2 self energizing brakes
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Self-energizing brakes use the force of a rotating drum to increase brake pressure. When the brakes are applied while moving forward, the primary shoe moves in the direction of drum rotation, pulling the linked secondary shoe around the anchor pin to force both shoes tighter against the drum. Similarly, when reversing, the secondary shoe moves clockwise to push the primary shoe tighter against the anchor pin, increasing brake pressure.
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A clutch connects and disconnects the power transmission between the engine and transmission/drive shaft. When engaged, it connects the two shafts allowing power to transfer from the engine to the wheels. When disengaged, it disconnects the shafts stopping power transfer and allowing the vehicle to stop or change gears without turning off the engine. There are several types of clutches that operate through friction, centrifugal force, or positive locking mechanisms to connect and disconnect the shafts as needed to start, stop and change gears in a vehicle.
Steering system
The document discusses various components of an automobile steering system. It describes the purpose of the steering system to convert the rotary movement of the steering wheel into angular turns of the front wheels. It then explains different steering layouts such as swinging beam, fixed beam, and Ackermann steering principles. It also discusses steering angles including caster angle, camber angle, and kingpin inclination. Finally, it covers steering gears, power steering systems, steering linkages, and ball joints.
Unit iii
This document discusses various components of vehicle transmission systems including clutches, gearboxes, propeller shafts, differentials, and rear axle drives. It provides details on the purpose and function of several types of clutches, gearboxes, propeller shaft designs, rear axle configurations, and rear axle drive types such as Hotchkiss drive and torque tube drive. The document aims to describe the key components and characteristics that enable smooth transmission of power from the engine to the driving wheels.
Wheel Alignment
The document discusses the requirements of a good steering system, including that it should be accurate, easy to handle, and require minimal effort. It also covers various aspects of wheel alignment such as camber angle, caster angle, toe-in/toe-out, and scrub radius that impact tire wear and vehicle stability. Proper wheel alignment reduces tire wear, improves gas mileage and safety, and prevents pulling to one side.
steering mechanisms.pptx
The document discusses steering systems, including manual and power-assisted systems. It describes two main types of manual steering gears: rack and pinion, and recirculating ball. Rack and pinion uses a pinion gear that engages a rack bar to translate rotational motion into linear motion for turning the wheels. Recirculating ball uses balls rolling in a threaded steering box to reduce friction. Power steering systems are also covered, explaining how a hydraulic pump and rotary valve provide pressure to assist the driver in turning the wheels.
Similar to 2 self energizing brakes (20)
UNIT-IV-STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS.pptx
UNIT-IV-STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS.pptx
UNIT-IV-STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS.pptx
UNIT-IV-STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS.pptx
More from shaikusmanshag
Cylinder liner &materials
The document discusses cylinder liner materials used in engines. Common materials include nitrided steels, nitrided cast irons, and heat treated chromium and alloy cast irons. These materials provide at least 50% more wear resistance than the cylinder block material. A typical specification for liner material lists its composition as iron comprising 93.92-92.22%, carbon at 3-3.5%, silicon at 1.8-2.4%, manganese at 0.5-0.8%, phosphorus at 0.4-0.7%, sulfur at 0.08%, and chromium at 0.3%.
10 cylinder liners and piston ring manufacturing
The cylinder liner is cast separately from the cylinder block and can be made of a different, more durable material like a nodular cast iron alloyed with chromium, vanadium, and molybdenum. While the cylinder block is made of grey cast iron, the liner wears with use and may need replacement, unlike the cylinder jacket that lasts the life of the engine. Piston rings are split rings that fit into grooves on the outer diameter of engine pistons to seal the combustion chamber.
10 cylinder liner and rings
This document discusses various components of internal combustion engines including pistons, piston rings, connecting rods, and their materials and functions. It provides details on piston design types, materials, manufacturing processes, ring materials and compositions. It also describes connecting rod designs, materials, measurements and installation procedures. The key components and their roles in transforming combustion energy to rotational motion are summarized.
9 upset forging of valves
Upset forging is a common forging process that increases the diameter of a workpiece by compressing its length. It is widely used to produce engine valves, couplings, bolts, and screws. The process is typically done in high-speed crank presses and is suitable for producing parts like valves from titanium or austenitic steel alloys.
8 gudgeon pin
The gudgeon pin, also known as a piston pin, is a pin that holds the piston rod and connecting rod together in an engine. It is typically made from a high strength and hardness steel alloy and can be physically separated from both the connecting rod and piston. The gudgeon pin is a short hollow rod that connects the piston to the connecting rod.
7 connecting rod
The document discusses materials used for connecting rods. Steel alloys like 42CrMo4, 43CrMo4, 44csr4, C-70, EN-8D, and SAE1141 are commonly used as they are usually drop forged from steel. Aluminum and titanium are also sometimes used for connecting rods in high performance vehicles due to their lighter weight.
6 crank shaft
The crankshaft is usually made of medium-carbon steel alloys composed of iron with a small percentage of carbon between 0.25% and 0.45%, along with various alloying elements mixed in to strengthen the material.
5 cylinder head
The cylinder head determines key engine properties like power output, torque, and emissions. Cylinder heads require materials with high mechanical properties above 150°C due to the complex shapes and high stresses during operation. For passenger cars, aluminum is commonly used due to its properties, while cast iron is used for larger engines. Modern cylinder heads, especially for direct injection diesel engines, require alloys with high tensile strength, creep resistance up to 250°C, thermal conductivity, and ductility to withstand thermal stresses. Common casting methods include sand casting, permanent mold casting, lost foam, and pressure die-casting, using cast iron or aluminum alloys.
4 engine block
The document discusses the manufacturing process of engine components. It describes the steps as:
1. Casting of the engine block using conventional or expendable patterns. Other components like cylinder heads, crankshafts and connecting rods are also cast or forged.
2. The castings undergo machining and heat treatment processes. Pistons are manufactured through gravity casting, squeeze casting, and then machined.
3. Valves are upset forged and heat treated to improve strength and wear resistance. Cylinder liners and piston rings are also manufactured to complete the engine assembly.
3 surface hardening
Case hardening or surface hardening involves hardening just the surface of a metal part to create a thin hardened outer "case" while leaving the inner core soft. There are several methods for case hardening, including direct hardening using austenitizing and quenching, as well as diffusion hardening techniques like carburizing (adding carbon via heating in a carbon-rich environment), nitriding (diffusing nitrogen into the surface at high heat), and cyaniding (dipping in a heated cyanide bath). Carburizing, the most common diffusion method, involves packing parts in charcoal and heating to diffuse carbon atoms into the surface before quenching.
3 forging
Forging is the process of shaping metals by applying compressive forces. It can be done either hot or cold. Common forging operations include drawing, piercing, punching, and swaging. Forging machines include drop hammers, power hammers, mechanical presses, and hydraulic presses. Closed-die forging uses dies to precisely shape parts, while open-die forging uses simpler dies. Proper die material selection and coatings can increase die life. Forging results in an elongated grain structure and improved mechanical properties compared to casting.
2 basics of casting
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
2 introduction to cim. pptx
Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) is an approach that uses computers to control the entire manufacturing process. In a CIM system, functions like design, planning, cost accounting, and inventory control are linked through computers to factory floor functions like materials handling and operations management to provide direct monitoring and control of all operations. CIM allows processes to exchange information and initiate actions, enabling faster, less error-prone manufacturing and the creation of automated processes. The benefits of CIM include improved quality, shorter new product times, minimized costs and flow times, increased competitiveness, flexibility, productivity and customer service.
3 numerical control
The document provides an overview of numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It discusses:
1) The historical development of NC from mechanized production equipment to programmable automation using NC, PLCs, and robots.
2) The basic definition and components of an NC machine, including the numerical controller, NC code, and interactions between the operator and machine.
3) The main components of NC machines - the machine control unit, machine tool, and various control units. It also discusses different types of machine control units.
4) Key aspects of NC motion control including point-to-point and continuous path control, open and closed loop systems, and different
5 accuracy and productivity
This document discusses methods for improving machine accuracy and productivity. It focuses on tool deflection, lead screw accuracy, and thermal deformation for improving accuracy. For productivity, it examines actual cutting time, idle time, loading/unloading time, and tool changing time. The document also provides an overview of special tool holders, describing the main parts of tool holders and different types like boring heads, chucks, and adapters. It emphasizes the benefits of balanced, high-accuracy tool holders for optimizing performance on CNC machines.
4 tooling in cnc
This document discusses tooling for CNC machines, including cutting tools made of materials like high-speed steel, tungsten carbide, and ceramic. It also describes design features of CNC tooling like accuracy, flexibility, and rigidity. Finally, it covers automatic tool changers, which allow CNC machines to change tools through program instructions by rotating a tool magazine or drum to replace old tools with new ones.
6 blu
This document discusses the basics of CNC machines including leadscrews, basic length units (BLU), and converting rotational motor motion to linear motion using pitch and teeth per inch. It provides an example of calculating pulse rate and count given a machine's BLU, feed rate, and distance to move. Open and closed loop controls are mentioned along with advantages of CNC like easier programming, storage, changes, avoiding errors, and producing complex geometries as cheaply as simple ones.
3 tyre types
This document discusses different types of tires. There are two main types - tubed tires which have an inner tube, and tubeless tires which do not have an inner tube. Tubeless tires have advantages like lesser weight, better cooling, lower rolling resistance, and more comfortable ride.
The document also describes different tire constructions - cross-ply/bias ply tires which have fabric plies laid across each other at alternating angles, radial ply tires which have fabric arcs from bead to bead at 90 degree angles, and belted bias ply tires which have belt plies reinforced with wire. Radial ply tires provide benefits like better shock absorption and fuel efficiency compared to cross-ply tires.
1 wheels
The document summarizes wheels and tires. It discusses the requirements of automobile wheels, including being strong, balanced, lightweight, and easy to remove/mount. Standard wheels are steel, while some vehicles use aluminum or magnesium alloy wheels. Valve stems allow inflation/deflation and retain air. Wheel studs and nuts attach wheels to hubs using correct torque for safety. Common wheel types include steel, alloy, spoke, divided, and split rims. Custom wheels come in aluminum variants and differ in offset for handling characteristics.
3 tyre materials
The document discusses the materials used in car tires, including nylon, polyester, rayon, carbon black, and aramid fibers for the carcass and belts. It also discusses the components of tires like raw rubber, steel, and synthetic rubber. The aspect ratio and tire specifications are explained. Factors that affect tire life and common tire issues are outlined. The manufacturing of pneumatic tires filled with compressed air is also briefly discussed.
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Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
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Call for Research Papers!!!
Free – Extended Paper will be published as free of cost.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)
July 13 ~ 14, 2024, Virtual Conference
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Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
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Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
一比一原版(USF毕业证)旧金山大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证毕业证学位证【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...Paris Salesforce Developer Group
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdf
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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2 self energizing brakes
- 5. • All modern hydraulic wheel brakes of the drum type have a 'self-energizing" or 'servo' feature in which the force of the rotating drum is utilized to increase the brake pressure. • In Figure when the vehicle is traveling forward, the drum is rotating in a counterclockwise direction. • When the brakes are applied, the primary shoe at the left tends to move in the direction of the drum rotation, because of the friction of the rotating drum. working
- 6. • Since the primary shoe is linked to the secondary shoe at the bottom the secondary shoe is forced around against the anchor pin at the top. • The result of this wrapping action is that both shoes are forced into tighter contact with the drum and the braking pressure is more uniformly applied. • When the brakes are applied while the car is in reverse, the secondary shoe tends to move in a clockwise direction against the primary shoe, forcing the latter against the anchor pin.