WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband access over long distances. It allows users to access the internet without wires by connecting to a WiMAX base station. Key points: - WiMAX provides high-speed internet access to homes and businesses without wires using wireless technology outlined in IEEE 802.16 standards. - It can be used for various applications including connecting Wi-Fi hotspots, providing broadband access, and providing mobile data for 4G services. - WiMAX uses licensed or unlicensed spectrum and has an architecture with subscriber stations, access networks, and connectivity networks interconnected by standardized interfaces. - It aims to eliminate constraints of Wi-Fi by providing greater mobility over longer distances and

1. Brief Introduction of
WiMAX Technology
Submitted to: Professors Shun Ping Chen
Prepared by: AKM Faisal Islam
Md Tamim Haider

2. Outline
 What is WiMAX
 WiMAX Applications
 Traditional Ways to get Internet access
 Goal of WiMAX
 Available Wireless Technologies
 Different Types of Data Networks
 LOS and Near LOS Propagation
 Licensed and Unlicensed Spectrum
 Interoperability in a WiMAX network
 WiMAX architecture
 WiMAX Reference Network Model
 Wi-Fi: The Predecessor of WiMAX
 WiMAX Positioning
 WiMAX Security
 WiMAX RF Performance Indicator
 Conclusion

3.  Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is the
common name associated to the IEEE 802.16a/REVd/e
standards.
 These standards are issued by the IEEE 802.16 subgroup that
originally covered the Wireless Local Loop technologies with
radio spectrum from 10 to 66 GHz.
What is WiMAX?

4.  Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots.
 Providing Broadband Access.
 Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL.
 Providing high-speed mobile data and telecommunications services (4G).
 Providing a diverse source of Internet connectivity as part of a business
continuity plan.
 Providing Nomadic connectivity.
WiMAX Applications

5. Traditional Ways to get Internet access
Internet Cloud
Cable
DSL T1

6. Goal of WiMAX
• Provide high-speed Internet access to home and business
subscribers, without wires.
• We need high speed Data, Video, Voice and Streaming media.

7. Available Wireless Technologies
Source: WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality, White Paper, Alcatel.

8. Available Wireless Technologies

9. Different Types of Data Networks
WLAN WMAN WWAN
WPAN WBAN

11. Source: Understanding WiMAX and 3G for Portable/Mobile Broadband Wireless, Technical White Paper, Intel.

17. LOS and NLOS Propagation
• LOS and Near LOS Propagation
Line-of-Sight (LoS) and Near Line-of-Sight (NLoS) propagations may happen when
the BS and the MS are deployed outdoor, above the average height of the
environment. This may be the case of the deployment of a fixed WiMAX solution in
a rural environment with the BS located on a high altitude point and the SS
deployed on the rooftop of the customer’s house. LOS requires the obstacle free
propagation. In that case, the propagation losses are proportional to the square of
the distance between the BS and the SS.
• NLOS Propagation
NLOS (Non-Line-of-Sight) propagation occurs when the terminal is located indoor
and/or at ground level. In this situation, there is in most cases no direct path
between the BS and the terminal, there is a high number of obstacles on the BS to
MS path (buildings, trees, cars, etc.) and the receiver may receive several copies of
signal that experienced several reflections/diffractions on different obstacles.

18. LOS and NLOS Propagation

19. Licensed and Unlicensed WiMAX Spectrum
As with any other spectrum based technology, successful WiMAX deployment will
depend largely on the availability and suitability of spectrum resources.
Licensed spectrum
Licensed spectrum offers that individual user an exclusive right to operate on a
specific frequency at a particular location or within a defined geographic area. 2.3,
2.5, 3.3 & 3.5 GHz, are the most widely announced WiMAX frequency band.
Unlicensed spectrum
Unlicensed spectrum permits any user to access specific frequencies within the
range of WiMAX spectrum. 5 GHz spectrum is the License-exempt bands. In the
future, various bands between 5 GHz and 6 GHz can be used for unlicensed
WiMAX, depending on the country involved. There must follow some rules.

20. Benefits of Licensed and Unlicensed Solutions
Licensed Solution License-Exempt Solution
Better QoS Fast Rollout
Better NLOS reception at low
frequencies
Lower Costs
Higher barriers for entrance More worldwide options

21. WiMAX Standards: Spectrum Allocation Issues
 2.5GHz , 2.3GHz and 3.5GHz are selected by WiMAX forum.
 Most WiMAX licenses are on 2.5GHz or 2.3GHz.

22. Interoperability in a WiMAX network
Technology for wireless networks with interoperability develops
the concept of "communications anytime anywhere".
Within the WiMAX industry there is a strong commitment to
ensure full interoperability, both through certification and ad-hoc
testing between vendors. It is important for network operators to
realize how interoperability is established and what it covers so
that they understand how different products, solutions and
applications from different vendors can coexist in the same WiMAX
network. The WiMAX Forum Certification program verifies
interoperability at the PHY and MAC layers.

23. WiMAX Architecture End-to-End Reference Model
2005-09-16 Page 23
SS/MS: the Subscriber Station/Mobile Station
ASN: Access Service Network
BS: Base station, part of the ASN
ASN-GW: ASN Gateway, part of the ASN
CSN: Connectivity Service Network
HA: Home Agent, part of the CSN
AAA: Authentication, Authorization & Accounting Server
NAP: Network Access Provider
NSP: Network Service Provider

24. The WiMAX network reference model consists of three components interconnected by standardized
interfaces or reference points R1 to R5.
 MS (Mobile Station)
 ASN (Access Service Network)
 CSN (Connectivity Service Network)
ASN
Co-ordinates traffic across multiple Base Transceiver Stations (BTS)
Supports security, Handoffs, Power control and Quality of Service (QoS)
CSN
Manages core network operations through Internet Protocol (IP) servers
Authorization, Authentication and Accounting (AAA) services
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) gateways
Interface to legacy core networks and other operators’ networks
WiMAX Architecture

25. WiMAX Reference Network Model
Interface Functionality
R1 Air interface
R2
AAA, IP host configuration,
mobility management
R3
AAA, policy enforcement,
mobility management
R4 Mobility management
R5 Internetworking, roaming
R6
IP tunnel management to
establish and release MS
connection
R8 Handoffs

26. Wi-Fi: The Predecessor of WiMAX
• Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a set of technologies that are based
on the IEEE 802.11a,b, and g standards.
• Wi-Fi is considered to be one of the first widely deployed fixed
broadband wireless networks.
• As long as the users remain within 300 feet of the fixed
wireless access point, they can maintain broadband wireless
connectivity.
• Wi-Fi is working on a 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum.

27. Wi-Fi vs. WiMAX
• WiMAX eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi.
• Mobility is limited in Wi-Fi. Users can able to be mobile for up to 300 feet
and unlike Wi-Fi, WiMAX is intended to work outdoors over long
distances.
• Simplicity and ease of deployment given that it uses unlicensed radio
spectrum which does not require regulatory approval. WiMAX is a more
complex technology than Wi-Fi.
• WiMAX is not intended to replace Wi-Fi. Instead, the two technologies
complement each other.

28. WiMAX vs. 3G
Cost
• Lower equipment cost for WiMAX due to certified products (compare with Wi-Fi)
• WiMAX require new infrastructure while HSPA rides on UMTS
Coverage
• Roughly the same coverage (average ~5 km)
Performance
• Roughly the same performance (average ~2 Mb/s per user)
Acceptance
• HSPA has a higher acceptance with mobile operator
2005-09-16 Page 28

29. User Data Rate
Residential SOHO Small
Business Medium
Business
Multi-tenant
Building Cellular
Backhaul
Large
Business
50 Mbps
20 Mbps
10 Mbps
2 Mbps
500 kbps
56 kbps
5 Mbps
128 kbps
3G / WLAN
Large HS
3G / WLAN
Small HS
WiMAX Positioning: Capacity and User type

30. WiMAX Positioning: Capacity and Mobility
Wireless Technology Positioning
Mobility / Range
Data rates
10 Mbps0.1
IEEE
802.16d
1 100
IEEE
802.16e
WLAN
(IEEE 802.11x)
GSM
GPRS
DECT
Bluetooth
EDGE
FixedWalkVehicle
Indoor
Pedestrian
High Speed
Vehicular
Rural
Personal Area
Vehicular
Urban
Fixed urban
Nomadic
WiMAX for wireless-DSL
with limited mobility
Flash-OFDM
UMTS
HSDPA

31. 3G /HSDPA
WiFi
WiMAX
Large
Coverage
Network
Simplicity
Broad
Band
QoS
Full
Mobility
Security
WiMAX Positioning: Wireless Technology
Comparison
High
Speed

32. WiMAX Positioning: The Trade Off Between Mobility & Bandwidth
Price Elasticity of BWA Market
Data Volume Usage
Market Price of 1GB
1 Dimensional Market:
Mobile Data 1 Dimensional Market:
Fixed Broadband
BWA = Selling on Bandwidth and Mobility (Roaming, Coverage, Hand over)
Tomorrow
Price GAP to be filled!
New market
Opportunity!

33. Some Applications

34. WiMAX Security Architecture
1. Security Associations
A context to maintain the security state relevant to a connection
between a base station (BS) and a subscriber station (SS).
2. Certificate Profile
The standard uses X.509v3 certificates to identify communicating
parties. The standard defines two certificate types: manufacture
certificates and subscriber station (SS) certificates.
3. PKM Authorization
PKM stands for Privacy and Key Management. The PKM
authorization protocol is used to distribute an authorization token or
key to an authorized SS. Correct use of the AK demonstrates
authorization to access the network.

35. 4. Privacy and key management
It is the protocol to rekey the SA. Once authorized to the network, the
SS can now establish a data SA between it and the BS, for that it
again uses the PKM protocol.
5. Encryption
In 802.16d 802.16e e standard supports DES-CBC and AES
encryption protocol to secure the data stream.
WiMAX Security Architecture

36. WiMAX Performance Indicator
To evaluate and optimize the performance of WiMAX systems two parameter is used.
• RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator)
• CINR (Carrier-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio)
Cluster CINR distributionnCluster RSSI distributionn

37. Cost of Mobile Systems
Note: cost = PV(CAPEX) + PV(OPEX)