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Resources at http://shellyterrell.com/brainstorm & http://shellyterrell.com/grammar
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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115. Connecting Hardware
Attenuation
Return Loss
DC Resistance
NEXT/ FEXT/ELFEXT
Pair-Pair & Power Sum
Propagation Delay & Delay Skew
LCL
115
116. Cabling Practices Affecting Performance
• Connector Termination Practices
− Use proper category of cable and matching components
− Category 5 = < 13mm (0.5”) amount of untwist
− Strip only enough cable jacket as necessary
• Patch Cable and Connector Consistency
− Use of pre-terminated patch cables
• Cable Management Practices
− Eliminate cable stress caused by tension & cinching
− Keep cable bend radii no less than 4 times the cable
diameter
− No more than 30 m or (2) 90º bends in a single conduit pull
116
119. Length
• Maximum Link Length
− 90 meters
− plus a maximum of 2 meters of test equipment
patch cords at each end
• Maximum Channel Length
− 100 meters
− including equipment cords and patch cords
119
120. Nominal Velocity of Propagation (NVP)
The speed at which a signal travels in a cable,
expressed as a percentage of the speed of light in
vacuum.
speed at which pulse travels in cable
NVP = X 100%
speed of light in vacuum
Speed of light in vacuum is 300,000 km/s or 0.3 m/nsec
120
123. Traveling signals is like electrons
following a somewhat rocky path
Propagation delay
Electrons travel at approx.
constant speed
(≈ 20 cm or 8” per ns, (max 555 ns
later ..)
1 ns = 0.000 000 0001 s
NVP * speed of light)
123
124. Specifications
Effects of Delay Skew
T1 T2 Fastest
Pair 1
Pair 2
Pair 3
Pair 4
NIC HUB
Slowest
• Skew is the difference in propagation delay between the fastest and
slowest pairs in a cable.
• Proposed requirement: <45 ns @ 100 MHz (Channel)
124
125. But every cable has at least 4
electronic highways
Delay Skew
The length of every electronic
road in a cable is slightly
different because of twist rates (max 50 ns
differences ..)
125
126. Attenuation
dB loss
Transmitted
Signal
NIC HUB
Attenuated
Signal
Calculated Link Attenuation is the sum of the attenuation of:
• cable segment
• all connecting hardware
• 10 m of patch cable for channel
• 4 m of patch cable for link
126
127. There are potholes in the road….
Attenuation
is represented by the
electrons that get stuck
Fewer
electrons
show up!
heat! heat!
127
130. On top of that: the road is not level
and electrons fly off!
Crosstalk!!
A level problem in the electronic road will cause some electrons to
fall on an adjacent road
130
131. NEXT
Transmitted
Signal
tx rx
NIC HUB
rx tx
Coupled
Noise
• Testing of NEXT shall be performed at both ends
• All pair combinations shall be measured
131
132. Near End Crosstalk (NEXT)
Near End Crosstalk is by the electrons that return back
to the beginning
132
135. FEXT
Transmitted
Signal Attenuated
Signal
tx rx
NIC HUB
rx tx
Coupled
Noise
• Testing of FEXT shall be performed at both ends
• All pair combinations shall be measured
135
136. Far end crosstalk (FEXT)
Far End Crosstalk is by the electrons that continue
to the far end
136
137. Return Loss
-12dBm tx rx -14dBm
• Typically attenuation caused by characteristics
inherent in the cable, such as:
• impedance mismatches
• kinks in the cable
• poor construction
137
138. Specifications
Effects of Return Loss
Reflected Signals
Transmitted Signals Attenuated Signals
Pair 1
Pair 2
Pair 3
Pair 4
NIC Impedance mismatch HUB
or variation
• A measure of the reflected transmit energy caused by impedance mismatches in
the cabling systems
• Especially important in applications that use full duplex transmission schemes
138
139. There are also bumps and dips
in the road: return loss
A bump or dip
causes
some electrons
to go back
139
142. Some electrons may fly into the air and
eventually land on earth!
Electromagnetic
Interference (EMI)!!
Electrons in the air may be picked up by your radio or TV antenna
and cause interference!
142
143. Signal-to-noise ratios (3)
• There are three quantities which affect
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR):
• Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio (ACR).
• Equal Level Far End Crosstalk
(ELFEXT).
• Return Loss.
143
144. Signal-to-noise ratio #1: ACR
• Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio (ACR)
• Applicable to 2-wire pair LAN
applications (10BASE-T, 100BASE-
TX).
• Each wire pair carries signal in one
direction only.
144
145. Characteristics
Effects of ACR
Coupled NEXT Noise
NIC
NIC HUB
Hub
Transmitter Receiver
Receiver Transmitter
Attenuated
Signal Transmitted
Signal
ACR
Attenuated Signal NEXT Noise
145
146. ACR = the traditional SNR
Desired signal = attenuated signal from other end.
Noise = NEXT + external noise (ignore external noise).
External
noise
Signal
Transmit Receive
Output Input
Workstation NEXT LAN
Signal equipment
Receive Transmit
Input Output
(For LAN systems with two wire pairs carrying signals
in one direction each.)
146
147. You need more signal (blue,pink) than
NEXT (black) electrons!
Signal
(from remote to local)
Transmit Receive
Output Input
Workstation NEXT NEXT LAN
(local) (remote) equipment
Receive Transmit
Input Output
Signal
(from local to remote)
Look here and here!
147
148. Signal-to-noise ratio (ELFEXT)
• Equal Level Far End Crosstalk
(ELFEXT).
• Applicable to applications where 2 or
more signals travel in the same
direction at the same time (1000BASE-
T).
148
149. Another S/N = ELFEXT
Desired signal = attenuated signal from other end.
Noise = FEXT + external noise (ignore external noise).
External
noise
Signal
Transmit Receive
Output Input
FEXT
Workstation LAN
Signal equipment
Transmit Receive
Output
Input
(For LAN systems with two or more wire pairs carrying
signals in the same direction at the same time.)
149
150. You need more signal (blue,pink) than
FEXT (black) electrons!
Signal
(from local to remote)
Transmit Receive
Output Input
FEXT
Workstation LAN
FEXT equipment
Transmit
Output Receive
Input
Signal
(also from local to remote)
Look here!
150
151. Yet another S/N = Return Loss
Desired signal = attenuated signal from other end.
Noise = reflected signal in own wire pair
“hybrid” “hybrid”
Signal
Transmit Transmit
Output Output
Workstation LAN
Return loss
(bump in equipment
Receive electronic road) Receive
Input Input
(For LAN systems with a wire pair carrying signals in both
directions at the same time.)
151
152. Yet another S/N = Return Loss
Desired signal = attenuated signal from other end.
Noise = reflected signal from own end
“hybrid” “hybrid”
Signal Signal
Transmit Transmit
Output Output
Workstation LAN
equipment
Receive Receive
Input Return loss signal (bump in Input
electronic road)
(For LAN systems with a wire pair carrying signals in both
directions at the same time.)
152
153. Power Sum Performance
Pair-to-pair: Power sum:
Single disturber Multiple disturbers
Single receiver Single receiver
• Power sum performance is the sum of the pair-to-pair
performance of the component or system.
• Power sum NEXT performance should meet or exceed the
existing TIA pair-to-pair NEXT requirements.
153
154. What is “power sum” NEXT and
“power sum” ELFEXT?
• Both are computed values from measured pair to
pair NEXT or ELFEXT results:
− Power Sum NEXT computed from three
pair-to-pair NEXT results
− Power Sum ELFEXT is computed from
three pair-to-pair ELFEXT results
• Often required when more than 2 wire pairs
are transmitting signals in the same direction
(1 Gbps Ethernet).
154
155. When are “power sum” NEXT and “power
sum” ELFEXT needed?
• Often required when more than 2 wire pairs
are transmitting signals in the same direction
(1 Gbps Ethernet).
• Significant if 25-pair cables are used (split up
in six 4-pair links).
• May also be used to reflect crosstalk between
separate 4-pair cables in a cable bundle.
155
156. PS ELFEXT
Near End Far End
x x
x x
NIC HUB
x x
x x
PS ELFEXT = -10log(10-x1/10 + 10-x2/10 + 10-x3/10) dB
156
159. Data Measurement
• Test equipment manufacturer access cords and
adapters should be used in link testing
• User cords should be tested in place for channel
testing, and be used in that channel only
• Any reconfiguration of components must be re-tested
to verify conformance
• Inspect the connecting hardware for wear and tear
resulting from multiple mating cycles
159
160. Data Administration & Reporting
• Pass or Fail result for each parameter should be
determined by comparison with the allowable limits
• Overall Pass is determined by passing all of the individual
tests
• Overall Fail is determined by failing at least one of the
individual tests
• Whether Pass or Fail, pair, frequency and test limit at the
worst-case should be reported
• Pass condition - either the worst-case margin or worse-case
data point should be reported
• Fail condition - the worse-case margin should be reported
− Multiple Fail - the worse-case at the highest frequency point
160
161. Field Testing Parameters Summary
Wire Map
Length
Attenuation
NEXT
Return Loss
ELFEXT
Propagation Delay
Delay Skew
161
162. Troubleshooting Common Faults
Length violation
EMI sources
Bad quality cable
Conductor untwist
Shorts, Opens, Split pairs, Crossed pairs
CAT 5 Return Loss and ELFEXT Failures
162
163. Twisted Pair Summary
• Twisted Pair Cable Categories and Performance
• Cabling Distances
− Horizontal
− Backbone
• Connecting Hardware Specifications
• Factors Affecting Performance
• Field testing requirements of twisted pair cabling
links and channels
• Recognizing, troubleshooting and mitigating
common faults
163
