3. Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.pdf
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Prokaryotes like bacteria are generally smaller, unicellular, lack membrane-bound organelles, and have circular DNA not confined to a nucleus. In contrast, eukaryotes including fungi and plants are usually larger, often multicellular, with internal membrane-bound structures like the nucleus and mitochondria that contain linear DNA. Major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes include cell structure, DNA organization, intracellular components, and modes of reproduction.
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Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history.
Bubonic Plague epidemic of mid 1300's, the "Great Plague", reduced population of western Europe by 25%. Plague bacterium was carried by fleas, spread from China via trade routes and poor hygiene. As fleas became established in rat populations in Western Europe, disease became major crisis.
Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500's were responsible for destroying Native American populations. Example: In the century after Hernan Cortez's arrival in Mexico, the Aztec population declined from about 20 million to about 1.6 million, mainly because of disease.
Infectious diseases have killed more soldiers than battles in all wars up to World War II. Example: in U. S. Civil war, 93,000 Union soldiers died in direct combat; 210,000 died as a result of infections.
Until late 1800's, no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes, so there is no possibility of prevention or treatment.
Definition and scope of microbiology.pdf
Microbiology is a branch of science that deals with microbes. The term microbiology derives its name from three Greek words mikros [small] bios [life] and logos [study]. Microbiology focus on the occurrence and distribution of microorganisms in nature, their structure, physiology, reproduction, metabolism and classification.
Microbes - Microorganisms are tiny and invisible to naked eye. They can be seen only by magnifying their image with a microscope. Small subcellular or cellular living beings with milli-micron or micron in size and are not visible to our naked eyes are called micro-organisms. Microorganisms include the cellular organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa. Viruses are also included as one of the microorganism but they are acellular.
Transposons, types and transposition.pptx
The process of movement and integration of a piece of DNA into different sites in the chromosomes called transposition.
DNA segments that carry the genes required for transposition are transposable elements or transposons, or jumping genes.
It is present in procaryotes, viruses, and eucaryotic chromosomes.
It generates new gene combinations.
It does not require extensive areas of homology between the transposon and its destination/target site.
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Replication.pptx
Replication:
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical copies of DNA from the original/parentral DNA molecule.
This process occurs in all living organism.
Basis for biological inheritance
DNA Replication Is Semiconservative
Replication Begins at an Origin and Usually Proceeds Bidirectionally
DNA Synthesis Proceeds in a 5’-3’ Direction and Is semidiscontinuous
Microbial Assessment of Air Quality.pptx
In air sampling the separation of particles from air can be achieved by
1. Settling under gravity
Hesse's Tube
Settle Plate Method
2. Centrifugal action
Air Centrifuge
Reuter centrifugal air sampler
3. Filtration
Tube sampler
Millipore filter
4. Impingement
Impingement into liquids
Raised impinger
Bead - bubbler device
Lemon Sampler
Impingement onto solids.
Hollaender & Dalla Valle Sampler
Slit Sampler
Sieve Sampler
5. Electrostatic Precipitation
Air Sanitation.pptx
Air sanitation is the system of removing the impurities present in air inside buildings to protect people from infections. Sanitation of air is essential in enclosed places like hospitals and operation rooms.
Composition and Distribution of Air.pptx
Air is the simplest one
It occurs in á single phase - gas.
In addition to various gases, dust and condensed vapour may also be found in air.
In addition to gases, dust particles and water vapour, air also contains microorganisms.
There are vegetative cells and spores of bacteria, fungi and algae, viruses and protozoan cysts.
Air is often exposed to sunlight, it has a higher temperature and less moisture. So, if not protected from desiccation, most of these microbial forms will die.
Air is mainly a transport or dispersal medium for microorganisms
They occur in relatively small numbers in air when compared with soil or water.
Microflora of air
Air can be studied under two headings
Outdoor microflora and Indoor microflora
Interaction of microorganisms with Insects.pptx
Insects as microbial habitats
Insects are the most abundant class of animals living today, there are about over one million spp. are known.
20 % of insects support the symbiotic m’orgs.
This symbiotic association provides nutritional advantages or protection.
These symbionts found on the insect surface or in their digestive tracts.
Endosymbionts – intracellular bacteria localized to specialized organs within the insect.
Symbionts of insects
Types of heritable symbionts
Heritable symbionts are obligate symbionts becoz they lack free-living replicative stage.
Bacteria requires host for replication.
Insect symbionts
Aphid – Buchnera aphidicola (γ proteobacterium)
Mealybugs (Planococcus citri) – Betaproteobacterium
Termites - Protozoan
The flagellated protozoa Trichonympha live in the gut of termites & wood roaches
Interaction of microorganisms with Animals.pptx
Ruminants are herbivorous grazing or browsing artiodactyls belonging to the suborder Ruminantia that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions. The process, which takes place in the front part of the digestive system and therefore is called foregut fermentation, typically requires the fermented ingesta (known as cud) to be regurgitated and chewed again. The process of rechewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called rumination. The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ruminare, which means "to chew over again".
The roughly 200 species of ruminants include both domestic and wild species. Ruminating mammals include cattle, all domesticated and wild bovines, goats, sheep, giraffes, deer, gazelles, and antelopes.
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History of Microbiology - General microbiology.pdf
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- 1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY UNIT 1 Arthi Mohan 1 3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES S.No. Characteristics Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 1 Cell size Generally 1 to 10 μm in linear dimension Generally 5 to 100 μm in linear dimension 2 Cell division Binary fission Mitosis 3 Cellular organism Unicellular Mostly multicellular with differentiation of many types 4 Cell wall Complex structure with peptidoglycan layer, protein and lipids Absent or composed of cellulose or chitin 5 Plasma membrane Present, no sterols except in mycoplasma Present, contain sterols 6 Metabolism Anaerobic or aerobic Aerobic 7 DNA Circular DNA in cytoplasm Very long, linear DNA molecule bounded by nuclear envelope 8 Membrane bound nucleus and nucleoli Absent Present 9 Extra chromosomal DNA (Plasmid) Present Absent 10 Histones Absent Present 11 RNA and protein RNA and protein synthesized in same compartment RNA synthesized and processed in nucleus; proteins synthesized in cytoplasm 12 Membrane bound organelles Absent Present (Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, etc) 13 Ribosomes 70S type 80S type 14 Lysosomes Absent Present 15 Locomotion Rotating flagella and gliding movement Undulating flagella and cilia and amoeboid movement 16 Flagella Consists of two protein building blocks Consists of multiple microtubules 17 Pili Present Absent 18 Glyocalyx Present as a slime layer or capsule Present in some cells that lacks cell wall 19 Site for cellular respiration Cell membrane Mitochondria 20 Sexual reproduction Conjugation Meiosis 21 Examples Bacteria and Archaea Fungi, Algae and Protozoa