and TDMA.
3) Improvements like 2.5G's GPRS and 2.75G's EDGE enabled faster data rates and limited web browsing between 2G and 3G.
Evolution from 1G to 4G involves major technological advancements in wireless networks. 1G networks provided basic voice calling using analog signals, while 2G introduced digital networks like GSM. 2.5G added packet-switched data to GSM. 3G networks supported higher speeds up to 2Mbps for multimedia applications. 4G aims to provide ubiquitous high-speed mobile internet access at speeds over 100Mbps through integrated technologies like OFDM, MIMO, and software-defined radio.
3G cellular networks aimed to provide higher bandwidth and data rates, global roaming, and support for multimedia services. The ITU defined the IMT-2000 standard to enable these capabilities. Major 3G technologies included W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and UWC-136. Early 3G networks rolled out starting in 2001, with the Japanese and Koreans among the first to offer services meeting IMT-2000 specifications. Key technologies like higher bandwidths, packet switching, coherent modulation, smart antennas, and interference management helped 3G networks provide improved performance over 2G networks.
The document summarizes third generation (3G) mobile technology standards including GSM, EDGE, CDMA2000, UMTS, DECT, and WiMAX. 3G allows for simultaneous voice and data services, higher data rates up to 14 Mbps download and 5.8 Mbps upload, and enables more advanced services and greater network capacity. Key 3G standards include UMTS which uses W-CDMA, security, and roaming capabilities between operators.
This document discusses mobile communication and call detail records (CDR). It begins by providing background on the increasing use of mobile phones and their advanced capabilities. It then explains the basics of mobile communication, including cellular networks, GSM standards, and full-duplex communication systems. The document delves into technical aspects like network components, addresses/identifiers used, and multiplexing. It defines CDRs and their importance for investigations by providing location data. CDR analysis is illustrated as a tool to trace criminals based on calls made near crime scenes.
Important questions on mobile computingBhupesh Rawat
Mobile computing allows transmission of data, voice and video via wireless devices without a physical connection. It involves distributed computing systems and servers that connect through mobile protocols. The key components are portable devices like smartphones and wireless technologies that enable internet access anywhere. Mobility in mobile computing refers to the ability of users and devices to move freely across different locations and networks.
1) GSM is a cellular network standard developed in 1991 that is widely used in Europe and Asia. It uses FDMA to separate frequencies and TDMA to divide each frequency into time slots to allow multiple calls over the same frequency.
2) The GSM architecture consists of mobile stations, a base station subsystem to connect to mobile devices, and a network subsystem to switch calls. Each component has several elements like the BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, and VLR.
3) Frequency reuse allows a limited number of frequencies to service many users by dividing a region into cells and assigning each a unique set of frequencies to avoid interference between cells.
Mobile computing devices can be categorized as display-only devices, info pad models with limited processing, laptop computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Mobile stations in a mobile network comprise the user equipment and software needed for communication. A GSM network consists of mobile stations, the base station subsystem including base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), and the network switching subsystem including mobile switching centers (MSCs) and databases. Mobile stations contain a mobile equipment component and a subscriber identity module (SIM) card. Ad hoc networks allow wireless nodes to connect and communicate without a preexisting infrastructure by forming a temporary network.
Mobile communication allows wireless transmission of voice and data using radio waves between mobile devices like cell phones. It has evolved from early two-way radios to today's smartphones that support texting, internet access, photos and video in addition to calls. The document outlines the basics of how cell phones and cellular networks work, the history and generations of cellular standards like 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G, as well as specific cellular technologies like GSM and how SMS, MMS and data services function. It also discusses applications, advantages, disadvantages and the future potential of mobile communication technologies.
1. The document discusses the evolution of mobile networks from first to third generation. First generation networks provided analog voice calling with limited data capabilities. Second generation networks moved to digital technology, allowing for data services in addition to voice. Third generation networks combine cellular, internet, and fixed network technologies for flexible, universal access to services regardless of location.
2. First generation cellular networks provided analog voice calls using frequency division multiple access. They had low capacity, poor call quality, and no security. Second generation networks like GSM introduced digital technology and roaming between countries. Third generation networks leverage these developments and internet technologies for more advanced capabilities.
Global system for mobile communication gsmDAVID RAUDALES
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) standard. It discusses the history and evolution of cellular networks leading to GSM. Key aspects of GSM covered include its development from 1982 to 1995, the GSM network elements such as the switching system, base station system, and operation and support system. The switching system manages subscriber services and includes elements like the home location register, mobile switching center, and visitor location register. The base station system handles radio functions and consists of base station controllers and base transceiver stations.
1) 3G networks combine developments in cellular networks, fixed-line networks, and the internet to provide flexible access to any service regardless of location.
2) First generation networks provided analog voice calls with low quality and security. Second generation networks like GSM introduced digital cellular and allowed data services.
3) A GSM network includes mobile stations, a base station subsystem with base transceiver stations and base station controllers, a network switching subsystem with mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and connections to public switched telephone networks.
Mobile computing allows users to access computer networks and services while on the move. It enables connectivity anywhere and anytime using portable devices like laptops, smartphones and tablets that have wireless network connections. Mobile computing builds on wireless networking infrastructure to provide network access and remote computational services to users regardless of location. It involves various technologies and standards like GSM that support user and network mobility through wireless cellular networks.
Cellular communication systems have evolved over generations from analog 1G to current digital 4G systems. A cellular network is divided into geographical cell sites covered by antennas. These cells can be macro cells covering large areas, micro cells for urban areas, or picocells for indoor spaces. Key components of cellular networks include base transceiver stations that connect to subscriber phones, base station controllers that manage multiple stations, and mobile switching centers that route calls between networks. Cellular phones connect to the nearest cell tower to place or receive calls through this infrastructure.
The document provides an overview of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) technologies and architecture. It discusses the objectives of explaining the GSM architecture and its subsystems. The key components of GSM architecture include the mobile station, base station subsystem consisting of base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the networking switching subsystem containing elements like the home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center. The document also outlines the history and evolution of GSM standards, advantages like worldwide connectivity and mobility, and applications including mobile telephony and automatic meter reading.
The document discusses Wide Band Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) and provides details about its history, frequency bands used, network architecture, channels, and key components like Node B, RNC, CN, HLR, VLR, AuC, EIR, and OMC. WCDMA is a 3G mobile communication system standardized by ITU in 1985 as IMT-2000. It uses CDMA technology and allows multiple users to access the same frequency channel simultaneously through the use of unique codes.
This document provides an overview of Vodafone's organizational history and Mumbai network. Vodafone is the largest mobile network operator in the world, operating in 25 countries with over 300 million customers globally. The Mumbai network is one of Vodafone's widest networks in India, divided into 5 zones covering Lower Parel, Santa Cruz, Borivali, Thane, and Vashi. It utilizes Ericsson hardware and has over 2,300 cell sites and 5,900 cells to serve 28 million subscribers in the region.
The document provides information on the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). It discusses the evolution and standards of GSM, the architecture including components like the BSS, NSS and interfaces. It describes the radio interface technology used in GSM, call flow, and different types of handovers between network elements.
This is a birds-eye view of how telecommunications works from just after tin-cans and string, through Near Field Communications and posting slide-shows on the internet (like Slideshare), to where the next ideas are coming from.
Mobile communication allows people to communicate without physical connections using technologies like cellular networks. A cellular network uses radio transmitters and receivers in cells to connect mobile phones to each other and to wired telephone networks. The history of mobile phones began with two-way radios in the early 20th century, and modern cell phone networks were developed in the 1940s using cellular base stations. Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard that uses digital signals and has enabled many data applications on mobile phones.
1. The document discusses the evolution of wireless mobile communication networks from 1G to 5G.
2. 1G networks were the first generation of analog cellular networks introduced in the 1980s. They supported only voice calls with speeds up to 2.4 kbps.
3. 2G networks introduced digital cellular technology in the late 1980s, allowing for improved voice quality, data services like texting, and more efficient use of spectrum. GSM became the dominant 2G standard globally.
GSM networks divide coverage areas into a hierarchy of locations to efficiently manage subscriber location and enable call delivery. The largest division is the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). Within a PLMN are Mobile Switching Center/Visitor Location Register (MSC/VLR) service areas, which are further divided into Location Areas (LA) containing groups of cells. As subscribers move between areas, they perform location updates to inform the network of their position. This allows more efficient paging for call delivery. [END SUMMARY]
The document discusses various topics related to GSM including:
- The GSM system architecture is divided into the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network subsystem. The base station subsystem consists of base transceiver stations and base station controllers. The network subsystem includes mobile switching centers, home location registers, visitor location registers, and authentication centers.
- Interfaces include the Um air interface, Abis interface between the BTS and BSC, and A interface between the BSS and MSC. Various protocols are used on each interface including those for physical transmission, data link layer, and network layer.
- The GSM air interface Um uses TDMA/FDMA, dividing the radio frequency spectrum into frames divided into
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile telecommunication system. It discusses the architecture and components of GSM, including the radio subsystem (RSS), network and switching subsystem (NSS), and operation subsystem (OSS). It describes the protocols and services in GSM like bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services. It also explains key concepts like connection establishment, frequency allocation bands, and mobility management in GSM networks.
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Introduction to mobile telephony
Some cellular telephony concepts
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Guintech Informatique
Tana Guindeba
Jr Engineer
May 2014
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Mobile Telephony
Definition:
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication, is a standard
developed in the 80s in order to define the parameters for a digital
cellular communication network. The GSM standard is universally
used for wireless communication networks. In Canada, United
States and in Japan, there is also the CDMA (Code division multiple
access) standard .
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Mobile Telephony
Origin:
Since the early 70s, Bell Laboratories in the USA did have the
idea of developing a cell structure based mobile radio system.
But, the marketing of cellular phone networks has been
materialized later in the 80s.
Before that time, there was only theoretical studies about mobile
telephony.
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Why to use a cell phone?
For subscribers:
Mobility: Used anywhere where there is authorized signal
Practical : In contact with everyone and at all times
Useful during emergencies (eg. on road)
Secondary features: music, photos, videos, games,..
Possibility of internet, info, news, applications,… etc.
Professional use (email, calendar, ...). ….etc.
For the operator:
No need to dig the groung to install wiring.
Less laborious maintenance
Increased number of customers, VS a single line by family
Sale of value-added services (more $$$), ….etc.
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Some terminologies
SIM: Subscriber Identity Module, contains information on the
Subscriber, also datas and applications.
MS: mobile station, Equipment used by the subscriber to access
the services offered by the operator (mobile + SIM).
IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity, single code
identifying the mobile, verified at every utilization. Also detect
lost or stolen phon. Can be obtained by digiting *#06#
IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity, unique number
identifying a GSM subscriber. (usually 15 digits, associated
with mobile phone users)
BTS: Base Transceiver Station, communicate with mobiles, form
the cells (we can see them on the towers, mountains,…)
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Some terminologies
BSC: Base Station Controller, connects several BTS, manages
handoff between BTS.
MSC: Mobile Switching Center, control center, actions
coordination, many functions run here.
EIR: Equipment Identity Register, identity of mobile device ( list
of authorized IMEI)
HLR: Home Location Register, information about subscribers
(position, status, services,..).
VLR: Visitor Location Register, concern a region, current area.
HLR and VLR communicate for update.
AUC: Authentication Centre, manage security policies, calls and
network protection
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GSM network architecture
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Here is what a
basic mobile
network looks
like. The
GMSC routes
calls coming
from or going
outside of the
network
Image Source :
www.efort.com
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Mobile network operator
Company that delivers mobile services and other telephony
services, such as internet service. The user accesses the cellular
network of the operator through a SIM card inserted into a mobile
device (like phone, tablet or pager, ...).
There are mainly two categories of mobile operators: Those who
have their own infrastructure, called MNO (Mobile Network
Operators).
And those who rent and sell portions of networks from MNO,
under their own brand. They are called MVNO (mobile virtual
network Operators)
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Mobile network operator
In Canada, as MNO we have: Bell, Rogers, Telus, ...
As MVNO in Quebec we have, for example:
•Virgin Mobile, Solo Mobile : using the Bell network
•Fido, ChatR : using the network of Rogers
•Koodo, Public Mobile : using the network of Telus
The usable frequency band to becom an MNO is limited.
I think that in Canada the whole spectrum is allocated.
Getting a License is necessary in order to be mobile operator.
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Telephony cells
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The area covered by a cellular system (signal available) is
divided into cells. Each cell contains one or more transceivers
(BTS) for forming a frequency band. there are several types of
cells, depending on the size of the area, the number of
subscribers, the presence of obstacles, the power of BTS,…
1. Femtocells: (some meters)
2. Picocells: (dozen meters)
3. Microcells: (urban areas,
short antennae)
4. Macrocells: (urban areas,
long antennae)
5. Megacells: Satellites
(hundreds kms)
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Mobile: Start up
At the mobile phone startup up, the following operations are
performed:
1. Validation of the SIM card through the secret code (PIN) if
this feature is enabled
2. The GSM receiver scans the channels of the GSM band and
measures the level of the received signal on each channel
3. The phone check the best signal.
4. Mobile retrieves information about the cell and the network.
It transmits identification information to the BTS to update
the location. (VLR / HLR)
5. Startup is completed, the mobile stay in idle mode and
performs some routines.
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Mobile: Routines
1. Frequently read the PCH (paging channel) that indicates a
possible incoming call.
2. Read the signaling channels of neighboring cells.
3. Measures the level of the distribution channels (BCH) of
the neighboring cells to eventually start a handover.
That’s means, even in idle mode, the mobile performs
continuously certain tasks. Some operations consume the
battery, such as signal measurements and the Handover.
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Mobile: receiving Call
When someone dials a mobile subscriber’s number:
1. The call is routed to the nearest MSC which will research
the IMSI in the HLR and the location of the mobile in the
VLR.
2. The nearest MSC broadcast into the location area, a
message for the called mobile.
3. The called mobile is identified by the SIM card
4. Mobile receives the ring control from the BTS
5. The subscriber picks up the phon and communication is
established.
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Mobile: Making call
The mobile sends a call request to the MSC through the BS and
BSC. Let’s see how:
1. The subscriber dials a phone number
2. The request comes to the BTS that cover the current cell
3. Passes through the BSC to reach MSC (network switch)
4. User identification and its rights control are done at this level
5. The call is forwarded to the public network (if the destination
is on a different network)
6. Other routes (MSC - BSC - BTS) to destination, depending on
the distance of the destination cell.
7. Ring and pikup from receiver side, then establishment of the
communication.
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Mobile: In move
When moving, it may happen that we change cell
(handover). That requires reaction from the network devices, in
order to maintain ongoing communication or network connection.
Depending on the magnitude of the move, the BTS, the BSC or
even the MSC may be involved.
Note the possibility of partial or total loss of communication
during a move according to the available channels and the
technique used to change the BTS.
Changing from one MSC to another is an inter – systems transfer.
In that case, we have the so called "long distance" that I
denounced near the CRTC.
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Mobile: In move
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In inter – systems transfer, we may also need to change
network (operator). In this case, we have a roaming. For
example, when we are in areas not covered by our operator,
such as abroad (for eg: A Canadian in visit in Liberia)
Some countries are more advanced than others in managing
roaming (in terms of customer benefit), such as :
•In Mali, a subscriber of some operator can receive calls being
in Senegal, Guinea Bissau, Ivory coast, Niger, .... Without any
extra cost.
•In Italy a subscriber of an operator who travels to Germany,
Ireland, France Great Britain, Spain,… will not be charged for
roaming.
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Equipment: BTS
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wikimedia.org
gsmweb.cz
Some operators pay fees to occupants
of buildings that bear their BTS.
itiltd-india.com
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Equipment: BSC
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privateline.com
telcomstar.com
Images of BSC
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Equipment: MSC
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Most of the network functions run in
the MSC. Such as value added services.
An MSC with its support.
wordpress.com
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Conclusion
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Here ends this trip about mobile telephony concept. It is more
technical than that, but I try to make it easy to understand for the
public. Things we could note:
•At a given moment, we are in an area (cell) served at least by a
transceiver (BTS).
•At startup, the mobile looks for a good and accessible signal,
then authenticate in order to update information in HLR or VLR.
•In motion, a subscriber may change BTS, BSC and even MSC.
This can cause a communication failure, loss of some words or
more work for the network.
•The mobile and the BTS are linked by radio waves.
•Data (SMS, MMS, ..) are routed the same way as voice. Both of
them are encoded at the source and decoded at the destination.
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Conclusion
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•The equipments are provided with micro programs (software).
•They are supported and controlled by servers running operating
systems such as Linux.
•The operators were abusing making us pay additional fees for
national "long distance“ call.
•It is better not to use a stolen and declared mobile phone
•The authorities can fin out the position of the user of a mobile,
and as we know, they can intercept communication.
•New technological concepts such as the use of internet protocol
(IP) in mobile telephony are not covered in this presentation.
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Thank you!
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Guintech Informatique Writing of dogon people, Mali