1. The document discusses fiber optic installation including fiber connector types, splicing, mechanical splices, fusion splices, connectors, cleaving, polishing, inspection, cabling systems, parameters, cable types, distances, and testing.
2. Key aspects covered include link loss budgets, power budgets, attenuation specifications for links, certification standards, and troubleshooting faults.
3. Installation and testing of fiber optic cabling must follow industry standards to ensure the link meets power and attenuation budgets and performs as specified.
Fibre optic FTTH FTTX network design, engineering and planning solutions,van den Dool Dick
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Presented by Mark Boxer & Jeff Bush of OFS
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• Why Fiber?
• Fiber Feeds Everything
• Nuts and Bolts -The Components
• Installation Techniques
• Network Architectures and Planning
Zyxel’s Fiber Access solution provides versatile fiber connectivity for service providers according to the deployment requirements. Service providers can highly optimize and integrate various FTTx applications with the freedom to deploy services easily on GPON, GEPON, Active Fiber solutions with OLT, ONU/ONT and active fiber gateways.
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More info on planning & design of FTTH infrastructure: http://www.fiberplanit.com
Fibre optic FTTH FTTX network design, engineering and planning solutions,van den Dool Dick
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Presented by Mark Boxer & Jeff Bush of OFS
Agenda:
• Why Fiber?
• Fiber Feeds Everything
• Nuts and Bolts -The Components
• Installation Techniques
• Network Architectures and Planning
Zyxel’s Fiber Access solution provides versatile fiber connectivity for service providers according to the deployment requirements. Service providers can highly optimize and integrate various FTTx applications with the freedom to deploy services easily on GPON, GEPON, Active Fiber solutions with OLT, ONU/ONT and active fiber gateways.
Passive infrastructure of FTTH networks: an overviewLuc De Heyn
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Speaker: Raf Meersman, CEO of Comsof
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Structured Cabling Technologies for NetworkingTharindu Kumara
Structured cabling is building or campus telecommunications cabling infrastructure that consists of a number of standardized smaller elements (hence structured) called subsystems.(wikipedia)
My books- Hacking Digital Learning Strategies http://hackingdls.com & Learning to Go https://gum.co/learn2go
Resources at http://shellyterrell.com/brainstorm & http://shellyterrell.com/grammar
An alternative to the core/aggregation/access layer network topology has emerged known as leaf-spine. In a leaf-spine architecture, a series of leaf switches form the access layer. These switches are fully meshed to a series of spine switches. One way is to create a Spine and Leaf architecture, also known as a Distributed Core. This architecture has two main components: Spine switches and Leaf switches. Intuition Systems can think of spine switches as the core, but instead of being a large, chassis-based switching platform, the spine is composed of many high-throughput Layer 3 switches with high port density. The mesh ensures that access-layer switches are no more than one hop away from one another, minimizing latency and the likelihood of bottlenecks between access-layer switches. When networking vendors speak of an Ethernet fabric, this is generally the sort of topology they have in mind.
Haven’t we spent the last few decades disaggregating datacenter architecture? And if so, what does disaggregation mean now, is it something different? Strictly speaking, to “disaggregate” means to divide
high quality fiber optic splitter is very important for PON network. We offers fully range of fused coupler, PLC splitter for fiber optic communication system. More product information, please check www.fibercablingsystem.com .
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
13. Fiber Connector Polishing
Step 1 : Air polishing Step 2 : Polishing on polishing plate
Procedure:
Air polish the connector tip by gently Procedure :
rubbing the tip of the connector in Install the connector into the polishing bush
small circles (or figure 8) until the and polish the connector tip using the 5 µm
cleaved fiber no longer makes polishing film.
scratches on the film. With a thin layer of epoxy on the connector
tip, replace the 5 µm with a 1 µm polishing
film and continue polishing until the epoxy
is totally removed.
Finally, using 0.3 µm polishing film, polish
until a smooth clear finishing on the fiber
tip is achieved.
13
23. Connector Performance
• Attenuation Specifications
- 0.75 dB max/mated pair
- 1.5 dB max through a cross-connect
(based on 2 panels)
• Typical Attenuation
- SC - .3 dB
- ST - .3 dB
23
24. Splice Performance
• Attenuation Specifications
- 0.3 dB max
- Fusion or Mechanical
• Typical Attenuation
- Fusion - 0.1 dB
- Mechanical - 0.2 dB
24
25. Power Budgets - Definition
“The difference in optical power between what
the transmitter delivers into a fiber and what
the receiver requires from the fiber
to operate properly”
-19dBm -36dBm
15dB
TX RX
25
26. System Power Budget
Tx Rx
Launch Power (dBm) Input power
Output Power = Power launched Sensitivity = Minimum input
into a specific type fiber (i.e. power to obtain specified bit error
62./125) rate
Example = Power -14 dBm to -19 Sensitivity = -14 dBm to -36
dBm dBm
Power Budget : -19-(-36) =17dB
26
27. Power Budgets - Units of Measure
• dB
- A Measurement of Loss/Gain
- In This Case a Positive Number
• dBm, dBu
- A Measurement of Power as Compared
to One Milliwatt or One Microwatt
- Normally a Negative Number
27
28. Power Budgets - Elements for Calculation
• TX Power Out
• RX Sensitivity
• Margin (Average = @3 dB)
− Aging
− Safety Aging
- Safety
28
29. Power Budgets - Calculation Example
TX Power: -19dBm
RX Sensitivity: -36dBm
Margin: 3dB
Formula: -19-(-36)-3
Power Budget = 14dB
29
30. Link Loss Budget
Elements for Calculation
−Fiber Attenuation
−Connector Loss
−Splice Loss
−Passive Component Loss
30
31. Link Loss Budgets - Calculation Example
Splice
TX RX
Connectors
1Km
(62.5/125µm)
Link Loss Budget
3.5 dB
- _______ (Fiber Attenuation)
1.5 dB
- _______ (Connector Loss)
0.3 dB
- _______ (Splice Loss)
0.0 dB
- _______ (Passive Component Loss)
= 5.3 dB
System loss measurement should always be less than the link loss budget
31
32. Link Margin - Calculation Example
Splice
TX RX
Connectors
1Km
(62.5/125µm)
System Power Budget = 17 dB
Link Loss = 5.3 dB
Link Margin = 11.7
32
33. Inspection & Test Equipment
∗ Microscope : 100 - 200x
Visual Inspection of Connector End Faces
∗ Power Meters : Measure power (mW) and relative
power (dB)
∗ OTDR : Measures length of fiber
Attenuation
Connector and Splice
Return Loss
Look for :
Multiple wavelengths - 850 -1300 -1550
Short dead zone
Accuracy & resolution 33
35. Horizontal Link Attenuation
Horizontal Link Measurement
• Measured at only one Wavelength
− Either 850 nm or 1300 nm
− Only one direction required
• ANSI/EIA/TIA-526-14A, Method B
− One Reference Jumper
• Attenuation results less than 2.0 dB
− Based on the loss of two connector pairs plus 90 meters of optical
fiber cable
35
36. Centralized Link Attenuation
Centralized Link Measurement
• Measured at only one Wavelength
− Either 850 nm and 1300 nm
− Only one direction required
• ANSI/EIA/TIA-526-14A, Method B
− One Reference Jumper
• Attenuation results less than 2.9 dB
A
− Based on the loss of two connector pairs plus 300m meters of optical
fiber cable and 1 splice in the TC
• Attenuation results less than 3.3 dB
− Based on the loss of two connector pairs plus 300m meters of optical
B
fiber cable and an interconnection
36
37. Centralized Link Attenuation Example
300 meters
(1.05 dB)
A
.75 dB .3 dB .75 dB
(mated pair) (splice) (mated pair)
B
.75 dB .75 dB .75 dB
(Interconnection) (mated pair)
37
38. Backbone Link Attenuation Measurement
Backbone Link Measurement
• Measured at both operating Wavelengths
− Multi-mode at 850 nm and 1300 nm
− Singlemode at 1310 nm and 1550 nm
− Only one direction required
• ANSI/EIA/TIA-526-14A, Method B
− Multi-mode - one Reference Jumper
• ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-7, Method A.1
− Singlemode - one Reference Jumper
38
40. Backbone Link Attenuation Example
300 meters
(1.05 dB)
.75 dB .3 dB .75 dB
(mated pair) (splice) (mated pair)
40
41. Optical Fiber Link Certification
EIA/TIA-526-14A EIA/TIA-526-7
• Measures Optical Loss of Cable • Measures Optical Loss of Cable
Plant Plant
• Specifies Power Meters • Specifies Power Meters and OTDR
• Indicates if Cable Plant Meets • Indicates if Cable Plant Meets
Power Budget Power Budget
• For Multimode Fiber Only • For Singlemode Fiber Only
• Includes Two Methods • Includes Two Methods
• Includes Three Methods for Power
Meters and One for OTDR
41
43. Troubleshooting
Flashlight
Microscope
OTDR
VFL Power Meters
43
44. Common Failures/Faults
• Polarity
− Patch/drop cables reversed
• Attenuation
− Cable Breaks
− May be caused by exceeding tensile load or bend radius
− Core Mismatch/Misalignment
− Caused by mixing different fiber types in the same channel
− Caused by connecting hardware imperfections/installation/assembly
− Poor Splice
− Poor cleave, fusion arc, mechanical assembly
− Poor Finish on Connector
− Dust, chipped/cracked/pistoned fiber
44
45. Loss Mechanisms in Connections
Loss from Angular
Loss from End Separation Misalignment
Loss from Lateral Displacement
45
47. Backscatter plot from a fiber under test with an OTDR
Reflected
power Backscatter
Reflection
from joint
Fresnel end
reflection
Light pulse Fault loss
launched
into fiber
Faulty region of Splice
high attenuation
Fiber end test
under
F ib e r
Time
Distance
from
launch
47
48. WHAT IS BACK REFLECTION ?
Air
Refractive Barriers Caused by Polishing
Reflected Signals Travel Backward Toward Light Source
48
49. ANGLED PC FERRULES
Back Reflection is Directed Away from the Core and Cladding
Angle PC (APC) 8 ° Angle, PC Polish
60dB
49
50. Summary
• Identified performance characteristics and industry
standard specifications of optical fiber types and
connecting hardware
• Defined power budgets
• Determined how to calculate unused margins
• Identified attenuation specifications for both
horizontal and backbone optical fiber cabling links
• Identified the industry standards methods for the
certification of an optical fiber cabling system
• Determined how to recognize common faults in an
optical fiber cabling system
50
