3 Design of leaf springs
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Leaf springs consist of flat metal plates or leaves stacked together and curved to form eyes at each end. The longest leaf is called the master leaf. Additional full length leaves and graduated shorter leaves are used. Equations are provided to calculate the load-stress relationship and load-deflection relationship based on parameters like total load, leaf dimensions, material properties, and number and configuration of leaves. Nipping involves pre-stressing the leaves by bending them to different radii to create an initial gap between leaves and equalize stresses before assembly.
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This document provides an overview of current asset management. It discusses key aspects like working capital management, current asset investment policies, cash management, marketable securities, accounts receivable management, and inventory management. The goal of current asset management is to optimize investment in current assets to balance risk and return while maintaining sufficient liquidity to meet short-term obligations.
2 b. project termination
This document discusses various ways that projects can be terminated, including extinction due to success or failure, addition through institutionalization or integration into an existing organization, and starvation through decreased funding. It also identifies common causes of project failure such as lack of support, improper staffing, and poor planning. The termination process involves a decision on whether to continue the project based on costs and expected outcomes, followed by a closeout process. Key duties for a termination manager are outlined, such as completing work, finalizing documentation and reports, redistributing resources, and closing financial records. A final report detailing project performance, administration, structure, teams and management techniques is recommended.
2 a. project auditing
A project audit evaluates the progress and performance of a project compared to its planned objectives. It examines all aspects of a project including its management, methodology, budgets, and completion status. The audit report assesses the current status, future projections, critical tasks, risks, and lessons learned. It follows a life cycle of initiation, baseline definition, data collection, analysis, reporting, and termination. The auditor maintains independence and objectivity to truthfully evaluate the project's strengths and weaknesses.
1 b, evaluation of project
This document discusses evaluation of projects. It defines evaluation as judging the worth, value or quality of a project to make necessary decisions. Key aspects of evaluation include relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability and impact. Formative evaluation is intended to improve performance during design/implementation, while summative evaluation determines outcomes at the end. Types of evaluation include participatory, process-based, outcome-based, self-evaluation and goal-based. Evaluation provides strategic, operational and learning information. Principles, stages, criteria, types, methods and views of evaluation are also outlined.
1 a, monitoring and evaluation of PM
This document discusses monitoring and evaluation of projects. It defines a project as having a rationale, goal, objectives, action plan, beneficiaries, time frame, budget, and outputs. It states that monitoring involves systematically recording observations, gathering information, analyzing data, documenting findings, reflecting on progress, and taking action or re-planning if needed. The goal of monitoring is to ensure inputs, activities, and outputs proceed according to plan and that the right things are being delivered to the right people at the right time through the correct processes.
3 industrial hydraulic circuits shapping, milling, drilling
The document describes several hydraulic circuits used in industrial machinery. It summarizes the hydraulic circuits for a milling machine, shaper machine, surface grinder, hydraulic press, hydraulic power steering, dump trucks, and excavators. For each, it outlines the key components of the circuit such as pumps, valves, cylinders, and how fluid flow is directed to enable the motion of machine parts like tables, rams, and booms.
2 maintenance of hydraulic systems
This document discusses best practices for maintaining hydraulic systems. It emphasizes that contamination control is the number one priority, and outlines various causes of contamination and failures in hydraulic systems. The document recommends developing an effective preventative maintenance and predictive maintenance program for hydraulic systems, with a focus on failure mode identification and mitigation. It also stresses the importance of education in hydraulic fundamentals, maintenance, and troubleshooting. Measurement of hydraulic system reliability is advised.
1 hydraulic troubleshooting
The document provides guidance on troubleshooting hydraulic systems. It discusses developing a systematic process including following safety procedures, obtaining documentation, isolating issues, and making predictive checks. Common problems involve pumps, valves, actuators, and overheating. Pump issues include noise, pressure/flow problems. Valves and actuators may cause low/erratic pressure or slow movement. Overheating can indicate contamination, relief settings, or internal leaks. Electrical issues can similarly impact hydraulics. Accumulators and proportional valves require specialized documentation. The key tools are the senses - sight, sound, touch, and smell.
3 c. industrial pneumatic circuit logic
This document discusses various pneumatic logic circuits that can be created using spool valves. It describes logic AND, OR, NOT, memory/latch circuits and how they function. Diagrams are provided to illustrate 3/2 valves that can be used for normally open, normally closed, selection, and diversion applications. Circuits for OR, AND, NOT logic functions and single pulse creation are also depicted.
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3 Design of leaf springs
- 1. Design of Leaf Springs
- 2. Leaf Springs • Consists of flat plates/ leaves • Longest leaf at top is called master leaf • Bent at the end to form spring eyes • U bolt and centre clip to hold the leaf together • Master leaf, extra full length leaf, graduated
- 3. Leaf Springs: Graduated leaves 𝜎 = 6𝐹𝑔𝑙 𝑔 𝑖 𝑏ℎ2 Eqn 11.28b Table 11.9 𝑦 = 6𝐹𝑔𝑙3 𝑔 𝐸𝑖 𝑏ℎ3 Eqn 11.28c Table 11.9 Load- Stress equation Load- Deflection equation 3
- 4. Leaf Springs: Extra full length leaves 𝜎 = 6𝐹𝑓𝑙 𝑓 𝑖𝑏ℎ 2 Eqn 11.28b Table 11.9 𝑦 = 4𝐹𝑓𝑙3 𝑓 𝐸𝑖 𝑏ℎ 3 Eqn 11.28c Table 11.9 Load- Stress equation Load- Deflection equation Taking 𝑦𝑓 = 𝑦𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑔 + 𝐹𝑓 = 𝐹 𝑔 𝜎 = 12𝐹𝑙 ′ 2 𝑓 𝑔 𝑏 ℎ (3𝑖 + 2𝑖 ) 𝑓 𝜎 = 18𝐹𝑙 ′ 2 𝑓 𝑔 𝑏 ℎ (3𝑖 + 2𝑖 ) Eqn 11.30a Eqn 11.29d Eqn 11.30b 𝑦 = 12𝐹𝑙3 ′ 3 𝑓 𝑔 𝑏 ℎ 𝐸 (3𝑖 + 2𝑖 ) Eqn 11.30c 4
- 5. Nipping of leaf springs Taking 𝑐= 𝑦𝑔 − 𝑦𝑓, 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝜎𝑏 6𝐹𝐿 = 𝑖𝑏′ℎ2 • Pre-stressing by bending leaves to a different radii • Initial gap between full length leaf and graduated length leaf before the assembly is called nip 𝜎𝑏 𝑔 𝑔 𝑖 𝑏 ℎ ′ 2 𝑓 = 𝜎𝑏 = 6𝐹𝑔𝑙 6𝐹𝑓𝑙 𝑓 𝑖𝑏 ℎ ′ 2 Eqn 11.32b Eqn 11.32c 2𝐹𝑙3 𝑐= 𝐸𝑖𝑏′ℎ3 𝐹𝑖= 2𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑓𝐹 𝑖 2𝑖𝑔+ 3𝑖𝑓 Eqn 11.32a
- 6. Example. A truck spring has 12 number of leaves, two of which are full length leaves. The spring supports are 1.05 m apart and the central band is 85 mm wide. The central load is to be 5.4 kN with a permissible stress of 280 MPa. Determine the thickness and width of the steel spring leaves. The ratio of the total depth to the width of the spring is 3. Also determine the deflection of the spring. 6