3D printing technology was originally developed at MIT in 1993. Z Corporation commercialized this technology as 3D Printing (3DP) and was later acquired by 3D Systems, who renamed it Color Jet Printing (CJP). CJP uses inkjet printing heads to bind layers of powder to build 3D objects layer-by-layer. 3D Systems' current CJP printers range from desktop models to larger industrial machines, and can produce parts in plastic, metal, or ceramic materials.

1. 3D PRINTING
OR
COLOR JET PRINTING
(CJP)

2. COMPANY
 Originally invented, patented and
developed at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology (MIT) in 1993, 3D Printing
technology (3DPTM) forms the basis of Z
Corporation's licensed prototyping
process.
 Z Corp. pioneered the commercial use of
3DP technology, developing 3D printers
that leading manufacturers used to
produce early concept models and
product prototypes for a broad range of
applications.

3. COMPANY
 Z Corporation was incorporated in 1994 by
Hatsopoulos, Walter Bornhost, Tim Anderson
and Jim Brett.
 It commercialised its first 3D printer, the
ZTM402 System, based on the 3DP technology
in 1997.
 In 2000, Z Corp. launched its first colour 3D
printer and subsequently introduced high-
definition 3DP (HD3DP) in 2005.
 It was acquired by 3D Systems in April 2013
and 3D Systems' ProJet x60 series replaced
the ZPrinter from Z Corp.
 The technology was also renamed as CJP, 3D
Systems

4. PRODUCTS
 3D Systems' current products are
 ProJet CJP 260C,
 ProJet CJP 360,
ProJet CJP 460Plus,
 ProJet CJP 660Pro and
 ProJet CJP 860Pro.

5. PRODUCTS
 The ProJet CJP 260C is the upgraded version
from the previous 160 series with the addition of
basic 3-channel CMY colour 3DP.
 Meanwhile, ProJet CJP 360 is the enhancement
of the 160 series and the 260C series.

 It expands the build volume to 203 x 254 x 203
mm and reduces the cost of printing.
 Hence, it is often used to produce architectural
modelling and medium-sized prototypes.

6. PRODUCTS
 Moreover, ProJet CJP 460Plus further
improves the machines with safer
build materials, active dust control and
zero liquid waste.
 Furthermore, ProJet CJP 660Pro has
a larger building volume of 254 x 381
x 203 mm, incorporating 3D System's
4-channel CMYK full colour 3DP to
print high-resolution prototypes.

7. PRODUCTS
 It is mainly used by designers and
researchers to print professional
models, art pieces and more.
 In the meantime, ProJet CIP 860Pro is
targeted to produce larger models.

11. PROCESS
 3D Systems' CJP technology, formerly
known as the 3DP technology, creates
3D physical prototypes by solidifying
layers of deposited powder using a
liquid binder. The CJP process is
shown in Fig.

13. ELEMENTS OF 3D PRINTER
 Computer software
 Computer hardware
 Feed bed
 Build fed
 Spread roller
 Inkjet binder depositor cartridge
 Ink jet print head
 Vacuum cleaner

14. PROCESS
 (1) The machine spreads a layer of
powder from the feed box to cover the
surface of the build piston.
 The printer then prints binder solution
onto the loose powder, forming the first
cross section.
 For multi-coloured parts, each of the four
print heads deposits a different colour
binder, mixing the four colour binders to
produce a spectrum of colours that can
be applied to different regions of a part

15. PROCESS
 (2) The powder is glued together by the binder at
where it is printed.
The remaining powder remains loose and supports
the following layers that are spread and printed
above it.

(3) When the cross section is completed, the build
piston is lowered, a new layer of powder is spread
over its surface and the process repeated.
 The part grows layer-by-layer in the build piston
until the part is complete, completely surrounded
and covered by loose powder.
 Finally, the build piston is raised and the loose
powder is vacuumed away, revealing the complete
part.

16. PROCESS
 (4) Once a build is completed, the excess
powder is vacuumed away and the parts are
lifted from the bed.
 Once removed, parts can be finished in a
variety of ways to suit your needs.
 For a quick design review, parts can be left
raw or "green".
 To quickly produce a more robust model,
parts can be dipped in wax.
 For a robust model that can be sanded,
finished and painted, the part can be
infiltrated with a
resin or urethane.

17. PRINCIPLE
 3D Systems' CJP creates parts by a
layered printing process and adhesive
bonding, based on sliced cross-sectional
data.
 A layer is created by adding another
layer of powder.
 The powder layer is selectively joined
where the part is to be formed by “inkjet”
printing of a binder material.
 The process is repeated layer-by-layer
until the part is complete.

18. PRINCIPLE
 The packing density of the powder
particle
has a profound impact on the results of
the adhesive bonding which in turn
affects the mechanical properties of the
model.
 Like powders used on the SLS, packing
densities are from 50% to 62%.
 When the ink droplet impinges on the
powder layer, it forms a spherical
aggregate of binder and powder
particles.
 Capillary forces will cause adjacent
aggregates, including that of the

19. PRINCIPLE
 This will form the solid network which
will result in the solid model.
 The binding energy for forming the solid
comes from the liquid adhesive
droplets.
 This energy is composed of two
components, its surface energy and
kinetic energy.
 As this binding energy is low, it is about
104 times more efficient than sinter
binding in converting powder to a solid

20. PRINCIPLE
 Parameters which influence the
performance and functionalities of 3D
printed components are
 properties of the powder
 Properties of binder material
 Mechanical properties of 3D printed
components
 Accuracy of control of movement
along XYZ-axis.

21. MATERIALS USED FOR 3D PRINTING
 Elastomeric material
 Investment casting
 Direct casting
 High performance type composite
material
 Snap fit material

22. ELASTOMERIC MATERIAL
 It is composed of special fibers,
cellulose and other type additives.
 Fibers and additives are chosen so
that components developed using this
material are able to absorb elastomer
and are accurate.
 It is mostly employed when parts with
properties similar to rubber are
required.

23. INVESTMENT CASTING
MATERIAL
 It's constituents are same as that of
elastromeric material i.e., fibers,
cellulose and additives.
 But fibers and additives are selected in
such a way that component developed
will possess higher wax absorbing
capability and produce lower residue
while burnout process.
 This material is preferred to build
patterns for investment casting by
dipping the 3D printed components in
wax.

24. DIRECT CASTING
MATERIAL
Constituents of this material include
plaster, foundry sand and other type of
additives.
Blend of these constituents are used
to develop moulds with higher surface
finish, heat resistance and strength.
Mould made of this material are mostly
employed to cast nonferrous metals.

25. High Performance Type
Composite Material

This material is a mixture of plaster and
other type of additives strength, surface
finish and feature resolution of
components of this material are high.
 It is preferred when it is required to build
the parts with fine features, thin walls
and micro-details.
 It is also a choice for colour printing.

26. SNAP-FIT MATERIAL
 It is also a blend of plaster and other
additives.
 Proportions of the constituents are
selected so that matrix of component
developed will be more porous.
 Thereby higher absorbing capability of
Z-snap epoxy.
 It is most widely employed for
developing
the components with flexural properties
which the plastics possess.

27. ADVANTAGES
 (1) High speed. CJP are high-speed printers.
Each layer is printed in seconds, reducing the
prototyping time of a hand-held part to 1-2 hours.

(2) Versatile. Parts are currently used for
automotive, packaging, education, footwear,
medical, aerospace and telecommunications
industries.
 Parts are used in every step of the design
process for
communication, design review and limited
functional testing.
 Parts can be infiltrated if necessary, offering the
opportunity to produce parts with a variety of
material properties to serve a range modelling
requirements.

28. ADVANTAGES
 (3) Simple to operate. The office
system is straightforward to operate
and does not require a designated
technician to build a part.
 The system is based on the standard,
off the shelf components developed
for the inkjet printer industry, resulting
in a reliable and dependable 3D
printer

29. ADVANTAGES
 (4) Minimal wastage of materials.
Powder that is not printed during the
cycle can be reused.

(5) Colour. It enables complex colour
schemes for AM parts from a full 24-bit
palette of colours to be made possible.

30. DISADVANTAGES
 (1) Limited functional parts. Relative
to the SLS, parts built by CJP are
much weaker, thereby limiting the
functional testing capabilities.

(2) Poor surface finish. Parts built by
CJP have relatively poorer surface
finish and post-processing is
frequently required.

31. APPLICATIONS
 (1) Concept and functional models.
Creating physical representations of
designs used to review design ideas,
form and style.
 With the infiltration of appropriate
materials, it can also create parts that
are used for functional testing, fit and
performance evaluation.

.

32. APPLICATIONS
 (2) CAD-Casting metal parts. CAD-
Casting is a term used to connote a
casting process where the mould is
fabricated directly from a computer
model with no intermediate steps.
 In this method, a ceramic shell with
integral cores may be fabricated
directly from a computer model.
 This results in tremendous
streamlining of the casting process

33. APPLICATIONS
 (3) Direct metal parts. Metal parts in
a range of material including stainless
steel, tungsten and tungsten carbide
can be created from metal powder
with CJP process.
 Printed parts are post-processed
using techniques borrowed from metal
injection moulding.

34. APPLICATIONS
 (4) Structural ceramics. CJP can be used to
prepare dense alumina by spreading sub-
micron alumina powder and printing a latex
binder.
 The green parts are then isostatically pressed
and sintered to parts ready for firing and
glazing.
 Using the CJP technology, the Ceralet is
capable of producing intricate and detailed
ceramic objects that many densify the
component.
 The polymeric binder is then removed by
thermal decomposition.

35. APPLICATIONS
 (5).Functionally gradient materials:
 CJP can create composite materials as
well.
 For example a ceramic mould can be 3D
printed, filled with particulate matter and
then pressure infiltrated with a molten
material.
 Silicon carbide reinforced aluminium
alloys can be produced directly by 3DP a
complex SiC substrate and infiltrating it
with aluminium, allowing localised control
of toughness.

36. RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT
 3D Systems is launching a consumer
3D printer that produces ceramic parts
ready for firing and glazing.
 Using the CJP technology the Cerajet
is capable of producing intricate and
detailed ceramic objects that many
artists and designers would like to
work with.